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Fedorov A, Kumar NP, Le DT, Navarathna R, Pakkiam P, Stace TM. Nonreciprocity and Circulation in a Passive Josephson-Junction Ring. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:097001. [PMID: 38489656 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.097001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Building large-scale superconducting quantum circuits will require miniaturization and integration of supporting devices including microwave circulators, which are currently bulky, stand-alone components. Here, we report the measurement of microwave scattering from a ring of Josephson junctions, with dc-only control fields. We detect the effect of quasiparticle tunneling, and dynamically classify the system at its operating design point into different quasiparticle sectors. We optimize the device within one of the quasiparticle sectors, where we observe an unambiguous signature of nonreciprocal 3-port scattering within that sector. This enables operation as a circulator, and at the optimal circulation point, we observe on-resonance insertion loss of 2 dB, isolation of 14 dB, power reflectance of -11 dB, and a bandwidth of 200 MHz, averaged over the 3 input ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Fedorov
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - N Pradeep Kumar
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dat Thanh Le
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rohit Navarathna
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Prasanna Pakkiam
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Upadhyay R, Golubev DS, Chang YC, Thomas G, Guthrie A, Peltonen JT, Pekola JP. Microwave quantum diode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:630. [PMID: 38245544 PMCID: PMC10799849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The fragile nature of quantum circuits is a major bottleneck to scalable quantum applications. Operating at cryogenic temperatures, quantum circuits are highly vulnerable to amplifier backaction and external noise. Non-reciprocal microwave devices such as circulators and isolators are used for this purpose. These devices have a considerable footprint in cryostats, limiting the scalability of quantum circuits. As a proof-of-concept, here we report a compact microwave diode architecture, which exploits the non-linearity of a superconducting flux qubit. At the qubit degeneracy point we experimentally demonstrate a significant difference between the power levels transmitted in opposite directions. The observations align with the proposed theoretical model. At - 99 dBm input power, and near the qubit-resonator avoided crossing region, we report the transmission rectification ratio exceeding 90% for a 50 MHz wide frequency range from 6.81 GHz to 6.86 GHz, and over 60% for the 250 MHz range from 6.67 GHz to 6.91 GHz. The presented architecture is compact, and easily scalable towards multiple readout channels, potentially opening up diverse opportunities in quantum information, microwave read-out and optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Upadhyay
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Dmitry S Golubev
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - George Thomas
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andrew Guthrie
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Joonas T Peltonen
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka P Pekola
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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Navarathna R, Le DT, Hamann AR, Nguyen HD, Stace TM, Fedorov A. Passive Superconducting Circulator on a Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:037001. [PMID: 36763376 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An on-chip microwave circulator that is compatible with superconducting devices is a key element for scale up of superconducting circuits. Previous approaches to integrating circulators on chip involve either external driving that requires extra microwave lines or a strong magnetic field that would compromise superconductivity. Here we report the first proof-of-principle realization of a passive on-chip circulator that is made from a superconducting loop interrupted by three notionally identical Josephson junctions and is tuned with only dc control fields. Our experimental results show evidence for nonreciprocal scattering, and excellent agreement with theoretical simulations. We also present a detailed analysis of quasiparticle tunneling in our device using a hidden Markov model. By reducing the junction asymmetry and utilizing the known methods of protection from quasiparticles, we anticipate that Josephson-loop circulator will become ubiquitous in superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Navarathna
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dat Thanh Le
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrés Rosario Hamann
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hien Duy Nguyen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arkady Fedorov
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Duprez H, Sivre E, Anthore A, Aassime A, Cavanna A, Gennser U, Pierre F. Transmitting the quantum state of electrons across a metallic island with Coulomb interaction. Science 2019; 366:1243-1247. [PMID: 31806813 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Coulomb interaction generally limits the quantum propagation of electrons. However, it can also provide a mechanism to transfer their quantum state over larger distances. Here, we demonstrate such a form of electron teleportation across a metallic island. This effect originates from the low-temperature freezing of the island's charge Q which, in the presence of a single connected electronic channel, enforces a one-to-one correspondence between incoming and outgoing electrons. Such faithful quantum state imprinting is established between well-separated injection and emission locations and evidenced through two-path interferences in the integer quantum Hall regime. The additional quantum phase of 2πQ/e, where e is the electron charge, may allow for decoherence-free entanglement of propagating electrons, and notably of flying qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Duprez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - E Sivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Anthore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Université de Paris, C2N, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Aassime
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Cavanna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - U Gennser
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Pierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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5
