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Dorchies F, Ta Phuoc K, Lecherbourg L. Nonequilibrium warm dense matter investigated with laser-plasma-based XANES down to the femtosecond. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054301. [PMID: 37720412 PMCID: PMC10505070 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of laser-plasma-based x-ray sources is discussed, with a view to carrying out time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, down to the femtosecond timescale. A review of recent experiments performed by our team is presented. They concern the study of the nonequilibrium transition of metals from solid to the warm dense regime, which imposes specific constraints (the sample being destroyed after each shot). Particular attention is paid to the description of experimental devices and methodologies. Two main types of x-ray sources are compared, respectively, based on the emission of a hot plasma, and on the betatron radiation from relativistic electrons accelerated by laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Dorchies
- Université, Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - K. Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
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2
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Lee BR, Singh PK, Rhee YJ, Nam CH. Spatiotemporal characteristics of high-density gas jet and absolute determination of size and density of gas clusters. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12973. [PMID: 32737376 PMCID: PMC7395783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of gas clusters such as the size and number density when expanding into the vacuum after passing through a conical nozzle are analyzed for argon at an average density of 1020/cm3. Temporally and spatially resolved size and density distribution were measured from all-optical methods of Rayleigh scattering measurement and Nomarski interferometry using a CW laser. At the gas backing pressure of 80 bar, Ar clusters as large as 100 nm were obtained, which differs significantly from the size estimated by the conventional Hagena scaling law. The two independent methods of cluster characterization presented here would be useful to precisely determine the initial conditions in a variety of intense laser-cluster interaction driven applications such as neutron generation, thermonuclear fusion, efficient x-ray emission, and energetic ion acceleration.
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Borisov AB, McCorkindale JC, Poopalasingam S, Longworth JW, Simon P, Szatmári S, Rhodes CK. Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:046401. [PMID: 27007146 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The trajectory of discovery associated with the study of high-intensity nonlinear radiative interactions with matter and corresponding nonlinear modes of electromagnetic propagation through material that have been conducted over the last 50 years can be presented as a landscape in the intensity/quantum energy [I-ħω] plane. Based on an extensive series of experimental and theoretical findings, a universal zone of anomalous enhanced electromagnetic coupling, designated as the fundamental nonlinear domain, can be defined. Since the lower boundaries of this region for all atomic matter correspond to ħω ~ 10(3) eV and I ≈ 10(16) W cm(-2), it heralds a future dominated by x-ray and γ-ray studies of all phases of matter including nuclear states. The augmented strength of the interaction with materials can be generally expressed as an increase in the basic electromagnetic coupling constant in which the fine structure constant α → Z(2)α, where Z denotes the number of electrons participating in an ordered response to the driving field. Since radiative conditions strongly favoring the development of this enhanced electromagnetic coupling are readily produced in self-trapped plasma channels, the processes associated with the generation of nonlinear interactions with materials stand in natural alliance with the nonlinear mechanisms that induce confined propagation. An experimental example involving the Xe (4d(10)5s(2)5p(6)) supershell for which Z ≅ 18 that falls in the specified anomalous nonlinear domain is described. This yields an effective coupling constant of Z(2)α ≅ 2.4 > 1, a magnitude comparable to the strong interaction and a value rendering as useless conventional perturbative analyses founded on an expansion in powers of α. This enhancement can be quantitatively understood as a direct consequence of the dominant role played by coherently driven multiply-excited states in the dynamics of the coupling. It is also conclusively demonstrated by an abundance of data that the utterly peerless champion of the experimental campaign leading to the definition of the fundamental nonlinear domain was excimer laser technology. The basis of this unique role was the ability to satisfy simultaneously a triplet (ω, I, P) of conditions stating the minimal values of the frequency ω, intensity I, and the power P necessary to enable the key physical processes to be experimentally observed and controllably combined. The historical confluence of these developments creates a solid foundation for the prediction of future advances in the fundamental understanding of ultra-high power density states of matter. The atomic findings graciously generalize to the composition of a nuclear stanza expressing the accessibility of the nuclear domain. With this basis serving as the launch platform, a cadenza of three grand challenge problems representing both new materials and new interactions is presented for future solution; they are (1) the performance of an experimental probe of the properties of the vacuum state associated with the dark energy at an intensity approaching the Schwinger/Heisenberg limit, (2) the attainment of amplification in the γ-ray region (~1 MeV) and the discovery of a nuclear excimer, and (3) the determination of a path to the projected super-heavy nuclear island of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Borisov
