1
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Sun L, Zheng W, Kang F, Gao W, Wang T, Gao G, Xu W. On-surface synthesis and characterization of anti-aromatic cyclo[12]carbon and cyclo[20]carbon. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7649. [PMID: 39223168 PMCID: PMC11369269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclo[n]carbons have recently attracted significant attention owing to their geometric and electronic structures remaining largely unexplored in the condensed phase. In this work, we focus on two anti-aromatic cyclocarbons, namely C12 and C20. By designing two fully halogenated molecular precursors both including 4-numbered rings, we further extend the on-surface retro-Bergman ring-opening reaction, and successfully produce C12 and C20. The polyynic structures of C12 and C20 are unambiguously revealed by bond-resolved atomic force microscopy. More importantly, subtly positioning the C20 molecule into an atomic fence formed by Cl clusters allows us to experimentally probe its frontier molecular orbitals, yielding a transport gap of 3.8 eV measured from scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our work may advance the field by easier synthesis of a series of cyclocarbons via on-surface retro-Bergman ring-opening strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongde Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Pooja, Yadav S, Pawar R. Chemistry of Cyclo[18]Carbon (C 18): A Review. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400055. [PMID: 38994665 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based allotropes are propelling a technological revolution in communication, sensing, and computing, concurrently challenging fundamental theories of the previous century. Nevertheless, the demand for advanced carbon-based materials remains substantial. The crux lies in the efficient and reliable engineering of novel carbon allotrope. Although C18 has undergone theoretical and experimental investigation for an extended period, its preparation and direct observation in the condensed phase occurred only recently through STM/AFM techniques. The distinctive cyclic ring structure and the dual 18-center π delocalization character introduce various uncommon properties to C18, rendering it a subject worthy of in-depth exploration. In this context, this review delves into past developments contributing to the state-of-the-art understanding of C18 and provides insights into how future endeavours can expedite practical applications. Encompassing a broad spectrum, this review comprehensively investigates almost all facets of C18, including geometric characteristics, electron delocalization, bonding nature, aromaticity, reactivity, electronic excitation, UV/Vis spectrum, intermolecular interaction, response to external fields, electron affinity, ionization, and other molecular properties. Moreover, the review also outlines representative strategies for the direct synthesis and characterization of C18 using atom manipulation techniques. Following this, C18-based complexes are summarized, and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemical devices, optoelectronics, and sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sarita Yadav
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
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3
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Gustafson A, Sburlati S, Kahr B. Computed Gyration Tensors of Knotted Chiral and Achiral Topological Stereoisomers of C 60 Cyclocarbons. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400277. [PMID: 38606486 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The electronic origins of the computed optical rotations of the simplest chiral and achiral chemical knots with comparatively simple compositions and large, anticipated magnetoelectric polarizabilities are provided. Linear response theory (LRT) is used to calculate the gyration at 1064 nm of two knotted polyyne chains, topological stereoisomers of cyclo[60]carbon. One isomer is analogous to the trefoil knot with approximate D3 symmetry and the other to the figure eight knot with approximate S4 symmetry. The response in each case can be attributed largely to the magnetic dipole term that arises in a near degenerate E-like excited state. An oriented achiral figure eight knot is as optically active in some directions as the chiral knot in any direction, and its absolute eigenvalues are larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Sophia Sburlati
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
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4
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Gibbas B, Kaledin M, Kaledin AL. Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations of the Vibrational Wavefunction of the Aromatic Cyclo[10]carbon Using a Full Dimensional Permutationally Invariant Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5070-5075. [PMID: 38701515 PMCID: PMC11103689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
New experimental measurements [Sun et al., Nature 2023, 623, 972] of the cyclic C10 reveal a cumulenic pentagon-like D5h structure at ∼5 K. However, the long-standing presumption that a large zero-point vibrational energy combined with an extremely flat D5h ↔ D10h ↔ D5h isomerization pathway washes out the pentagonal D5h structure and yields a symmetric D10h decagon remains at odds with the experiment. We resolve this issue with our fitting approach based on a bond-order charge-density matrix expressed in permutationally invariant polynomials. We train the model on τHCTH/cc-pVQZ data morphed to reproduce a relativistic all-electron CCSDT(Q)/CBS D5h-D10h potential energy barrier (benchmarked previously by others). Large scale diffusion Monte Carlo simulations in full dimensionality show that the vibrational ground state of C10 has compositional character of more than 96% D5h, fully reflecting the experimental imaging data. Quantum mechanical variational calculations in 1-D further suggest persistence of the D5h symmetry structure at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. Gibbas
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, 370 Paulding Ave NW, Box # 1203, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Martina Kaledin
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, 370 Paulding Ave NW, Box # 1203, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Alexey L. Kaledin
- Cherry
L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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5