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Müller C, Guan S, Vogt N, Cole JH, Stace TM. Passive On-Chip Superconducting Circulator Using a Ring of Tunnel Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:213602. [PMID: 29883153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of a passive, on-chip microwave circulator based on a ring of superconducting tunnel junctions. We investigate two distinct physical realizations, based on Josephson junctions (JJs) or quantum phase slip elements (QPS), with microwave ports coupled either capacitively (JJ) or inductively (QPS) to the ring structure. A constant bias applied to the center of the ring provides an effective symmetry breaking field, and no microwave or rf bias is required. We show that this design offers high isolation, robustness against fabrication imperfections and bias fluctuations, and a bandwidth in excess of 500 MHz for realistic device parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Müller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shengwei Guan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicolas Vogt
- Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Karmakar B, Venturelli D, Chirolli L, Taddei F, Giovannetti V, Fazio R, Roddaro S, Biasiol G, Sorba L, Pellegrini V, Beltram F. Controlled coupling of spin-resolved quantum Hall edge states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:236804. [PMID: 22182116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.236804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a new method that allows us to controllably couple copropagating spin-resolved edge states of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the integer quantum Hall regime. The scheme exploits a spatially periodic in-plane magnetic field that is created by an array of Cobalt nanomagnets placed at the boundary of the 2DEG. A maximum charge or spin transfer of 28±1% is achieved at 250 mK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Karmakar
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Altimiras C, le Sueur H, Gennser U, Cavanna A, Mailly D, Pierre F. Tuning energy relaxation along quantum Hall channels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:226804. [PMID: 21231413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.226804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The chiral edge channels in the quantum Hall regime are considered ideal ballistic quantum channels, and have quantum information processing potentialities. Here, we demonstrate experimentally, at a filling factor of ν(L)=2, the efficient tuning of the energy relaxation that limits quantum coherence and permits the return toward equilibrium. Energy relaxation along an edge channel is controllably enhanced by increasing its transmission toward a floating Ohmic contact, in quantitative agreement with predictions. Moreover, by forming a closed inner edge channel loop, we freeze energy exchanges in the outer channel. This result also elucidates the inelastic mechanisms at work at ν(L)=2, informing us, in particular, that those within the outer edge channel are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Altimiras
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures—Phynano Team, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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8
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le Sueur H, Altimiras C, Gennser U, Cavanna A, Mailly D, Pierre F. Energy relaxation in the integer quantum Hall regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:056803. [PMID: 20867945 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.056803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the energy exchanges along an electronic quantum channel realized in the integer quantum Hall regime at a filling factor of νL=2. One of the two edge channels is driven out of equilibrium and the resulting electronic energy distribution is measured in the outer channel, after several propagation lengths 0.8 μm≤L≤30 μm. Whereas there are no discernible energy transfers toward thermalized states, we find efficient energy redistribution between the two channels without particle exchanges. At long distances L≥10 μm, the measured energy distribution is a hot Fermi function whose temperature is lower than expected for two interacting channels, which suggests the contribution of extra degrees of freedom. The observed short energy relaxation length challenges the usual description of quantum Hall excitations as quasiparticles localized in one edge channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- H le Sueur
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN)-Phynano team, route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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9
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Fève G, Mahé A, Berroir JM, Kontos T, Plaçais B, Glattli DC, Cavanna A, Etienne B, Jin Y. An on-demand coherent single-electron source. Science 2007; 316:1169-72. [PMID: 17525333 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report on the electron analog of the single-photon gun. On-demand single-electron injection in a quantum conductor was obtained using a quantum dot connected to the conductor via a tunnel barrier. Electron emission was triggered by the application of a potential step that compensated for the dot-charging energy. Depending on the barrier transparency, the quantum emission time ranged from 0.1 to 10 nanoseconds. The single-electron source should prove useful for the use of quantum bits in ballistic conductors. Additionally, periodic sequences of single-electron emission and absorption generate a quantized alternating current.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fève
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Département de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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Giblin S. Applied physics. One electron makes current flow. Science 2007; 316:1130-1. [PMID: 17525321 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Giblin
- Quantum Detection Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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11
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Beenakker CWJ, Titov M, Trauzettel B. Optimal spin-entangled electron-hole pair pump. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:186804. [PMID: 15904394 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.186804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A nonperturbative theory is presented for the creation by an oscillating potential of spin-entangled electron-hole pairs in the Fermi sea. In the weak potential limit, considered earlier by Samuelsson and Büttiker, the entanglement production is much less than 1 bit per cycle. We demonstrate that a strong potential oscillation can produce an average of one Bell pair per two cycles, making it an efficient source of entangled flying qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W J Beenakker
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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