Evidence for 4d Ferromagnetism in 2D Systems: Ru Monolayers on C(0001) Substrates

Two-dimensional honeycomb hafnene monolayer: stability and magnetism by structural transition

A few years ago, it was claimed that the two-dimensional ferromagnetic planar Hf monolayer could be synthesized on Ir(111). However, several questions remained unanswered. Herein, we unravel the structural stability of the HF monolayer and its influence on magnetism using first principles calculations. Despite the ferromagnetic state in the planar free-standing Hf layer, extensive systematic calculations with phonon spectra reveal that the planar free-standing Hf layer is unstable and it has a non-magnetic high-buckled structure in the ground state. We also find a structural transition from buckled to flat honeycomb geometry on the Ir(111) substrate. Nonetheless, 2D hafnene has no magnetic state due to strong hybridization with the Ir(111) surface. The evolution from the non-magnetic to the ferromagnetic state combined with structural transition is observed by adding BN as a spacer layer on the Ir(111) substrate (BN/Ir(111)). In addition, we find that 2D Hf on BN/Ir(111) has a giant perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of 3.41 meV.

Magnetism in nanoparticles: tuning properties with coatings

This paper reviews the effect of organic and inorganic coatings on magnetic nanoparticles. The ferromagnetic-like behaviour observed in nanoparticles constituted by materials which are non-magnetic in bulk is analysed for two cases: (a) Pd and Pt nanoparticles, formed by substances close to the onset of ferromagnetism, and (b) Au and ZnO nanoparticles, which were found to be surprisingly magnetic at the nanoscale when coated by organic surfactants. An overview of theories accounting for this unexpected magnetism, induced by the nanosize influence, is presented. In addition, the effect of coating magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatible metals, oxides or organic molecules is also reviewed, focusing on their applications.

Magnetic anisotropy of graphene quantum dots decorated with a ruthenium adatom

The creation of magnetic storage devices by decoration of a graphene sheet by magnetic transition-metal adatoms, utilizing the high in-plane versus out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE), has recently been proposed. This concept is extended in our density-functional-based modeling study by incorporating the influence of the graphene edge on the MAE. We consider triangular graphene flakes with both armchair and zigzag edges in which a single ruthenium adatom is placed at symmetrically inequivalent positions. Depending on the edge-type, the graphene edge was found to influence the MAE in opposite ways: for the armchair flake the MAE increases close to the edge, while the opposite is true for the zigzag edge. Additionally, in-plane pinning of the magnetization direction perpendicular to the edge itself is observed for the first time.

Electrically tunable quantum anomalous Hall effect in graphene decorated by 5d transition-metal adatoms

Based on first-principles calculations, we predict that 5d transition metals on graphene present a unique class of hybrid systems exhibiting topological transport effects that can be manipulated effectively by external electric fields. The origin of this phenomenon lies in the exceptional magnetic properties and the large spin-orbit interaction of the 5d metals leading to significant magnetic moments accompanied with colossal magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies. A strong magnetoelectric response is predicted that offers the possibility to switch the spontaneous magnetization direction by moderate electric fields, enabling an electrically tunable quantum anomalous Hall effect.

Large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of ultrathin Ru and Rh films on a NiAl(001) surface

Using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method, the magnetic properties of two-dimensional Ru and Rh monolayers (MLs) on a NiAl(001) surface have been investigated. It has been found that free standing one monolayer Ru and Rh films have ferromagnetic ground state with magnetic moments of 2.21 and 1.48 μ(B), respectively. The ferromagnetism is still observed even on a Ni terminated NiAl(001) surface, while no magnetic state is found on an Al terminated surface. The calculated magnetic moments of Ru and Rh atoms are 1.56 and 0.88 μ(B), respectively. In addition, an induced magnetic moment in surface Ni is observed. It has been found that the free standing Ru film has perpendicular magnetization to the film surface with a magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) energy of 0.66 meV/atom, while an in-plane MCA energy of 0.37 meV/atom is achieved in Rh film. Very interestingly, we find that both Ru/NiAl(001) and Rh/NiAl(001) films have perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the calculated MCA energies are 0.66 and 1.11 meV in Ru/NiAl(001) and Rh/NiAl(001), respectively. Along with the magnetic anisotropy, we have presented theoretically calculated x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) results.