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Gong J, Zhu J, He X, Yang J. Using a cyclocarbon additive as a cyclone separator to achieve fast lithiation and delithiation without dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:427-437. [PMID: 38078544 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials are widely used for reversible lithium uptake in the anode of lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the challenge of uncontrollable dendrite deposition during fast charge-discharge cycles remains a grand hurdle. Various strategies have been explored to prevent detrimental heterogeneous dendrite metal deposits, such as interface engineering and electrolyte modification, but they often compromise the reverse diffusion freedom of Li+ ions during discharging and are incompatible with the most mainstream use of graphite as an anode material. Here, we propose the incorporation of a novel carbon allotrope of cyclocarbon as a potential additive in the anode. In contrast to conventional carbon materials, density functional theory calculations reveal that cyclocarbon has a much higher affinity for Li atoms than Li+ ions, even surpassing the inherent cohesion of Li atoms, due to the charge transfer from the 2s orbital of Li atoms to the unique in-plane π orbital of cyclocarbon. Furthermore, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that Li+ ions can shuttle freely back and forth across cyclocarbon, whereas the lithiation process for Li atoms occurs rapidly within picoseconds. The delithiation of Li atoms within cyclocarbon follows a voltage-gated mechanism that is effectively controlled by an external electric field of 3 V nm-1. Remarkably, cyclocarbon exhibits potential compatibility with commercialized graphite electrodes via the π-π interaction and also can be extended to sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries. These distinct compatibility, scalability and electrochemical properties of cyclocarbon provide a new avenue to realize both safety and ultrafast rechargeable performance of ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Gong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jiabao Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- New York University-East China Normal University Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jinrong Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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6
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Kozáková S, Alharzali N, Černušák I. Cyclo[ n]carbons and catenanes from different perspectives: disentangling the molecular thread. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29386-29403. [PMID: 37901943 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
All-carbon atomic rings, cyclo[n]carbons, have recently attracted vivid attention of experimentalists and theoreticians. Among them, cyclo[18]carbon is the most studied system. In this paper, we summarize and review various properties of cyclo[n]carbons, emphasising the aspects of their aromaticity/antiaromaticity. In the first part, the trends in bonding patterns and selected aromaticity indices with the increasing size of the rings are discussed. In the second part we explore the properties of catenane models based on interlocked cyclo[18]carbon rings from different perspectives and investigate their behaviour under the action of external force using computational experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kozáková
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Nissrin Alharzali
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivan Černušák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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7
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Sun L, Zheng W, Gao W, Kang F, Zhao M, Xu W. On-surface synthesis of aromatic cyclo[10]carbon and cyclo[14]carbon. Nature 2023; 623:972-976. [PMID: 38030782 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
All-carbon materials based on sp2-hybridized atoms, such as fullerenes1, carbon nanotubes2 and graphene3, have been much explored due to their remarkable physicochemical properties and potential for applications. Another unusual all-carbon allotrope family are the cyclo[n]carbons (Cn) consisting of two-coordinated sp-hybridized atoms. They have been studied in the gas phase since the twentieth century4-6, but their high reactivity has meant that condensed-phase synthesis and real-space characterization have been challenging, leaving their exact molecular structure open to debate7-11. Only in 2019 was an isolated C18 generated on a surface and its polyynic structure revealed by bond-resolved atomic force microscopy12,13, followed by a recent report14 on C16. The C18 work trigged theoretical studies clarifying the structure of cyclo[n]carbons up to C100 (refs. 15-20), although the synthesis and characterization of smaller Cn allotropes remains difficult. Here we modify the earlier on-surface synthesis approach to produce cyclo[10]carbon (C10) and cyclo[14]carbon (C14) via tip-induced dehalogenation and retro-Bergman ring opening of fully chlorinated naphthalene (C10Cl8) and anthracene (C14Cl10) molecules, respectively. We use atomic force microscopy imaging and theoretical calculations to show that, in contrast to C18 and C16, C10 and C14 have a cumulenic and cumulene-like structure, respectively. Our results demonstrate an alternative strategy to generate cyclocarbons on the surface, providing an avenue for characterizing annular carbon allotropes for structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mali Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Zhang M, Yuan RN, Wu YB, Chen Q, Wei Z, Li SD. [Cs©C 18] + and [Na©C 14] +: perfect planar alkaline-metal-centered polyynic cyclo[ n]carbon complexes with record coordination numbers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23984-23990. [PMID: 37577084 PMCID: PMC10413334 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Searching for the maximum coordination number (CN) in planar species with novel bonding patterns has fascinated chemists for many years. Using the experimentally observed polyynic cyclo[18]carbon D9h C18 and theoretically predicted polyynic cyclo[14]carbon D7h C14 as effective ligands and based on extensive first-principles theory calculations, we predict herein their perfect planar alkaline-metal-centered complexes D9h Cs©C18+ (1) and D7h Na©C14+ (4) which as the global minima of the systems possess the record coordination numbers of CN = 18 and 14 in planar polyynic species, respectively. More interestingly, detailed energy decomposition and adaptive natural density partitioning bonding analyses indicate that the hypercoordinate alkaline-metal centers in these complexes exhibit obvious transition metal behaviors, with effective in-plane (π-6s)σ, (π-7p)σ, and (π-5d)σ coordination bonds formed in Cs©C18+ (1) and (π-3s)σ, (π-3p)σ, and (π-3d)σ coordination interactions fabricated in Na©C14+ (4) to dominate the overall attractive interactions between the metal center and its cyclo[n]carbon ligand. Similarly, alkaline-metal-centered planar Cs Cs©C17B (2), C2v Cs©C17- (3), C2v Na©C13B (5), and C2v Na©C13- (6) have also been obtained with CN = 18, 17, 14, and 13, respectively.
