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Krishnamurthy D, Pepper R, Prakash M. Active sinking particles: sessile suspension feeders significantly alter the flow and transport to sinking aggregates. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220537. [PMID: 36751929 PMCID: PMC9905981 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinking or sedimentation of biological aggregates plays a critical role in carbon sequestration in the ocean and in vertical material fluxes in wastewater treatment plants. In both these contexts, the sinking aggregates are 'active', since they are biological hot-spots and are densely colonized by microorganisms including bacteria and sessile protists, some of which generate feeding currents. However, the effect of these feeding currents on the sinking rates, trajectories and mass transfer to these 'active sinking particles' has not previously been studied. Here, we use a novel scale-free vertical tracking microscope (a.k.a. gravity machine; Krishnamurthy et al. 2020 Nat. Methods 17, 1040-1051 (doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0924-7)) to follow model sinking aggregates (agar spheres) with attached protists (Vorticella convallaria), sinking over long distances while simultaneously measuring local flows. We find that activity due to attached V. convallaria causes significant changes to the flow around aggregates in a dynamic manner and reshapes mass transport boundary layers. Further, we find that activity-mediated local flows along with sinking modify the encounter and plume cross-sections of the aggregate and induce sustained aggregate rotations. Overall, our work shows the important role of biological activity in shaping the near-field flows around aggregates with potentially important effects on aggregate fate and material fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Krishnamurthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Pepper
- Department of Physics, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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2
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Inertial diffusivity of non-colloidal particles in unbounded suspending media and numerical simulations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Juan GRRS, Mathijssen AJTM, He M, Jan L, Marshall W, Prakash M. Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity enhances particle clearance in airway ciliary arrays. NATURE PHYSICS 2020; 16:958-964. [PMID: 35937969 PMCID: PMC9355487 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucus clearance constitutes the primary defence of the respiratory system against viruses, bacteria and environmental insults [1]. This transport across the entire airway emerges from the integrated activity of thousands of multiciliated cells, each containing hundreds of cilia, which together must coordinate their spatial arrangement, alignment and motility [2, 3]. The mechanisms of fluid transport have been studied extensively at the level of an individual cilium [4, 5], collectively moving metachronal waves [6-10], and more generally the hydrodynamics of active matter [11, 12]. However, the connection between local cilia architecture and the topology of the flows they generate remains largely unexplored. Here, we image the mouse airway from the sub-cellular (nm) to the organ scales (mm), characterising quantitatively its ciliary arrangement and the generated flows. Locally we measure heterogeneity in both cilia organisation and flow structure, but across the trachea fluid transport is coherent. To examine this result, a hydrodynamic model was developed for a systematic exploration of different tissue architectures. Surprisingly, we find that disorder enhances particle clearance, whether it originates from fluctuations, heterogeneity in multiciliated cell arrangement or ciliary misalignment. This resembles elements of 'stochastic resonance' [13-15], in the sense that noise can improve the function of the system. Taken together, our results shed light on how the microstructure of an active carpet [16, 17] determines its emergent dynamics. Furthermore, this work is also directly applicable to human airway pathologies [1], which are the third leading cause of deaths worldwide [18].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina R Ramirez-San Juan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Mu He
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lily Jan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Wallace Marshall
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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4
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Udono H. Numerical investigations of strong hydrodynamic interaction between neighboring particles inertially driven in microfluidic flows. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Two-dimensional oscillatory motion of inertially focused particles in microfluidic flows. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Wang Y, Brasseur JG. Enhancement of mass transfer from particles by local shear‐rate and correlations with application to drug dissolution. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Wang
- School of Aerospace EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia
| | - James G. Brasseur
- Smead Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
- Mechanical EngineeringPennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
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7