- Laboratory for X-Ray Microimaging and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7059, USA
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4
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Trivikram TM, Rajeev R, Rishad KPM, Jha J, Krishnamurthy M. Anomalous ion charge distribution from cluster nanoplasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:143401. [PMID: 24138236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In nearly all the intense laser experiments with nanoclusters, the key observation has been that immense ionization drives highly charged ions to highest energies while low charge ions, if any, have lower kinetic energies. We show experimental measurements that are contrary to this established notion. The active role of outer-ionized electrons in a multicluster interaction is shown to effectively reduce high charge ions to low charge states with no loss of momentum. The role of Rydberg excited clusters, intrinsic in dense cluster ensembles, is identified and a quantitative analysis is shown to comprehensively explain the anomalous charge distribution and ion energies observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Madhu Trivikram
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400005, India
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5
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Liu F, Chen LM, Lin XX, Liu F, Ma JL, Li RZ, Li YT, Wang ZH, Wang SJ, Wei ZY, Zhang J. K-shell x-ray emission enhancement via self-guided propagation of intense laser pulses in Ar clusters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:16379-16384. [PMID: 19770851 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.016379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
K-shell x-ray at about 3 keV emitted from Ar clusters irradiated by 110 mJ 55 fs intense laser pulses is studied. The x-ray flux is optimized by moving the nozzle away from the focus of the laser pulse. The total flux of K-shell x-ray photons in 4pi reaches a maximum of 4.5x10(9) photons/shot with a conversion efficiency of 2.5x10(-5) when the nozzle displacement is 2 mm and a long plasma channel is observed by a probe beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
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6
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Berkelbach TC, Colgan J, Abdallah J, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Fukuda Y, Yamakawa K. Modeling energy dependence of the inner-shell x-ray emission produced by femtosecond-pulse laser irradiation of xenon clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:016407. [PMID: 19257148 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.016407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We employ the Los Alamos suite of atomic physics codes to model the inner-shell x-ray emission spectrum of xenon and compare results with those obtained via high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy of xenon clusters irradiated by 30fs Ti:Sapphire laser pulses. We find that the commonly employed configuration-average approximation breaks down and significant spin-orbit splitting necessitates a detailed level accounting. We reproduce an interesting spectral trend for a series of experimental spectra taken with varying pulse energy for fixed pulse duration. To simulate the experimental measurements at increasing beam energies, we find that spectral modeling requires an increased hot electron fraction, but decreased atomic density and bulk electron temperature. We believe these latter conditions to be a result of partial cluster destruction due to the increased energy in the laser prepulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Berkelbach
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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7
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Tiggesbäumker J, Stienkemeier F. Formation and properties of metal clusters isolated in helium droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:4748-70. [PMID: 17712454 DOI: 10.1039/b703575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique conditions forming atomic and molecular complexes and clusters using superfluid helium nanodroplets have opened up an innovative route for studying the physical and chemical properties of matter on the nanoscale. This review summarizes the specific characteristics of the formation of atomic clusters partly generated far from equilibrium in the helium environment. Special emphasis is on the optical response, electronic properties as well as dynamical processes which are mostly affected by the surrounding quantum matrix. Experiments include the optical induced response of isolated cluster systems in helium under quite different excitation conditions ranging from the linear regime up to the violent interaction with a strong laser field leading to Coulomb explosion and the generation of highly charged atomic fragments. The variety of results on the outstanding properties in the quantum size regime highlights the peculiar capabilities of helium nanodroplet isolation spectroscopy.