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9
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Rojas C, León A, Pacheco M, Chico L, Orellana PA. Tuning the conductance of carbon rings with impurities and electric fields. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22358-22366. [PMID: 37497092 PMCID: PMC10366656 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore two mechanisms to tune the electronic conductance of carbon atom rings, namely, substitutional impurities and in-plane external electric fields. First-principles calculations and a tight-binding approach are used to model the systems. Two bond configurations are studied, cumulenic and polyynic, which can be relevant depending on the number of carbon atoms in the ring. We find that both impurity substitution and electric field mechanisms allow for modifying the electronic spectrum and transport characteristics. Interestingly, cumulenic and polyynic carbon rings present a different response to these perturbations, which can also be a way to elucidate the bond nature of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rojas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Casilla 110 V Valparaíso Chile
| | - A León
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales Avda. Ejército 441 Santiago Chile
| | - M Pacheco
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Casilla 110 V Valparaíso Chile
| | - Leonor Chico
- GISC, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - P A Orellana
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Casilla 110 V Valparaíso Chile
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10
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Peng Y, Wu T, Yuan G, Chi L, Jiang S, Dorfman K, Yu C, Lu R. Solid state-like high harmonic generation from cluster molecules with rotational periodicities. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6810. [PMID: 36800426 PMCID: PMC9937566 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) from solid-state crystals in strong laser fields has been understood by the band structure of the solids, which is based on the periodic boundary condition (PBC) due to translational invariance. For the systems with PBC due to rotational invariance, an analogous Bloch theorem can be applied. Considering a ring-type cluster of cyclo[18]carbon as an example, we develop a quasi-band model and predict the solid state-like HHG in this system. Under the irradiation of linearly polarized laser field, cyclo[18]carbon exhibits solid state-like HHG originated from intraband oscillations and interband transitions, which, in turn, is promising to optically detect the symmetry and geometry of molecular or material structures. Our results based on the Liouville-von Neumann equations are well reproduced by the time-dependent density functional theory calculations and are foundational in providing a connection linking the HHG physics of gases and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigeng Peng
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanglu Yuan
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lihan Chi
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Konstantin Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Center for Theoretical Physics and School of Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Himalayan Institute for Advanced Study, Unit of Gopinath Seva Foundation, MIG 38, Avas Vikas, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249201, India
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Institute of Ultrafast Optical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Reversible H2 Storage Capacity of Ni Functionalized Carbyne (C10) Complex. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Brzyska A, Panczyk T, Wolinski K. From Cyclo[18]carbon to the Novel Nanostructures-Theoretical Predictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12960. [PMID: 36361747 PMCID: PMC9654130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a number of novel pure-carbon structures generated from cyclo[18]carbon. Due to the very high reactivity of cyclo[18]carbon, it is possible to link these molecules together to form bigger molecular systems. In our studies, we generated new structures containing 18, 36 and 72 carbon atoms. They are of different shapes including ribbons, sheets and tubes. All these new structures were obtained in virtual reactions driven by external forces. For every reaction, the energy requirement was evaluated exactly when the corresponding transition state was found or it was estimated through our new approach. A small HOMO-LUMO gap in these nanostructures indicates easy excitations and the multiple bonds network indicates their high reactivity. Both of these factors suggest that some potential applications of the new nanostructures are as components of therapeutically active carbon quantum dots, terminal fragments of graphene or carbon nanotubes obtained after fracture or growing in situ in catalytic reactions leading to the formation of carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brzyska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wolinski
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, pl. Maria Curie-Sklodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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13
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Brito B, Hai GQ, Cândido L. Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo simulation of small ionized carbon clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Rojas C, León A, Pacheco M, Chico L, Orellana PA. Transport signatures of few-atom carbon rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15973-15981. [PMID: 35730548 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We study the electronic transport through an all-carbon quantum ring side-coupled to a quantum wire. We employ both first-principles calculations and a tight-binding approach; the latter allows for the derivation of analytical expressions for the conductance and density of states, which facilitates the interpretation of the transport characteristics. Two bond models are employed: either all the hoppings are equal (cumulenic ring) or they have alternating bonds (polyynic ring). Assuming cumulenic bonds, if the number of atoms in the carbon ring is a multiple of four, it produces an antiresonant peak in the conductance at the Fermi level. This effect disappears for the polyynic configuration, i.e., when the hoppings in the carbon rings are alternating. Additionally, a gap opens at the Fermi energy in the polyynic rings, yielding distinct transport signatures for the two bond configurations. Comparison to first-principles calculations shows an excellent agreement on the changes of the conductance due to the carbon ring. We propose such transport measurements as a way to elucidate the character of the bonds in these novel carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rojas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110 V, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - A León
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Avda. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Pacheco
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110 V, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Leonor Chico
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110 V, Valparaíso, Chile. .,GISC, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P A Orellana
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110 V, Valparaíso, Chile.
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15
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Chen BJ, Chai JD. TAO-DFT fictitious temperature made simple. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12193-12210. [PMID: 35481082 PMCID: PMC9026342 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, thermally-assisted-occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT) [J.-D. Chai, J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 136, 154104] has been proved to be an efficient electronic structure method for investigating the ground-state properties of large electronic systems with strong static correlation effects. In TAO-DFT, the strength of static correlation in an electronic system at zero temperature is closely related to the so-called fictitious temperature (i.e., the temperature of the corresponding noninteracting reference system). In this work, we propose a simple model to define the optimal system-independent fictitious temperature of a given energy functional in TAO-DFT. Besides, we employ this model to determine the optimal system-independent fictitious temperature of a global hybrid functional in TAO-DFT as a function of the fraction of exact exchange. In addition, we adopt TAO-DFT with various global hybrid functionals and system-independent fictitious temperatures to explore the ground-state properties of several electronic systems with strong static correlation effects, such as the linear acenes and cyclic carbon chains. Furthermore, we discuss the role of exact exchange and an optimal system-independent fictitious temperature in TAO-DFT. Owing to the much reduced self-interaction error, TAO-DFT with exact exchange and an optimal system-independent fictitious temperature can accurately predict the radical character and bond length alternation of cyclic carbon chains (with even number of carbon atoms), which are challenging problems for traditional electronic structure methods. Optimal system-independent fictitious temperature θ of TAO-GH as a function of the fraction of exact exchange ax.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jyun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Da Chai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan .,Center for Theoretical Physics, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan.,Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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16
