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Wang S, Meng Z, Yan P, Liu Y, Feng Y. Continuous cold rubidium atomic beam with enhanced flux and tunable velocity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9116-9127. [PMID: 38571152 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a cold atomic beam source based on a two-dimensional (2D)+ magneto-optical trap (MOT), capable of generating a continuous cold beam of 87Rb atoms with a flux up to 4.3 × 109 s-1, a mean velocity of 10.96(2.20) m/s, and a transverse temperature of 16.90(1.56) µK. Investigating the influence of high cooling laser intensity, we observe a significant population loss of atoms to hyperfine-level dark states. To account for this, we employ a multiple hyperfine level model to calculate the cooling efficiency associated with the population in dark states, subsequently modifying the scattering force. Simulations of beam flux at different cooling and repumping laser intensities using the modified scattering force are in agreement with experimental results. Optimizing repumping and cooling intensities enhances the flux by 50%. The influence of phase modulation on both the pushing and cooling lasers is experimentally studied, revealing that the mean velocity of cold atoms can be tuned from 9.5 m/s to 14.6 m/s with a phase-modulated pushing laser. The versatility of this continuous beam source, featuring high flux, controlled velocity, and narrow transverse temperature, renders it valuable for applications in atom interferometers and clocks, ultimately enhancing bandwidth, sensitivity, and signal contrast in these devices.
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2
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Li W, Xu X, Song Y, Han R, Gao C, Dai C, Song N. Hollow-conical atomic beam from a low-velocity intense source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43647-43656. [PMID: 38178455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate, for the first time, a hollow-conical atomic beam from a standard low-velocity intense source. Experimental results and numerical simulations indicate that the hollow-conical feature is caused by the converging-diverging extraction process. The degree of hollowness can be reduced by using a weaker push beam and extending the length of transverse cooling. Analytical models are proposed to quantitatively describe the hollowness of the atomic beam. This study can find applications where a compact and solid atomic beam is needed, such as coupling cold atoms into matter waveguides or continuous cold atomic beam interferometers.
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Seo M, Do IH, Lee H, Yu DH, Seo S, Hong HG, Han JH, Park SE, Lee SB, Kwon TY, Mun J, Lee JH. Moving-frame imaging of transiting cold atoms for precise long-range transport. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25707-25717. [PMID: 36237095 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transporting cold atoms between interconnected vacuum chambers is an important technique for increasing the versatility of cold atom setups, particularly for those that couple atoms to photonic devices. In this report, we introduce a method where we are able to image the atoms at all points during transport via moving optical dipole trap. Cooled 87Rb atoms are transported ∼50 cm into an auxiliary vacuum chamber while being monitored with a moving-frame imaging system for which in-situ characterization of the atom transport is demonstrated. Precise positioning of the atoms near photonic devices is also tested across several tapered fibers showing an axial positioning resolution of ∼450 μm.
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4
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Sun R, Wang W, Wang PX. Pulse chirp enhances the laser acceleration of neutral particles. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3023-3026. [PMID: 35709040 DOI: 10.1364/ol.459422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accelerating neutral atoms is challenging because such particles are not directly manipulated by electric and magnetic fields as charged particles. In our acceleration scheme, the excited atom requires a sufficiently high gradient acceleration force. The key challenge in laser acceleration experiments is that not only must the photon energy excite atoms to the Rydberg state, but also atoms must not be ionized in an intense laser field. In this Letter, we propose using a chirped laser pulse to achieve the objectives above. The enhancement effect of the pulse chirp on the laser acceleration of neutral particles is investigated via numerical simulation and analytical analysis.
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5
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Ravenhall S, Yuen B, Foot C. High-flux, adjustable, compact cold-atom source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21143-21159. [PMID: 34265907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magneto-optical traps (MOTs) are widely used for laser cooling of atoms. We have developed a high-flux compact cold-atom source based on a pyramid MOT with a unique adjustable aperture that is highly suitable for portable quantum technology devices, including space-based experiments. The adjustability enabled an investigation into the previously unexplored impact of aperture size on the atomic flux, and optimisation of the aperture size allowed us to demonstrate a higher flux than any reported cold-atom sources that use a pyramid, LVIS, 3D-MOT or grating MOT. We achieved 2.1(1) × 1010 atoms/s of 87Rb with a mean velocity of 32(1) m/s, FWHM of 27.6(9) m/s and divergence of 59(4) mrad. Halving the total optical power to 195 mW caused only a 20% reduction of the flux, and a 30% decrease in mean velocity. Methods to further decrease the velocity as required have been identified. The low power consumption and small size make this design suitable for a wide range of cold-atom technologies.