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8
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Jena P, Castleman AW. Clusters: a bridge across the disciplines of physics and chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10560-9. [PMID: 16835306 PMCID: PMC1636021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601782103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- *Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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9
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Dorchies F, Caillaud T, Blasco F, Bonté C, Jouin H, Micheau S, Pons B, Stevefelt J. Investigation of laser-irradiated Ar cluster dynamics from K-shell x-ray emission measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:066410. [PMID: 16089883 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.066410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intense (up to a few 10(17) W/ cm2) femtosecond (down to 40 fs) laser pulses are focused onto a partially clusterized argon gas jet. The target was previously characterized and optimized in order to get a homogeneous and dense jet of clusters with a well controlled size. The interaction leads to x-ray emission that is absolutely calibrated and spectrally resolved using a high resolution time-integrated spectrometer in the K-shell range (from 2.9 to 4.3 keV). X-ray spectra are investigated as a function of different laser temporal parameters such as the nanosecond prepulse contrast, the laser pulse duration, and the femtosecond delay between two different laser pulses. The cluster size ranges from 180 to 350 angstroms and irradiation by laser pulses with both linear and circular polarization is investigated. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the laser-cluster interaction dynamics. They are compared with the predictions of collision-dominated nanoplasma models. However, further interaction processes are required in order to explain the observed characteristic lines demonstrating highly charged ions up to Ar16+.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- CELIA, UMR 5107, CNRS, CEA, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France.
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10
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Luo X, Niu D, Kong X, Wen L, Liang F, Pei K, Wang B, Li H. Cluster-assistant generation of multiply charged atomic ions in nanosecond laser ionization of seeded methyl iodide beam. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Petrov GM, Davis J, Velikovich AL, Kepple PC, Dasgupta A, Clark RW, Borisov AB, Boyer K, Rhodes CK. Modeling of clusters in a strong 248-nm laser field by a three-dimensional relativistic molecular dynamic model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:036411. [PMID: 15903592 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.036411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A relativistic time-dependent three-dimensional particle simulation model has been developed to study the interaction of intense ultrashort KrF (248 nm) laser pulses with small Xe clusters. The trajectories of the electrons and ions are treated classically according to the relativistic equation of motion. The model has been applied to a different regime of ultrahigh intensities extending to 10(21) W/ cm(2). In particular, the behavior of the interaction with the clusters from intensities of approximately 10(15) W/cm(2) to intensities sufficient for a transition to the so-called "collective oscillation model" has been explored. At peak intensities below 10(20) W/cm(2), all electrons are removed from the cluster and form a plasma. It is found that the "collective oscillation model" commences at intensities in excess of 10(20) W/cm(2), the range that can be reached in stable relativistic channels. At these high intensities, the magnetic field has a profound effect on the shape and trajectory of the electron cloud. Specifically, the electrons are accelerated to relativistic velocities with energies exceeding 1 MeV in the direction of laser propagation and the magnetic field distorts the shape of the electron cloud to give the form of a pancake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Petrov
- Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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12
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Hansen SB, Fournier KB, Faenov AY, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IY, Fukuda Y, Akahane Y, Aoyama M, Inoue N, Ueda H, Yamakawa K. Measurement of 2l-nl' x-ray transitions from approximately 1 microm Kr clusters irradiated by high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:016408. [PMID: 15697736 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.016408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
X-ray line emission from 2l-nl' transitions in Ne-like Kr and nearby ions has been observed from approximately 1 microm Kr clusters irradiated by fs-scale laser pulses at the JAERI facility in Kyoto, Japan. The incident laser intensity reached 10(19) W/cm2, with pulse energies from 50 to 300 mJ and pulse durations from 30 to 500 fs. The dependence of the x-ray spectral features and intensity on the incident laser intensity is rather weak, indicating that the 1-2 ps cluster lifetimes limit the number of ions beyond Ne-like Kr that can be produced by collisional ionization. Lines from F- to Al-like Kr emitted from the cluster plasmas have been identified using data from the relativistic multiconfiguration flexible atomic code. A collisional-radiative model based on these data has been constructed and used to determine that the cluster plasma has electron densities near 10(22) cm(-3), temperatures of a few hundred eV, and hot electron fractions of a few percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-473, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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13