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Varandas AJC. From six to eight Π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements and beyond: can planarity be deciphered from the "quasi-molecules" they embed? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8488-8507. [PMID: 35343978 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to study the structures of six and eight π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements, and even larger [n]annulenes up to C18H18, including some of their mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-anions. While some of the above rings are planar, others are nonplanar. A much spotlighted case is cyclo-octatetraene (C8H8), which is predicted to be nonplanar together with its heavier group-XIV analogues Si8H8 and Ge8H8, with the solely planar members of its family having the stoichiometric formulas C4Si4H8 and C4Ge4H8. A similar situation arises with the six π-electron bare rings, where benzene and substituted ones up to C3Si3H6 or so are planar, while others are not. However, the explanations encountered in the literature find support in ab initio calculations for such species, often rationalized from distinct calculated features. Using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and, when affordable (particularly tetratomics, which may allow even higher levels), the coupled-cluster method including single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, a common rationale is suggested based on a novel concept of quasi-molecules or the (3+4)-atom partition scheme. Any criticism of tautology is therefore avoided. The same analysis has also been successfully applied to even larger [n]annulenes, to their mixed family members involving silicon and germanium atoms, and to the C18 carbon ring. Furthermore, it has been extended to annulene anions to check the criteria of the popular Hückel rule for planarity and aromaticity. Exploratory work on cycloarenes is also reported. Besides a partial study of the involved potential energy surfaces, equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated anew, for both the parent and the actual prototypes of the quasi-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 273165 Qufu, China.,Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Esp rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Lambropoulos K, Alvertis AM, Morphis A, Simserides C. Cyclo[18]carbon including zero-point motion: ground state, first singlet and triplet excitations, and hole transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7779-7787. [PMID: 35293921 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00343k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent synthesis of cyclo[18]carbon has spurred increasing interest in carbon rings. We focus on a comparative inspection of ground and excited states, as well as of hole transfer properties of cumulenic and polyynic cyclo[18]carbon via Density Functional Theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) and real-time time-dependent DFT (RT-TDDFT). Zero-point vibrations are also accounted for, using a Monte Carlo sampling technique and a less exact, yet mode-resolved, quadratic approximation. The inclusion of zero-point vibrations leads to a red-shift on the HOMO-LUMO gap and the first singlet and triplet excitation energies of both conformations, correcting the values of the 'static' configurations by 9% to 24%. Next, we oxidize the molecule, creating a hole at one carbon atom. Hole transfer along polyynic cyclo[18]carbon is decreased in magnitude compared to its cumulenic counterpart and lacks the symmetric features the latter displays. Contributions by each mode to energy changes and hole transfer between diametrically opposed atoms vary, with specific bond-stretching modes being dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Lambropoulos
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos GR-15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios M Alvertis
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Morphis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos GR-15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Simserides
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos GR-15784, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Desales Guzmán LA, Pacheco Sánchez JH, Arellano Peraza JS. Carbyne Ring Activated Using ZnCl 2 for Hydrogen Adsorption: DFT Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10100-10114. [PMID: 35382298 PMCID: PMC8973057 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the feasibility of activated carbyne as a good hydrogen storage material. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations through van der Waals interactions have been applied to investigate calcium sorption on activating carbyne with zinc dichloride (ZnCl2) and also interactions of molecular hydrogen with pristine carbyne and Ca functionalized on an activated carbyne C12-ring. The obtained results showed that (i) the chemical activation of the C12-ring with ZnCl2 increases its area by 5.17% with respect to pristine carbyne. (ii) Ca atoms at small concentrations tend to get atomically sparse on carbyne, donating +0.94e and +1.05e to the ring, according to Mulliken population analysis and the electrostatic potential fitting charges, respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of calcium, hydrogen sorption increases by 21.8% in comparison with Ca-decorated pure carbyne. (iii) Seven hydrogen molecules per Ca atom have adsorption energy close to the range of ∼0.3-0.5 eV per H2, which is necessary for effective charge/discharge cycles. (iv) Theoretical uptake (7.11 wt %) with a single Ca atom is higher than the U.S. Department of Energy target (5.5 wt %). Therefore, an activated C12-ring can bind three Ca atoms with its seven H2 molecules reaching 13.8 wt %. (v) Equilibrium pressure for CaC12-7H2 and Ca3C12-21H2 systems (5-15 MPa) by means of adsorption isotherm calculations. The calculated van't Hoff desorption temperatures exceed considerably the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. In addition, we also performed DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations for the C12, CaC12, CaC12-7H2, and Ca3C12-21H2 systems to study thermal stability. Our results confirm the potential of Ca-decorated carbyne for hydrogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Desales Guzmán
- División
de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Metepec 52149, Estado de México, México
| | - Juan Horacio Pacheco Sánchez
- División
de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Metepec 52149, Estado de México, México
| | - Juan Salvador Arellano Peraza
- Área
de Física Atómica Molecular Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Azcapotzalco, C.P. 02200 Ciudad de México, México
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19
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Brémond E, Pérez-Jiménez AJ, Adamo C, Sancho-García JC. Stability of the polyynic form of C 18, C 22, C 26, and C 30 nanorings: a challenge tackled by range-separated double-hybrid density functionals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4515-4525. [PMID: 35119058 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We calculate the relative energy between the cumulene and polyyne structures of a set of C4k+2 (k = 4-7) rings (C18, C22, C26, and C30 prompted by the recent synthesis of the cyclo[18]carbon (or simply C18) compounds. Reference results were obtained by a costly Quantum Monte-Carlo (QMC) approach, providing thus very accurate values allowing to systematically compare the performance of a variety of wavefunction methods [(i.e., MP2, SCS-MP2, SOS-MP2, DLPNO-CCSD, and DLPNO-CCSD(T)] as well as DFT approaches, applying for the latter a diversity of density functionals covering global and range-separated hybrid and double-hybrid models. The influence of the use of a range-separation scheme for density functionals, for both hybrid and double-hybrid expressions, is discussed according to its key role. Overall, range-separated double-hybrid functionals (e.g., RSX-QIDH) behave very accurately and provide competitive results compared with DLPNO-CCSD(T), at a more reasonable computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brémond
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - A J Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - C Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), UMR 8060, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J C Sancho-García
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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20
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On-Surface Synthesis of sp-Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010137. [PMID: 35010087 PMCID: PMC8746520 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of carbon nanostructures has attracted tremendous attention owing to their unique properties and numerous applications in various fields. With the extensive development of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), the on-surface fabricated nanostructures so far can be characterized on atomic and even single-bond level. Therefore, various novel low-dimensional carbon nanostructures, challenging to traditional solution chemistry, have been widely studied on surfaces, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, graphene nanoribbons, nanoporous graphene, and graphyne/graphdiyne-like nanostructures. In particular, nanostructures containing sp-hybridized carbons are of great advantage for their structural linearity and small steric demands as well as intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. Herein, the recent developments of low-dimensional sp-carbon nanostructures fabricated on surfaces will be summarized and discussed.