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Scalable loading of a two-dimensional trapped-ion array. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13005. [PMID: 27677357 PMCID: PMC5052790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional arrays of trapped-ion qubits are attractive platforms for scalable quantum information processing. Sufficiently rapid reloading capable of sustaining a large array, however, remains a significant challenge. Here with the use of a continuous flux of pre-cooled neutral atoms from a remotely located source, we achieve fast loading of a single ion per site while maintaining long trap lifetimes and without disturbing the coherence of an ion quantum bit in an adjacent site. This demonstration satisfies all major criteria necessary for loading and reloading extensive two-dimensional arrays, as will be required for large-scale quantum information processing. Moreover, the already high loading rate can be increased by loading ions in parallel with only a concomitant increase in photo-ionization laser power and no need for additional atomic flux. Two-dimensional arrays of trapped ion qubits are attractive platforms for quantum information processing, but rapid reloading remains a challenge. Here the authors use a continuous flux of pre-cooled neutral atoms to achieve fast loading of single ions without affecting the coherence of adjacent qubits.
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Eberle P, Dörfler AD, von Planta C, Ravi K, Willitsch S. A Dynamic Ion–Atom Hybrid Trap for High‐Resolution Cold‐Collision Studies. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3769-3775. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Eberle
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexander D. Dörfler
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Claudio von Planta
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Krishnamurthy Ravi
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefan Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
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8
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Nolli R, Venturelli M, Marmugi L, Wickenbrock A, Renzoni F. Compact setup for the production of (87)Rb |F = 2, m = + 2〉 Bose-Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:083102. [PMID: 27587095 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact experimental apparatus for Bose-Einstein condensation of (87)Rb in the |F = 2, mF = + 2〉 state. A pre-cooled atomic beam of (87)Rb is obtained by using an unbalanced magneto-optical trap, allowing controlled transfer of trapped atoms from the first vacuum chamber to the science chamber. Here, atoms are transferred to a hybrid trap, as produced by overlapping a magnetic quadrupole trap with a far-detuned optical trap with crossed beam configuration, where forced radiofrequency evaporation is realized. The final evaporation leading to Bose-Einstein condensation is then performed by exponentially lowering the optical trap depth. Control and stabilization systems of the optical trap beams are discussed in detail. The setup reliably produces a pure condensate in the |F = 2, mF = + 2〉 state in 50 s, which includes 33 s loading of the science magneto-optical trap and 17 s forced evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nolli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Venturelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Marmugi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Arne Wickenbrock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ferruccio Renzoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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9
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Carini JL, Kallush S, Kosloff R, Gould PL. Efficient Formation of Ultracold Molecules with Chirped Nanosecond Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3032-41. [PMID: 26652642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe experiments and associated quantum simulations involving the production of ultracold (87)Rb2 molecules with nanosecond pulses of frequency-chirped light. With appropriate chirp parameters, the formation is dominated by coherent processes. For a positive chirp, excited molecules are produced by photoassociation early in the chirp, and then transferred into high vibrational levels of the lowest triplet state by stimulated emission later in the chirp. Generally good agreement is seen between the data and the simulations. Shaping of the chirp can lead to a significant enhancement of the formation rate. Further improvements using higher intensities and different intermediate states are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Carini
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - S Kallush
- Department of Physics and Optical Engineering, ORT Braude , P.O. Box 78, Karmiel, Israel.,Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , 91094 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Kosloff
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , 91094 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - P L Gould
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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10