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Gupta A, Antonsen TM, Milchberg HM. Propagation of intense short laser pulses in a gas of atomic clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 70:046410. [PMID: 15600533 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.046410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a model and numerical simulations for the propagation of intense short laser pulses in gases of atomic clusters. As the pulse propagates through the clusters, they absorb energy, expand and explode. The clustered gas thus acts as a medium with time dependent effective dielectric constant. A self-consistent model for the cluster expansion and the laser pulse propagation is developed. Self-focusing of the laser pulse, coupling of laser energy to clusters and the evolution of the pulse spectrum are studied for a laser-cluster system with typical laboratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute of Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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14
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Taguchi T, Antonsen TM, Milchberg HM. Resonant heating of a cluster plasma by intense laser light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:205003. [PMID: 15169361 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The heating of a single argon (Ar) cluster by a strong laser field is studied using an electrostatic particle-in-cell code for a range of intensities and cluster sizes. Heating is dominated by a nonlinear resonant absorption process involving energetic electrons transiting through the cluster. This process gives rise to a threshold in field strength for strong absorption and controls the dielectric properties of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Taguchi
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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15
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Jungreuthmayer C, Geissler M, Zanghellini J, Brabec T. Microscopic analysis of large-cluster explosion in intense laser fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:133401. [PMID: 15089610 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a three dimensional microscopic particle in cell code. The code models nanoplasmas in intense laser fields, taking account of all relevant microscopic interactions. Our simulation reveals the physical processes determining the laser induced explosion of large clusters with several 10,000 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jungreuthmayer
- Center for Photonics Research, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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16
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Kong X, Luo X, Niu D, Li H. Cluster assistant generation of C2+ and C3+ ions in nanosecond laser ionization of seeded benzene beam. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Dermota
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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18
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Rusek M, Lagadec H, Blenski T. Cluster explosion in an intense laser pulse. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(03)00299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Alexeev I, Antonsen TM, Kim KY, Milchberg HM. Self-focusing of intense laser pulses in a clustered gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:103402. [PMID: 12688995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the self-focusing of intense laser pulses in gases composed of atomic clusters. This is in strong contrast to beam spreading owing to ionization-induced refraction commonly observed in nonclustered gases. The effect is explained in terms of the ensemble average transient polarizability of the heated clusters as they explode in response to the intense pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alexeev
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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20
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Kim KY, Alexeev I, Parra E, Milchberg HM. Time-resolved explosion of intense-laser-heated clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:023401. [PMID: 12570545 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.023401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the femtosecond explosive dynamics of intense laser-heated argon clusters by measuring the cluster complex transient polarizability. The time evolution of the polarizability is characteristic of competition in the optical response between supercritical and subcritical density regions of the expanding cluster. The results are consistent with time-resolved Rayleigh scattering measurements, and bear out the predictions of a recent laser-cluster interaction model [H. M. Milchberg, S. J. McNaught, and E. Parra, Phys. Rev. E 64, 056402 (2001)]].
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Kim
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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21
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Siedschlag C, Rost JM. Electron release of fare-gas atomic clusters under an intense laser pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:173401. [PMID: 12398668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.173401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Calculating the energy absorption of atomic clusters as a function of the laser pulse length T we find a maximum for a critical T(*). We show that T(*) can be linked to an optimal cluster radius R(*). The existence of this radius can be attributed to the enhanced ionization mechanism originally discovered for diatomic molecules. Our findings indicate that enhanced ionization should be operative for a wide class of rare-gas clusters. From a simple Coulomb-explosion ansatz, we derive an analytical expression relating the maximum energy release to a suitably scaled expansion time which can be expressed with the pulse length T(*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Siedschlag
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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22