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21
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Lo R, Manna D, Hobza P. Cyclo[ n]carbons Form Strong N → C Dative/Covalent Bonds with Piperidine. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2923-2931. [PMID: 33823590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The newly synthesized C18 ring is demonstrated as the smallest all-carbon acceptor that exhibits strong electron acceptance. This study provides a quantum-chemical investigation of the electron-acceptance behavior of monocyclic carbon rings with a particular emphasis on C18 through the formation of a dative bond with piperidine. The results show that Cn rings form strong dative bonds with piperidine, whereas the respective van der Waals (vdW) complexes are higher in energy. The main driving force is the release of angle strain of cyclo[n]carbons caused by the change in hybridization from sp to sp2 associated with the formation of the dative bond. On the contrary, other sp allotropes, diynes, favorably form vdW complexes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations support the stability of the dative bond throughout a simulation of 20 ps. This opens up the possibility of stabilizing highly reactive C18 through dative/covalent functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Debashree Manna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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22
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Anderson HL, Patrick CW, Scriven LM, Woltering SL. A Short History of Cyclocarbons. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Connor W. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lorel M. Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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23
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Theoretical study of the formation of C18H and C18H2 molecules by low energy irradiation with atomic and molecular hydrogen. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Baryshnikov GV, Valiev RR, Nasibullin RT, Sundholm D, Kurten T, Ågren H. Aromaticity of Even-Number Cyclo[ n]carbons ( n = 6-100). J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10849-10855. [PMID: 33301674 PMCID: PMC7770816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
recently synthesized cyclo[18]carbon molecule has been characterized
in a number of studies by calculating electronic, spectroscopic, and
mechanical properties. However, cyclo[18]carbon is only one member
of the class of cyclo[n]carbons—standalone
carbon allotrope representatives. Many of the larger members of this
class of molecules have not been thoroughly investigated. In this
work, we calculate the magnetically induced current density of cyclo[n]carbons in order to elucidate how electron delocalization
and aromatic properties change with the size of the molecular ring
(n), where n is an even number between
6 and 100. We find that the Hückel rules for aromaticity (4k + 2) and antiaromaticity (4k) become
degenerate for large Cn rings (n > 50), which can be understood as a transition from
a
delocalized electronic structure to a nonaromatic structure with localized
current density fluxes in the triple bonds. Actually, the calculations
suggest that cyclo[n]carbons with n > 50 are nonaromatic cyclic polyalkynes. The influence of the
amount
of nonlocal exchange and the asymptotic behavior of the exchange–correlation
potential of the employed density functionals on the strength of the
magnetically induced ring current and the aromatic character of the
large cyclo[n]carbons is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glib V Baryshnikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science, Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University, Cherkasy 18031, Ukraine
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | | | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
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25
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Liu Z, Lu T, Chen Q. Vibrational Spectra and Molecular Vibrational Behaviors of All‐Carboatomic Rings, cyclo[18]carbon and Its Analogues. Chem Asian J 2020; 16:56-63. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212100 P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences Beijing 100022 P. R. China) (Tian Lu
| | - Qinxue Chen
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences Beijing 100022 P. R. China) (Tian Lu
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26
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Scriven LM, Kaiser K, Schulz F, Sterling AJ, Woltering SL, Gawel P, Christensen KE, Anderson HL, Gross L. Synthesis of Cyclo[18]carbon via Debromination of C 18Br 6. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12921-12924. [PMID: 32646214 PMCID: PMC7393637 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Cyclo[18]carbon (C18, a molecular carbon allotrope)
can be synthesized by dehalogenation of a bromocyclocarbon precursor,
C18Br6, in 64% yield, by atomic manipulation
on a sodium chloride bilayer on Cu(111) at 5 K, and imaged by high-resolution
atomic force microscopy. This method of generating C18 gives
a higher yield than that reported previously from the cyclocarbon
oxide C24O6. The experimental images of C18 were compared with simulated images for four theoretical
model geometries, including possible bond-angle alternation: D18h cumulene, D9h polyyne, D9h cumulene, and C9h polyyne. Cumulenic structures, with (D9h) and without (D18h) bond-angle alternation, can be excluded. Polyynic
structures, with (C9h) and without (D9h)
bond-angle alternation, both show a good agreement with the experiment
and are challenging to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorel M Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schulz
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Steffen L Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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27
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Dai C, Chen D, Zhu J. Achieving Adaptive Aromaticity in Cyclo[10]carbon by Screening Cyclo[n]carbon (n=8-24). Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2187-2191. [PMID: 32468684 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of species with adaptive aromaticity (being aromatic in both the lowest singlet and triplet states) is particularly challenging as cyclic species are generally aromatic either in the ground state or in the excited state only, according to Hückel's and Baird's rules. Inspired by the recent realization of cyclo[18]carbon, here we demonstrate that cyclo[10]carbon possesses adaptive aromaticity by screening cyclo[n]carbon (n=8-24), which is supported by nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), anisotropy of the current-induced density (ACID), π contribution of electron localization function (ELFπ ) and electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB) analyses. Further study reveals that the lowest triplet state of cyclo[10]carbon is formed by in-plane ππ* excitation. Thus, the major contribution to the aromaticity from out-of-plane π molecular orbitals does not change significantly in the lowest singlet state. Our findings highlight a crucial role of out-of-plane π orbitals in maintaining aromaticity for both the lowest singlet and triplet states as well as the aromaticity dependence on the number of the carbon in cyclo[n]carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
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28