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McClelland JJ, Steele AV, Knuffman B, Twedt KA, Schwarzkopf A, Wilson TM. Bright focused ion beam sources based on laser-cooled atoms. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2016; 3:011302. [PMID: 27239245 PMCID: PMC4882766 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale focused ion beams (FIBs) represent one of the most useful tools in nanotechnology, enabling nanofabrication via milling and gas-assisted deposition, microscopy and microanalysis, and selective, spatially resolved doping of materials. Recently, a new type of FIB source has emerged, which uses ionization of laser cooled neutral atoms to produce the ion beam. The extremely cold temperatures attainable with laser cooling (in the range of 100 μK or below) result in a beam of ions with a very small transverse velocity distribution. This corresponds to a source with extremely high brightness that rivals or may even exceed the brightness of the industry standard Ga+ liquid metal ion source. In this review we discuss the context of ion beam technology in which these new ion sources can play a role, their principles of operation, and some examples of recent demonstrations. The field is relatively new, so only a few applications have been demonstrated, most notably low energy ion microscopy with Li ions. Nevertheless, a number of promising new approaches have been proposed and/or demonstrated, suggesting that a rapid evolution of this type of source is likely in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J McClelland
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - A V Steele
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - B Knuffman
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - K A Twedt
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - A Schwarzkopf
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - T M Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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11
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Duan Z, Hu L, Xu X, Liu C. Goos-Hänchen-like shift of three-level matter wave incident on Raman beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17679-17690. [PMID: 25089388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When a three-level atomic wavepacket is obliquely incident on a "medium slab" consisting of two far-detuned laser beams, there exists lateral shift between reflection and incident points at the surface of a "medium slab", analogous to optical Goos-Hänchen effect. We evaluate lateral shifts for reflected and transmitted waves via expansion of reflection and transmission coefficients, in contrast to the stationary phase method. Results show that lateral shifts can be either positive or negative dependent on the incident angle and the atomic internal state. Interestingly, a giant lateral shift of transmitted wave with high transmission probability is observed, which is helpful to observe such lateral shifts experimentally. Different from the two-level atomic wave case, we find that quantum interference between different atomic states plays crucial role on the transmission intensity and corresponding lateral shifts.
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12
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Carrat V, Cabrera-Gutiérrez C, Jacquey M, Tabosa JW, Viaris de Lesegno B, Pruvost L. Long-distance channeling of cold atoms exiting a 2D magneto-optical trap by a Laguerre-Gaussian laser beam. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:719-722. [PMID: 24487908 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a blue-detuned laser, shaped into a nearly Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) donut mode, we channel atoms exiting a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT) over a 30 cm distance. Compared to a freely propagating beam, the atomic flux (∼10(10) at/s) is conserved whereas the divergence is reduced from 40 to 3 mrad. So, 30 cm far the 2D-MOT exit, the atomic beam has a 1 mm diameter and the atomic density is increased by a factor of ∼200. The LG-channeled-2D-MOT has been studied versus the order of the LG mode (from 2 to 10) and versus the laser-atom frequency detuning (from 2 to 120 GHz).
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13
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Cimmarusti A, Patterson B, Schroeder C, Orozco L, Barberis-Blostein P, Carmichael H. Feedback in a cavity QED system for control of quantum beats. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135703005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Götz S, Höltkemeier B, Hofmann CS, Litsch D, DePaola BD, Weidemüller M. Versatile cold atom target apparatus. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:073112. [PMID: 22852676 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on a compact and transportable apparatus that consists of a cold atomic target at the center of a high resolution recoil ion momentum spectrometer. Cold rubidium atoms serve as a target which can be operated in three different modes: in continuous mode, consisting of a cold atom beam generated by a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap, in normal mode in which the atoms from the beam are trapped in a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (3D MOT), and in high density mode in which the 3D MOT is operated in dark spontaneous optical trap configuration. The targets are characterized using photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Götz
- Physikalisches Insitut, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Xiong D, Wang P, Fu Z, Zhang J. Transport of Bose-Einstein condensate in QUIC trap and separation of trapping spin states. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:1649-1656. [PMID: 20173992 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the locomotion track of (87)Rb Bose-Einstein condensate during decompressing the trap into the center of the glass cell in a quadrupole-Ioffe configuration trap. In order to change the position of the BEC, the current in the quadrupole coils is reduced while the current in the Ioffe coil keeps constant. Because of the strongly reduced trap frequencies of the moved trap, the BEC considerably sags down due to the gravity. Thus an inflexion point exists in the process of moving BEC. When rubidium atoms go over the inflexion point, they cannot keep in balance under the gravity and the force provided by a magnetic field, and flow downward and towards Ioffe coil. By utilizing this effect, the trapped atoms with the spin state |F = 2,mF = 1>, which are left over in the BEC, can be separated from the BEC of |F = 2,mF = 2> state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P.R.China
