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Becker M, Guzzinati G, Béché A, Verbeeck J, Batelaan H. Asymmetry and non-dispersivity in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1700. [PMID: 30979879 PMCID: PMC6461671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, Aharonov and Bohm showed that electrons are affected by electromagnetic potentials in the absence of forces due to fields. Zeilinger’s theorem describes this absence of classical force in quantum terms as the “dispersionless” nature of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Shelankov predicted the presence of a quantum “force” for the same Aharonov-Bohm physical system as elucidated by Berry. Here, we report an experiment designed to test Shelankov’s prediction and we provide a theoretical analysis that is intended to elucidate the relation between Shelankov’s prediction and Zeilinger’s theorem. The experiment consists of the Aharonov-Bohm physical system; free electrons pass a magnetized nanorod and far-field electron diffraction is observed. The diffraction pattern is asymmetric confirming one of Shelankov’s predictions and giving indirect experimental evidence for the presence of a quantum “force”. Our theoretical analysis shows that Zeilinger’s theorem and Shelankov’s result are both special cases of one theorem. The dispersionless nature of Aharonov-Bohm effect is still debated. Here, the authors show an asymmetry in the diffraction pattern of an electron beam induced and controlled by an inaccessible magnetic flux, which means electrons behave “as if” an Aharonov-Bohm “force” was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Department of Physics, Hastings College-Morrison-Reeves Science Center, Hastings, NE, 68901, USA
| | - Giulio Guzzinati
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Armand Béché
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Batelaan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 208 Jorgensen Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0299, USA.
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Belich H, Bakke K. Geometric quantum phases from Lorentz symmetry breaking effects in the cosmic string spacetime. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.90.025026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hohensee MA, Estey B, Hamilton P, Zeilinger A, Müller H. Force-free gravitational redshift: proposed gravitational Aharonov-Bohm experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:230404. [PMID: 23003927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a feasible laboratory interferometry experiment with matter waves in a gravitational potential caused by a pair of artificial field-generating masses. It will demonstrate that the presence of these masses (and, for moving atoms, time dilation) induces a phase shift, even if it does not cause any classical force. The phase shift is identical to that produced by the gravitational redshift (or time dilation) of clocks ticking at the atom's Compton frequency. In analogy to the Aharonov-Bohm effect in electromagnetism, the quantum mechanical phase is a function of the gravitational potential and not the classical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hohensee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Bakke K, Furtado C. Geometric phase for a neutral particle in rotating frames in a cosmic string spacetime. Int J Clin Exp Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.80.024033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bakke K, Nascimento JR, Furtado C. Geometric phase for a neutral particle in the presence of a topological defect. Int J Clin Exp Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.78.064012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Caprez A, Barwick B, Batelaan H. Macroscopic test of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:210401. [PMID: 18233196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is a purely quantum mechanical effect. The original (classified as type-I) AB-phase shift exists in experimental conditions where the electromagnetic fields and forces are zero. It is the absence of forces that makes the AB effect entirely quantum mechanical. Although the AB-phase shift has been demonstrated unambiguously, the absence of forces in type-I AB effects has never been shown. Here, we report the observation of the absence of time delays associated with forces of the magnitude needed to explain the AB-phase shift for a macroscopic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Caprez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln Nebraska 68588, USA
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ROBERT J, GORCEIX O, LAWSON-DAKU J, CHORMAIC SNIC, MINIATURA CH, BAUDON J, PERALES F, EMINYAN M, RUBIN K. Stern-Gerlach Atomic Interferometry with Space- and Time-dependent Magnetic Fieldsa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anandan J. Classical and quantum interaction of the dipole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:1354-1357. [PMID: 10970503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A unified and fully relativistic treatment of the interaction of the electric and magnetic dipole moments of a particle with the electromagnetic field is given. New forces on the particle due to the combined effect of electric and magnetic dipoles are obtained. Several new experiments are proposed, which include observation of topological phase shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anandan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Summhammer J, Hamacher KA, Kaiser H, Weinfurter H, Jacobson DL, Werner SA. Multiphoton exchange amplitudes observed by neutron interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:3206-3209. [PMID: 10059526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Oh S, Ryu CM. Persistent spin currents induced by the Aharonov-Casher effect in mesoscopic rings. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:13441-13448. [PMID: 9978148 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Peshkin M, Lipkin HJ. Topology, locality, and Aharonov-Bohm effect with neutrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:2847-2850. [PMID: 10058041 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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PESHKIN MURRAY. On the Aharonov-Bohm Effect with Neutronsa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KLEIN AG. Experimental Tests of the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics Using Neutrons: The Scalar A-B Effecta. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gorceix O, Robert J, Chormaic SN, Miniatura C, Baudon J. Dispersive and nondispersive phase shifts in atomic Stern-Gerlach interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 50:5007-5013. [PMID: 9911501 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Zawisky M, Rauch H, Hasegawa Y. Contrast enhancement by time selection in neutron interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 50:5000-5006. [PMID: 9911500 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Casella RC. Roles of local classical acceleration and spatial separation in the neutral particle analogs of the Aharonov-Bohm phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:2941-2945. [PMID: 10057242 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Jacobson DL, Werner SA, Rauch H. Spectral modulation and squeezing at high-order neutron interferences. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:3196-3200. [PMID: 9910616 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Pfeifer P. Scalar Aharonov-Bohm experiment with unpolarized neutrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:305. [PMID: 10056111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Miniatura C, Gorceix O, Robert J, Feron S, Lorent V, Reinhardt J, Baudon J, Rubin K. Atomic Stern-Gerlach interferences with time-dependent magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:1-4. [PMID: 10055551 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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