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Xu S, Liu F, Xu J, Cui Y, Wang C. Theoretical investigation on bond and spectrum of cyclo[18] carbon (C 18) with sp-hybridized. J Mol Model 2020; 26:111. [PMID: 32350698 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In an experiment, cyclo[18]carbon (C18), prepared with low-temperature STM-AFM (scanning tunneling microscopy-atomic force microscopy) from C24O6, C22O4, and C20O2 molecules, have been confirmed being alternating single and triple bonds structure. Nevertheless, the stability of C18 is weak at room temperature in gas. Thus, it is difficult to study the spectrum, orbital, and bonds characters of the C18 molecule in the experiment. In this paper, we have obtained absorption spectrum, orbital, and bonding characters of the C18 molecule in theory. Besides, bonds and spectra of C24O6, C22O4, C20O2, B9N9, C6, C12, C16, and C20 molecules have been investigated to further confirm the structure and the characters of the C18 molecule. The results show that carbon-carbon bonds of C24O6, C22O4, and C20O2 molecules in ring are alternating single and triple bonds except those connected with CO group. B9N9 molecule as the isoelectronic structure of C18 has a larger bandgap and shorter wavelength of absorption spectra than those of the C18 molecule. Moreover, all bonds between boron and nitrogen in B9N9 molecule are single one. Study bonding characters for C6, C12, C16, and C20 molecules have confirmed that carbon-carbon bonds of cyclo[n]carbon changed gradually from double bonds to alternating single and triple bonds with increasing n value. The data from theory would give help for future research on C18 and B9N9 molecules in experiment. Graphical abstract Theoretical investigation for bond and spectra characters of cyclo[18]carbon (C18), prepared with low-temperature STM-AFM (scanning tunneling microscopy-atomic force microscopy) from C24O6, C22O4, and C20O2 molecules, which have been confirmed being alternating single and triple bonds structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Zou W, Tao Y, Kraka E. Systematic description of molecular deformations with Cremer-Pople puckering and deformation coordinates utilizing analytic derivatives: Applied to cycloheptane, cyclooctane, and cyclo[18]carbon. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:154107. [PMID: 32321269 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational properties of ring compounds such as cycloalkanes determine to a large extent their stability and reactivity. Therefore, the investigation of conformational processes such as ring inversion and/or ring pseudorotation has attracted a lot of attention over the past decades. An in-depth conformational analysis of ring compounds requires mapping the relevant parts of the conformational energy surface at stationary and also at non-stationary points. However, the latter is not feasible by a description of the ring with Cartesian or internal coordinates. We provide in this work, a solution to this problem by introducing a new coordinate system based on the Cremer-Pople puckering and deformation coordinates. Furthermore, analytic first- and second-order derivatives of puckering and deformation coordinates, i.e., B-matrices and D-tensors, were developed simplifying geometry optimization and frequency calculations. The new coordinate system is applied to map the potential energy surfaces and reaction paths of cycloheptane (C7H14), cyclooctane (C8H16), and cyclo[18]carbon (C18) at the quantum chemical level and to determine for the first time all stationary points of these ring compounds in a systematic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zou
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
| | - Yunwen Tao
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
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Hong I, Ahn J, Shin H, Bae H, Lee H, Benali A, Kwon Y. Competition between Hückel’s Rule and Jahn–Teller Distortion in Small Carbon Rings: A Quantum Monte Carlo Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3636-3640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuegyun Hong
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Ahn
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyeondeok Shin
- Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hyeonhu Bae
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hoonkyung Lee
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Anouar Benali
- Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yongkyung Kwon
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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31
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Abstract
After the experimental evidence of polyynic as the stable form of cyclo[18]carbon, in the present paper, using ab initio electronic structure calculations, we show that this result is a symmetry breaking event, a consequence of the second-order Jahn-Teller effect. We show that the eigenfunctions associated with lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) and LUMO + 1, the excited states of this ring molecule, interact with the eigenfunctions associated with the ground state (occupied states), and this interaction stabilizes the less symmetric polyynic form of cyclo[18]carbon with D9h symmetry, instead of the cumulenic form. The frontier state interactions are responsible for the distortions in the symmetry in the electronic structures, lowering the energy and making the polyynic form the stable one with alternating triple and single bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenner S Pereira
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) , Campus Caraúbas , 59780000 Caraúbas , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Edison Z da Silva
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", UNICAMP, CP 6165 , 13083-9859 Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
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32
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Li M, Gao Z, Han Y, Zhao Y, Yuan K, Nagase S, Ehara M, Zhao X. Potential molecular semiconductor devices: cyclo-Cn (n = 10 and 14) with higher stabilities and aromaticities than acknowledged cyclo-C18. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4823-4831. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations reveal that the zero-dimensional allotropes of carbon atoms, cyclo-Cn (n = 10 and 14), have higher thermodynamic, kinetic, optical, and dynamic stabilities and aromaticity than the acknowledged cyclo-C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Zhibin Gao
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117551
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanbo Han
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianshui Normal University
- Tianshui
- China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | | | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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33
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Stasyuk AJ, Stasyuk OA, Solà M, Voityuk AA. Cyclo[18]carbon: the smallest all-carbon electron acceptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:352-355. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The recently synthesized C18 molecule demonstrates strong electron acceptor properties similar to C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J. Stasyuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Olga A. Stasyuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry University of Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA)
- 08010 Barcelona
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34
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Jiang Y, Mattioli EJ, Calvaresi M, Wang Z. Theoretical design of an ultrafast supramolecular rotor composed of carbon nano-rings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11835-11838. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new type of supramolecular rotor composed of C18 and cycloparaphenylenes exhibits ultrahigh rotation speeds as temperature increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- 100872 Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- 100872 Beijing
- P. R. China
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35
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Raeber AE, Mazziotti DA. Non-equilibrium steady state conductivity in cyclo[18]carbon and its boron nitride analogue. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23998-24003. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A ring-shaped carbon allotrope was recently synthesized for the first time, reinvigorating theoretical interest in this class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Raeber
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute
- The University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - David A. Mazziotti
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute
- The University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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36