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16
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Bell SC, Junker M, Jasperse M, Turner LD, Lin YJ, Spielman IB, Scholten RE. A slow atom source using a collimated effusive oven and a single-layer variable pitch coil Zeeman slower. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:013105. [PMID: 20113079 DOI: 10.1063/1.3276712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple slow atom source for loading a rubidium magneto-optical trap. The source includes an effusive oven with a long heated collimation tube. Almost all components are standard vacuum parts. The heating elements and thermocouples are external to the vacuum, protecting them from the hostile hot alkali environment and allowing repair without breaking vacuum. The thermal source is followed by a Zeeman slower with a single-layer coil of variable winding pitch. The single-layer design is simple to construct and has low inductance which allows for rapid switching of the magnetic field. The coil pitch was determined by fitting the analytic form of the magnetic field for a variable winding pitch to the desired magnetic field profile required to slow atoms. The measured magnetic field for the constructed coil is in excellent agreement with the desired field. The source produces atoms at 35 m/s with a flux up to 2 x 10(10) cm(-2) s(-1) at 200 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Wang J, Wang J, Yan S, Geng T, Zhang T. Transferring cold atoms in double magneto-optical trap by a continuous-wave transfer laser beam with large red detuning. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:123116. [PMID: 19123554 DOI: 10.1063/1.3058607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel scheme of transferring cold atoms in a double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system has been experimentally demonstrated. Cold cesium atoms trapped in a vapor-cell MOT are efficiently transferred to an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) MOT by a continuous-wave divergent Gaussian transfer laser beam. When large red detuning and moderate intensity are adopted for the transfer laser beam, enhancement of the recapturing of atoms in the UHV MOT is clearly observed. Using the divergent transfer laser beam (diameter of approximately 1.60 mm in the vapor-cell MOT region) with typical power of approximately 20.2 mW, up to approximately 85% of transfer efficiency is obtained when the frequency detuning is set to around -1.2 GHz, and it is not sensitive to small detuning variation. This transfer is much efficient compared with that in the case of continuous-wave near-resonance weak transfer laser beam (typical power of order of approximately 100 microW and typical frequency detuning of approximately-10 MHz) which is normally used in double-MOT experiment. The enhancement is ascribed to the guiding effect on cold atomic flux by transverse dipole potential of the large red-detuned transfer laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Billy J, Josse V, Zuo Z, Guerin W, Aspect A, Bouyer P. Guided atom laser: a new tool for guided atom optics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/anphys:2008001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Neyenhuis B, Christensen D, Durfee DS. Testing nonclassical theories of electromagnetism with ion interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:200401. [PMID: 18233122 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.200401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We discuss using a tabletop ion interferometer to search for deviations from Coulomb's inverse-square law. Such deviations would result from nonclassical effects such as a nonzero photon rest mass. We discuss the theory behind the proposed measurement, explain which fundamental, experimentally controllable parameters are the relevant figures of merit, and calculate the expected performance of such a device in terms of these parameters. The sensitivity to deviations in the exponent of the inverse-square law is predicted to be a few times 10(-22), an improvement by 5 orders of magnitude over current experiments. It could measure a nonzero photon rest mass smaller than 9 x 10(-50) grams, nearly 100 times smaller than current laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Neyenhuis
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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21
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Ramirez-Serrano J, Yu N, Kohel JM, Kellogg JR, Maleki L. Multistage two-dimensional magneto-optical trap as a compact cold atom beam source. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:682-4. [PMID: 16544589 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A compact cold atom beam source based on a multistage two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (MOT) has been demonstrated and characterized. The multiple-stage design greatly reduces the overall size of the source apparatus while providing a high flux of atoms. The cold atom beam was used to load a separate MOT in ultrahigh vacuum, and we obtained an actual trap loading rate of 1.5 x 109 atoms/s while using only 20 mW of total laser power for the source. The entire source apparatus, including optics, can fit into a 4 cm x 4 cm x 13 cm volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ramirez-Serrano
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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22