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Hansen SB, Shlyaptseva AS, Faenov AY, Skobelev IY, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Blasco F, Dorchies F, Stenz C, Salin F, Auguste T, Dobosz S, Monot P, D' Oliveira P, Hulin S, Safronova UI, Fournier KB. Hot-electron influence on L-shell spectra of multicharged Kr ions generated in clusters irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:046412. [PMID: 12443335 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.046412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong L-shell x-ray emission has been obtained from Kr clusters formed in gas jets and irradiated by 60-500-fs laser pulses. Spectral lines from the F-, Ne- Na-, and Mg-like charge states of Kr have been identified from highly resolved x-ray spectra. Spectral line intensities are used in conjunction with a detailed time-dependent collisional-radiative model to diagnose the electron distribution functions of plasmas formed in various gas jet nozzles with various laser pulse durations. It is shown that L-shell spectra formed by relatively long nanosecond-laser pulses can be well described by a steady-state model without hot electrons when opacity effects are included. In contrast, adequate modeling of L-shell spectra from highly transient and inhomogeneous femtosecond-laser plasmas requires including the influence of hot electrons. It is shown that femtosecond-laser interaction with gas jets from conical nozzles produces plasmas with higher ionization balances than plasmas formed by gas jets from Laval nozzles, in agreement with previous work for femtosecond laser interaction with Ar clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Physics Department/220, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA
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23
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Milchberg HM, McNaught SJ, Parra E. Plasma hydrodynamics of the intense laser-cluster interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:056402. [PMID: 11736096 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.056402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the intense laser-cluster interaction in which the laser field is treated self-consistently. We find that for clusters initially as small as approximately 25 A in radius nonuniform expansion of the heated material results in long-time resonance of the laser field at the critical density plasma layer. A significant result of this is that the ponderomotive force, which is enhanced at the critical density surface, can be large enough to strongly modify the plasma hydrodynamics, even at laser intensities as low as 10(15) W/cm(2) for 800 nm laser pulses. Simulations of our recent experiments in extreme ultraviolet and x-ray generation from clusters explain the dependence of generation efficiency on laser pulse width.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Milchberg
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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24
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Zhong Q, Castleman AW. An ultrafast glimpse of cluster solvation effects on reaction dynamics. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4039-58. [PMID: 11749339 DOI: 10.1021/cr990056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhong
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Parra E, Alexeev I, Fan J, Kim KY, McNaught SJ, Milchberg HM. X-ray and extreme ultraviolet emission induced by variable pulse-width irradiation of Ar and Kr clusters and droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:R5931-R5934. [PMID: 11102018 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.r5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements are presented of x-ray (>1.5 keV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV, lambda=2-44 nm) emission from argon and krypton supersonic gas jets at room (T=300 K) and cryogenic (T=173 K) temperatures irradiated with constant energy (50 mJ), variable width laser pulses ranging from 100 fs to 10 ns. Two regimes of jet operation are explored: cluster formation (radius<100 nm) and droplet formation (radius>1 &mgr;m). The results for both clusters and droplets can be understood in terms of two time scales: a short time scale for optimal resonant absorption at the critical density layer in the expanding plasma, and a longer time scale for the plasma to drop below critical density.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Parra
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Krainov V, Smirnov MB. The evolution of large clusters under the action of ultrashort superintense laser pulses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.3367/ufnr.0170.200009b.0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Eisenberger
- P. Eisenberger is at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S. Suckewer
- S. Suckewer is with the Department of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering and the Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-5211, USA
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Ivanov M, Seideman T, Corkum P, Ilkov F, Dietrich P. Explosive ionization of molecules in intense laser fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:1541-1550. [PMID: 9913624 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Castleman AW, Bowen KH. Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - K. H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Villeneuve DM, Ivanov MY, Corkum PB. Enhanced ionization of diatomic molecules in strong laser fields: A classical model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:736-741. [PMID: 9913531 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Ditmire T, Donnelly T, Rubenchik AM, Falcone RW, Perry MD. Interaction of intense laser pulses with atomic clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1996; 53:3379-3402. [PMID: 9913282 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ditmire T, Donnelly T, Falcone RW, Perry MD. Strong x-ray emission from high-temperature plasmas produced by intense irradiation of clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:3122-3125. [PMID: 10059500 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Seideman T, Ivanov MY, Corkum PB. Role of electron localization in intense-field molecular ionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:2819-2822. [PMID: 10059413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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McPherson A, Thompson BD, Borisov AB, Boyer K, Rhodes CK. Multiphoton-induced X-ray emission at 4–5 keV from Xe atoms with multiple core vacancies. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/370631a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hard X-rays from atom clusters. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/370595a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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