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Charistos ND, Muñoz-Castro A. Induced magnetic field in sp-hybridized carbon rings: analysis of double aromaticity and antiaromaticity in cyclo[2N]carbon allotropes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9240-9249. [PMID: 32307509 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The induced magnetic field of C2N (N = 3-14) carbon rings was dissected to contributions from out-of-plane and in-plane π orbitals revealing two concurrent long range shielding or deshielding cones as a manifestation of the dual aromatic and antiaromatic character of C4n+2 and of C4n rings respectively. Aromaticity based on the magnetic criterion was evaluated with regard to the bonding pattern and geometrical characteristics that elucidate the influence of bond length and bond angle alteration on out-of-plane and in-plane magnetic responses. Ground state polyynic geometries of C4n+2 rings exhibit comparable shielding cones to annulenes, decreasing the magnetic response with regard to the ring size and similar πout and πin diatropicity. Transition state cumulenic rings display increased aromaticity expressed by a very strong constant magnetic response and augmented πout diatropicity with regard to πin. The variations of the induced magnetic field are explained on the basis of frontier orbital interactions through rotational excitations, which enable further rationalization of the aromatic/antiaromatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas D Charistos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaceaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
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37
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38
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Nandi A, Solel E, Kozuch S. Carbon Tunneling in the Automerization of Cyclo[18]carbon. Chemistry 2019; 26:625-628. [PMID: 31670421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo[18]carbon (C18 ), a recently synthesized carbon allotrope, was found to have a polyynic ground-state structure with D9h symmetry and formally alternating single and triple bonds. Yet, under less influencing experimental conditions this molecule might undergo an automerization reaction between its two degenerate geometries through a cumulenic (non-alternating, adjacent double bonds) D18h transition state. Herein, we discuss the role of quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) in this degenerate reaction. Our computations predict that at the experimental temperature (5 K) the reaction in the gas phase is completely driven by an extremely rapid heavy atom tunneling (k=2.1×108 s-1 ). Even when approaching room temperature, the QMT rate is still an order of magnitude faster than the semi-classical one. We propose an experimental test to support our prediction, by measuring a characteristic tunneling energy splitting within the radio wave region. Additionally, we examine the role of QMT in other hypothetical C4n+2 carbon clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
| | - Ephrath Solel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
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39
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Brémond É, Pérez-Jiménez ÁJ, Adamo C, Sancho-García JC. sp-hybridized carbon allotrope molecular structures: An ongoing challenge for density-functional approximations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:211104. [PMID: 31822105 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent synthesis of a C18 monocyclic ring constitutes a major breakthrough as a new all-carbon disclosed form. However, modern density functional theory approaches do not lead to the correct experimental polyynic structure and favor the cumulenic one instead. We demonstrate here that this serious drawback can be solved by recently developed range-separated nonempirical schemes, independently of which kind of functional is being applied (i.e., semilocal, hybrid, or double-hybrid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Brémond
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE 2027, F-75005 Paris, France
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40
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Baryshnikov GV, Valiev RR, Kuklin AV, Sundholm D, Ågren H. Cyclo[18]carbon: Insight into Electronic Structure, Aromaticity, and Surface Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6701-6705. [PMID: 31609631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclo[18]carbon (C18) is studied computationally at the density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio levels to obtain insight into its electronic structure, aromaticity, and adsorption properties on a NaCl surface. DFT functionals with a small amount of Hartree-Fock exchange fail to determine the experimentally observed polyyne molecular structure, revealing a cumulene-type geometry. Exchange-correlation functionals with a large amount of Hartree-Fock exchange as well as ab initio CASSCF calculations yield the polyyne structure as the ground state and the cumulene structure as a transition state between the two inverted polyyne structures through a Kekule distortion. The polyyne and the cumulene structures are found to be doubly Hückel aromatic. The calculated adsorption energy of cyclo[18]carbon on the NaCl surface is small (37 meV/C) and almost the same for both structures, implying that the surface does not stabilize a particular geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glib V Baryshnikov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science , Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University , 18031 Cherkasy , Ukraine
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences , National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University , Lenin Avenue 30 , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FIN-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Artem V Kuklin
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
- Division of Theoretical Physics and Wave Phenomena , Siberian Federal University , 79 Svobodniy av. , Krasnoyarsk 660041 , Russia
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FIN-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan 475004 , P. R. China
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41
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Kaiser K, Scriven LM, Schulz F, Gawel P, Gross L, Anderson HL. An sp-hybridized molecular carbon allotrope, cyclo[18]carbon. Science 2019; 365:1299-1301. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allotropes built from rings of two-coordinate atoms, known as cyclo[n]carbons, have fascinated chemists for many years, but until now they could not be isolated or structurally characterized because of their high reactivity. We generated cyclo[18]carbon (C18) using atom manipulation on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111) at 5 kelvin by eliminating carbon monoxide from a cyclocarbon oxide molecule, C24O6. Characterization of cyclo[18]carbon by high-resolution atomic force microscopy revealed a polyynic structure with defined positions of alternating triple and single bonds. The high reactivity of cyclocarbon and cyclocarbon oxides allows covalent coupling between molecules to be induced by atom manipulation, opening an avenue for the synthesis of other carbon allotropes and carbon-rich materials from the coalescence of cyclocarbon molecules.
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42
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Kalathingal M, Owais C, Praveen Roy DS, Swathi RS. Adsorption of Monocyclic Carbon Rings on Graphene: Energetics Revealed via Continuum Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7542-7554. [PMID: 31458910 PMCID: PMC6644541 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase spectroscopic detection of tiny carbon clusters is a recent success story in the area of carbon cluster research. However, experimental production and isolation of these clusters are extremely difficult because of their high reactivity. One possibility to isolate the generated clusters would be to deposit them on graphene and to desorb them for subsequent use. One of the pertinent questions toward realizing this would be the energetics of the adsorption process. Therefore, in this work, the energetics for the adsorption of the monocyclic carbon rings (C n with n = 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22) on a graphene sheet are investigated using the analytical approaches, developed earlier by Hill and co-workers. The adsorption process here is driven by the noncovalent interactions between the carbon rings and the graphene sheet. The analyses of the interaction energies as a function of both the vertical distance Z and the rotational angle ϕ are performed in order to determine the preferred orientations, equilibrium positions, and binding energies for the adsorption of various carbon rings on graphene. We find that the preferred orientation of the rings with respect to the graphene sheet is the parallel orientation. The results from continuum, discrete-continuum, and discrete models are in good agreement. Further, computations using density functional theory and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approaches are performed, and comparisons of the computed energetics with the data from the models are reported. Finally, we highlight the scope and the limitations of the analytical models.