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Schaaf C, Rühle F, Stark H. A flowing pair of particles in inertial microfluidics. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1988-1998. [PMID: 30714602 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A flowing pair of particles in inertial microfluidics gives important insights into understanding and controlling the collective dynamics of particles like cells or droplets in microfluidic devices. They are applied in medical cell analysis and engineering. We study the dynamics of a pair of solid particles flowing through a rectangular microchannel using lattice Boltzmann simulations. We determine the inertial lift force profiles as a function of the two particle positions, their axial distance, and the Reynolds number. Generally, the profiles strongly differ between particles leading and lagging in flow and the lift forces are enhanced due to the presence of a second particle. At small axial distances, they are determined by viscous forces, while inertial forces dominate at large separations. We identify cross-streamline pairs as stable fixed points in the lift force profiles and argue that same-streamline configurations are only one-sided stable. Depending on the initial conditions, the two-particle lift forces in combination with the Poiseuille flow give rise to three types of unbound particle trajectories, called moving-apart, passing, and swapping, and one type of bound trajectory, where the particles perform damped oscillations towards the cross-stream line configuration. The damping rate scales with Reynolds number squared, since inertial forces are responsible for driving the particles to their steady-state positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schaaf
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Yuan B, Yang C, Mao Z, Yin X, Koch DL. Heat/mass transfer from a neutrally buoyant sphere by mixed natural and forced convection in a simple shear flow. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yuan
- College of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190 China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190 China
| | - Zai‐Sha Mao
- College of Chemical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Dept. of Petroleum EngineeringColorado School of MinesGolden CO 80402
| | - Donald L. Koch
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCornell UniversityIthaca NY 14853
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Rosén T, Kotsubo Y, Aidun CK, Do-Quang M, Lundell F. Orientational dynamics of a triaxial ellipsoid in simple shear flow: Influence of inertia. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:013109. [PMID: 29347073 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.013109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The motion of a single ellipsoidal particle in simple shear flow can provide valuable insights toward understanding suspension flows with nonspherical particles. Previously, extensive studies have been performed on the ellipsoidal particle with rotational symmetry, a so-called spheroid. The nearly prolate ellipsoid (one major and two minor axes of almost equal size) is known to perform quasiperiodic or even chaotic orbits in the absence of inertia. With small particle inertia, the particle is also known to drift toward this irregular motion. However, it is not previously understood what effects from fluid inertia could be, which is of highest importance for particles close to neutral buoyancy. Here, we find that fluid inertia is acting strongly to suppress the chaotic motion and only very weak fluid inertia is sufficient to stabilize a rotation around the middle axis. The mechanism responsible for this transition is believed to be centrifugal forces acting on fluid, which is dragged along with the rotational motion of the particle. With moderate fluid inertia, it is found that nearly prolate triaxial particles behave similarly to the perfectly spheroidal particles. Finally, we also are able to provide predictions about the stable rotational states for the general triaxial ellipsoid in simple shear with weak inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yusuke Kotsubo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cyrus K Aidun
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Minh Do-Quang
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Rosén T. Chaotic rotation of a spheroidal particle in simple shear flow. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:063112. [PMID: 28679228 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The angular motion of a neutrally buoyant prolate spheroidal particle in simple shear flow has previously been found to follow two-dimensional dynamics similar to a Duffing-van der Pol oscillator as a consequence of inertia of the surrounding fluid. This behavior was however only present if the aspect ratio is large enough. When decreasing the particle aspect ratio, the particle could be found to perform period-doubled or chaotic orbits as effects of particle inertia also influence the dynamics. In this work, it is demonstrated that the onset of complex dynamics is through a Shilnikov bifurcation as the log-rolling state (particle is rotating around its symmetry axis, which is parallel to the vorticity direction) is transformed from a regular saddle node into a saddle focus when particle inertia is increased. Furthermore, it is shown that the same also applies for the two dimensional Duffing-van der Pol oscillator when including inertial terms. These results open up the possibility of developing a reduced model to mimic the influence of both fluid and particle inertia on the angular dynamics of spheroidal particles in simple shear flow, which can be used in fluid simulations with Lagrangian particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Microfluidics has experienced massive growth in the past two decades, and especially with advances in rapid prototyping researchers have explored a multitude of channel structures, fluid and particle mixtures, and integration with electrical and optical systems towards solving problems in healthcare, biological and chemical analysis, materials synthesis, and other emerging areas that can benefit from the scale, automation, or the unique physics of these systems. Inertial microfluidics, which relies on the unconventional use of fluid inertia in microfluidic platforms, is one of the emerging fields that make use of unique physical phenomena that are accessible in microscale patterned channels. Channel shapes that focus, concentrate, order, separate, transfer, and mix particles and fluids have been demonstrated, however physical underpinnings guiding these channel designs have been limited and much of the development