Electron-phonon coupling and spin fluctuations in 3d and 4d transition metals: implications for superconductivity and its pressure dependence

We have calculated the electron-phonon coupling for the complete 4d series and the nonmagnetic 3d transition metals using the linear response method and the linear muffin-tin orbitals' basis. A comparison of the linear response results and those obtained via the rigid muffin-tin approximation is provided. Based on the calculated values of the electron-phonon coupling constants, band density of states and the measured values of the electronic specific heat constants, we estimate the spin-fluctuation effects, i.e. the electron-spin-fluctuation (electron-paramagnon) coupling constants in these systems. For the sake of comparison, several other metals, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Al and Pb, are also studied. Alternative estimates of the electron-paramagnon coupling constants are obtained from the values of the Stoner parameters and the band densities of states at the Fermi level. Implications of these results on the superconductivity and its pressure dependence as well as the alloying effects of superconductivity in these systems are discussed. It is pointed out that spin fluctuations play an important role in the validity of the Matthias rule that in metallic systems the optimum conditions for (electron-phonon) superconductivity occur for 5 and 7 valence electrons/atom.

Local spin polarization at surfaces probed by hollow atoms

The relaxation of hollow atoms produced by slow multiply charged ions impinging on surfaces produces characteristic Auger electron spectra. These spectra, which serve as fingerprints of the interaction, can be used to probe local spin ordering at surfaces by relating changes in the intensities of different spin states to local spin polarization at the surface. The area from which the electrons are captured is of the order of a few Angstrom(2), only. The potential of the method is illustrated by He(2+) and N(6+) ions interacting with a ferromagnetic Ni(110) crystal. From the Auger spectra we determine a spin polarization of approximately 90% at room temperature.

Nucleation and growth of cobalt nanostructures on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Cobalt in the form of three-dimensional (3D) hemispherical clusters (size approximately 10-30 nm) were observed to grow on pristine graphite surfaces via a Volmer-Weber growth mode. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that these clusters are physisorbed on the surface. In the presence of minute surface contamination, the morphology of Co changes into a mixture of irregular and hemispherical three-dimensional islands. The formation of irregular islands appears to be mediated by the chemical interactions between Co and the surface contaminants as evidenced from analysis of the carbon pi-pi* transitions. Further analysis of size distribution of Co nanoclusters grown on pristine surfaces shows a critical nucleus size of i* = 1, i.e. a Co dimer forms the smallest stable cluster on a pristine graphite surface.

Origin of Bulklike Structure and Bond Length Disorder of Pt37 and Pt6Ru31 Clusters on Carbon: Comparison of Theory and Experiment

We describe a theoretical analysis of the structures of self-organizing nanoparticles formed by Pt and Ru-Pt on carbon support. The calculations provide insights into the nature of these metal particle systems-ones of current interest for use as the electrocatalytic materials of direct oxidation fuel cells-and clarify complex behaviors noted in earlier experimental studies. With clusters deposited via metallo-organic Pt or PtRu(5) complexes, previous experiments [Nashner et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7760; Nashner et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8093; Frenkel et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 12689] showed that the Pt and Pt-Ru based clusters are formed with fcc(111)-stacked cuboctahedral geometry and essentially bulklike metal-metal bond lengths, even for the smallest (few atom) nanoparticles for which the average coordination number is much smaller than that in the bulk, and that Pt in bimetallic [PtRu(5)] clusters segregates to the ambient surface of the supported nanoparticles. We explain these observations and characterize the cluster structures and bond length distributions using density functional theory calculations with graphite as a model for the support. The present study reveals the origin of the observed metal-metal bond length disorder, distinctively different for each system, and demonstrates the profound consequences that result from the cluster/carbon-support interactions and their key role in the structure and electronic properties of supported metallic nanoparticles.

Ferromagnetism in fcc twinned 2.4 nm size Pd nanoparticles

The onset of ferromagnetism has been experimentally observed in small Pd particles of average diameter 2.4 nm. High-resolution studies reveal that a high percentage of the fcc particle exhibits single and multiple twinning boundaries. The spontaneous magnetization close to 0.02 emu/g seems to indicate that only a small fraction of atoms holds a permanent magnetic moment and contributes to ferromagnetism. The possible origin of ferromagnetism is briefly discussed according to different models recently reported.

Surface ferromagnetism of Pd fine particles

We report clear evidence of the ferromagnetism of gas-evaporated Pd fine particles with a clean surface. The clean Pd particle is found to have a magnetic heterostructure: the surface of the particle is ferromagnetic and the rest is paramagnetic. The size dependence of the magnetic saturation component reveals that the ferromagnetic ordering occurs only on (100) facets of the particle and that the topmost two to five layers from the surface contribute to the ferromagnetism with a magnetic moment of (0.75+/-0.31)micro(B)/atom.