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Maxwell SE, Brahms N, deCarvalho R, Glenn DR, Helton JS, Nguyen SV, Patterson D, Petricka J, DeMille D, Doyle JM. High-flux beam source for cold, slow atoms or molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:173201. [PMID: 16383827 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate and characterize a high-flux beam source for cold, slow atoms or molecules. The desired species is vaporized using laser ablation, then cooled by thermalization in a cryogenic cell of buffer gas. The beam is formed by particles exiting a hole in the buffer gas cell. We characterize the properties of the beam (flux, forward velocity, temperature) for both an atom (Na) and a molecule (PbO) under varying buffer gas density, and discuss conditions for optimizing these beam parameters. Our source compares favorably to existing techniques of beam formation, for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Maxwell
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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23
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Wright MJ, Gensemer SD, Vala J, Kosloff R, Gould PL. Control of ultracold collisions with frequency-chirped light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:063001. [PMID: 16090943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on ultracold atomic collision experiments utilizing frequency-chirped laser light. A rapid chirp below the atomic resonance results in adiabatic excitation to an attractive molecular potential over a wide range of internuclear separation. This leads to a transient inelastic collision rate which is large compared to that obtained with fixed-frequency excitation. The combination of high efficiency and temporal control demonstrates the benefit of applying the techniques of coherent control to the ultracold domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wright
- Department of Physics, U-3046, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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24
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Fatemi F, Bashkansky M, Moore S. Side-illuminated hollow-core optical fiber for atom guiding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2005; 13:4890-4895. [PMID: 19498475 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a technique for coupling guiding light into hollow-core optical fibers for atom guiding. Microprisms embedded into a multimode, double-clad hollow fiber, allow light to be coupled into the fiber at multiple locations along the length of the fiber. The technique offers significant advantages over end-pumped configurations.
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Guest JR, Choi JH, Hansis E, Povilus AP, Raithel G. Laser cooling and magnetic trapping at several tesla. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:073003. [PMID: 15783813 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.073003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling and magnetic trapping of (85)Rb atoms have been performed in extremely strong and tunable magnetic fields, extending these techniques to a new regime and setting the stage for a variety of cold atom and plasma experiments. Using a superconducting Ioffe-Pritchard trap and an optical molasses, 2.4 x 10(7) atoms were laser cooled to the Doppler limit and magnetically trapped at bias fields up to 2.9 T. At magnetic fields up to 6 T, 3 x 10(6) cold atoms were laser cooled in a pulsed loading scheme. These bias fields are well beyond an order of magnitude larger than those in previous experiments. Loading rates, molasses lifetimes, magnetic-trapping times, and temperatures were measured using photoionization and electron detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Guest
- FOCUS Center, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1120, USA
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Milic D, Hoogerland MD, Baldwin KG, Buckman SJ. Mirror design for two-dimensional magneto-optic lenses and compressors. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:1907-1910. [PMID: 18357190 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel mirror arrangement that enables large interaction lengths between atomic beams and laser fields by use of a small amount of laser power is presented. Its application to focusing and compression of neutral atomic beams is discussed.
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Müller D, Cornell EA, Prevedelli M, Schwindt PD, Zozulya A, Anderson DZ. Waveguide atom beam splitter for laser-cooled neutral atoms. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:1382-1384. [PMID: 18066224 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A laser-cooled neutral-atom beam from a low-velocity intense source is split into two beams while it is guided by a magnetic-field potential. We generate our multimode beam-splitter potential with two current-carrying wires upon a glass substrate combined with an external transverse bias field. The atoms are guided around curves and a beam-splitter region within a 10-cm guide length. We achieve a maximum integrated flux of 1.5x10(5)atoms/s with a current density of 5x10(4)amp/cm (2) in the 100-microm -diameter wires. The initial beam can be split into two beams with a 50/50 splitting ratio.
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Kim JA, Lee KI, Noh HR, Jhe W, Ohtsu M. Atom trap in an axicon mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 1997; 22:117-119. [PMID: 18183121 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have realized a novel atom trap in an axicon (conical hollow) mirror, using a frequency-modulated, single-diode laser. Different spatial distributions of trapped atoms such as a ball and a ring are observed. We show that our numerical simulations are consistent with experimental results. In particular, the ring diameter is found to be approximately the separation between the mirror axis and the magnetic field axis. The axicon trap may be useful as a precooled atom source for cold atomic beams, atom funnels, and atom waveguides.
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