has been based on experimentally-derived intuition. Here we aim to provide a deeper understanding of mechanisms and underlying physics in these systems which can lead to more effective and reliable designs with less iteration. To place the inertial effects into context we also discuss related fluid-induced forces present in particulate flows including forces due to non-Newtonian fluids, particle asymmetry, and particle deformability. We then highlight the inverse situation and describe the effect of the suspended particles acting on the fluid in a channel flow. Finally, we discuss the importance of structured channels, i.e. channels with boundary conditions that vary in the streamwise direction, and their potential as a means to achieve unprecedented three-dimensional control over fluid and particles in microchannels. Ultimately, we hope that an improved fundamental and quantitative understanding of inertial fluid dynamic effects can lead to unprecedented capabilities to program fluid and particle flow towards automation of biomedicine, materials synthesis, and chemical process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Li R, Zhang J, Yang C, Mao ZS, Yin X. Numerical study on steady and transient mass/heat transfer involving a liquid sphere in simple shear creeping flow. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Run Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jingsheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zai-Sha Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Dept. of Petroleum Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80402
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13
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Amini H, Sollier E, Weaver WM, Di Carlo D. Intrinsic particle-induced lateral transport in microchannels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11593-8. [PMID: 22761309 PMCID: PMC3406876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207550109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In microfluidic systems at low Reynolds number, the flow field around a particle is assumed to maintain fore-aft symmetry, with fluid diverted by the presence of a particle, returning to its original streamline downstream. This current model considers particles as passive components of the system. However, we demonstrate that at finite Reynolds number, when inertia is taken into consideration, particles are not passive elements in the flow but significantly disturb and modify it. In response to the flow field, particles translate downstream while rotating. The combined effect of the flow of fluid around particles, particle rotation, channel confinement (i.e., particle dimensions approaching those of the channel), and finite fluid inertia creates a net recirculating flow perpendicular to the primary flow direction within straight channels that resembles the well-known Dean flow in curved channels. Significantly, the particle generating this flow remains laterally fixed as it translates downstream and only the fluid is laterally transferred. Therefore, as the particles remain inertially focused, operations can be performed around the particles in a way that is compatible with downstream assays such as flow cytometry. We apply this particle-induced transfer to perform fluid switching and mixing around rigid microparticles as well as deformable cells. This transport phenomenon, requiring only a simple channel geometry with no external forces to operate, offers a practical approach for fluid transfer at high flow rates with a wide range of applications, including sample preparation, flow reaction, and heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Westbrook M. Weaver
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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14
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Zhang J, Yang C, Mao ZS. Mass and heat transfer from or to a single sphere in simple extensional creeping flow. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Dynamic self-assembly and control of microfluidic particle crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22413-8. [PMID: 21149674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010297107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered two-phase microfluidic systems have recently shown promise for computation, encryption, and biological processing. For many of these systems, complex control of dispersed-phase frequency and switching is enabled by nonlinearities associated with interfacial stresses. Introducing nonlinearity associated with fluid inertia has recently been identified as an easy to implement strategy to control two-phase (solid-liquid) microscale flows. By taking advantage of inertial effects we demonstrate controllable self-assembling particle systems, uncover dynamics suggesting a unique mechanism of dynamic self-assembly, and establish a framework for engineering microfluidic structures with the possibility of spatial frequency filtering. Focusing on the dynamics of the particle-particle interactions reveals a mechanism for the dynamic self-assembly process; inertial lift forces and a parabolic flow field act together to stabilize interparticle spacings that otherwise would diverge to infinity due to viscous disturbance flows. The interplay of the repulsive viscous interaction and inertial lift also allow us to design and implement microfluidic structures that irreversibly change interparticle spacing, similar to a low-pass filter. Although often not considered at the microscale, nonlinearity due to inertia can provide a platform for high-throughput passive control of particle positions in all directions, which will be useful for applications in flow cytometry, tissue engineering, and metamaterial synthesis.
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16
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Yang C, Zhang J, Koch DL, Yin X. Mass/heat transfer from a neutrally buoyant sphere in simple shear flow at finite Reynolds and Peclet numbers. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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