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43
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Wang ZQ, Hu CE, Chen XR, Cheng Y, Chen QF. Ab initio investigation of structure, spectrum, aromaticity and electronic properties of C 10 carbon cluster. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Casari CS, Tommasini M, Tykwinski RR, Milani A. Carbon-atom wires: 1-D systems with tunable properties. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4414-35. [PMID: 26847474 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a discussion of the current state of research on linear carbon structures and related materials based on sp-hybridization of carbon atoms (polyynes and cumulenes). We show that such systems have widely tunable properties and thus represent an intriguing and mostly unexplored field for both fundamental and applied sciences. We discuss the rich interplay between the structural, vibrational, and electronic properties focusing on recent advances and the future perspectives of carbon-atom wires and novel hybrid sp-sp(2)-carbon architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - M Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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45
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Remya K, Suresh CH. Carbon rings: a DFT study on geometry, aromaticity, intermolecular carbon–carbon interactions and stability. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong complimentary electrostatic interactions lead to large number of C⋯C interactions in doubly antiaromatic C4N dimers while the delocalized system of π electrons in doubly aromatic C4N+2 dimers suggest very few intermolecular C⋯C interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunakaran Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
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46
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Koyasu K, Ohtaki T, Bing J, Takahashi K, Misaizu F. Even-odd product variation of the C(n)(+) + D(2) (n = 4-9) reaction: complexity of the linear carbon cation electronic states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24810-9. [PMID: 26344370 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied reactions between linear Cn(+) (n = 4-9) and D2, using ion mobility mass spectrometry techniques and quantum chemical calculations in order to understand the complex reactivity of the linear cluster cations. Only linear CnD(+) products were observed for the odd (n = 5, 7, 9) linear clusters, while CnD2(+) was the main product for the even clusters. For the reaction rate constants determined for these two channels, we obtained the following two features: (1) the rate constant decreases with the size n, and (2) even-sized clusters have lower rate constants than neighboring odd-sized clusters. In the theoretical calculations using the CCSD(T) and B3LYP methods with the cc-pVTZ basis, we found that a low lying (2)Σ state in odd clusters may play an important role in these reactions. This opposes the previous interpretation that the (2)Πg/u state is the dominant electronic state for linear Cn(+) (n = 4-9) clusters. We showed that a barrierless radical abstraction forming CnD(+) occurs through a direct head on approach for the (2)Σ state Cn(+). In contrast, a carbene-like insertion forming CnD2(+) occurs through a sideways approach for the (2)Πg/u state Cn(+). We have concluded that the higher rate constants for the odd clusters come from the existence of symmetry broken (2)Σ states which are absent in even linear clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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47
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Kocsis AJ, Yedama NAR, Cranford SW. Confinement and controlling the effective compressive stiffness of carbyne. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:335709. [PMID: 25073433 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/33/335709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbyne is a one-dimensional chain of carbon atoms, consisting of repeating sp-hybridized groups, thereby representing a minimalist molecular rod or chain. While exhibiting exemplary mechanical properties in tension (a 1D modulus on the order of 313 nN and a strength on the order of 11 nN), its use as a structural component at the molecular scale is limited due to its relative weakness in compression and the immediate onset of buckling under load. To circumvent this effect, here, we probe the effect of confinement to enhance the mechanical behavior of carbyne chains in compression. Through full atomistic molecular dynamics, we characterize the mechanical properties of a free (unconfined chain) and explore the effect of confinement radius (R), free chain length (L) and temperature (T) on the effective compressive stiffness of carbyne chains and demonstrate that the stiffness can be tuned over an order of magnitude (from approximately 0.54 kcal mol(-1) Å(2) to 46 kcal mol(-1) Å(2)) by geometric control. Confinement may inherently stabilize the chains, potentially providing a platform for the synthesis of extraordinarily long chains (tens of nanometers) with variable compressive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Kocsis
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering (NICE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Neiss C, Trushin E, Görling A. The Nature of One-Dimensional Carbon: Polyynic versus Cumulenic. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2497-502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Long XJ, Zhu J, Hao YJ, Xiang G, Liang XC, Chen LQ. Orientation effect on the electronic transport properties of C6 cluster. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Liu M, Artyukhov VI, Lee H, Xu F, Yakobson BI. Carbyne from first principles: chain of C atoms, a nanorod or a nanorope. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10075-10082. [PMID: 24093753 DOI: 10.1021/nn404177r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report an extensive study of the properties of carbyne using first-principles calculations. We investigate carbyne's mechanical response to tension, bending, and torsion deformations. Under tension, carbyne is about twice as stiff as the stiffest known materials and has an unrivaled specific strength of up to 7.5 × 10(7) N·m/kg, requiring a force of ∼10 nN to break a single atomic chain. Carbyne has a fairly large room-temperature persistence length of about 14 nm. Surprisingly, the torsional stiffness of carbyne can be zero but can be "switched on" by appropriate functional groups at the ends. Further, under appropriate termination, carbyne can be switched into a magnetic semiconductor state by mechanical twisting. We reconstruct the equivalent continuum elasticity representation, providing the full set of elastic moduli for carbyne, showing its extreme mechanical performance (e.g., a nominal Young's modulus of 32.7 TPa with an effective mechanical thickness of 0.772 Å). We also find an interesting coupling between strain and band gap of carbyne, which is strongly increased under tension, from 2.6 to 4.7 eV under a 10% strain. Finally, we study the performance of carbyne as a nanoscale electrical cable and estimate its chemical stability against self-aggregation, finding an activation barrier of 0.6 eV for the carbyne-carbyne cross-linking reaction and an equilibrium cross-link density for two parallel carbyne chains of 1 cross-link per 17 C atoms (2.2 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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