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Socoliuc V, Avdeev MV, Kuncser V, Turcu R, Tombácz E, Vékás L. Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: looking back and stepping forward. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4786-4886. [PMID: 35297919 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids investigated along for about five decades are ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, which manifest simultaneously fluid and magnetic properties. Their magnetically controllable and tunable feature proved to be from the beginning an extremely fertile ground for a wide range of engineering applications. More recently, biocompatible ferrofluids attracted huge interest and produced a considerable increase of the applicative potential in nanomedicine, biotechnology and environmental protection. This paper offers a brief overview of the most relevant early results and a comprehensive description of recent achievements in ferrofluid synthesis, advanced characterization, as well as the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamics, the most important interfacial phenomena and the flow properties. Finally, it provides an overview of recent advances in tunable and adaptive multifunctional materials derived from ferrofluids and a detailed presentation of the recent progress of applications in the field of sensors and actuators, ferrofluid-driven assembly and manipulation, droplet technology, including droplet generation and control, mechanical actuation, liquid computing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M V Avdeev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str. 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg., Russia.
| | - V Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (INCDTIM), Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Moszkvai krt. 5-7, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- University of Pannonia - Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, H-8800 Zrínyi M. str. 18, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - L Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
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A videographic assessment of ferrofluid during magnetic drug targeting: An application of artificial intelligence in nanomedicine. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boroun S, Larachi F. Enhancing liquid micromixing using low-frequency rotating nanoparticles. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Boroun
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; Québec, QC Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; Québec, QC Canada G1V 0A6
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Solis KJ, Martin JE. Torque density measurements on vortex fluids produced by symmetry-breaking rational magnetic fields. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:6139-6146. [PMID: 24912458 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the discovery that an infinite class of triaxial magnetic fields is capable of producing rotational flows in magnetic particle suspensions. These triaxial fields are created by applying a dc field orthogonally to a rational biaxial field, comprised of orthogonal components whose frequencies form a rational ratio. The vorticity axis can be parallel to any of the three field components and can be predicted by a careful consideration of the symmetry of the dynamic field. In this paper we not only test the field-symmetry predictions, but also quantify fluid vorticity as a function of the field parameters (strength, frequency ratio, phase angle and relative dc field strength) and particle shape. These measurements validate the symmetry predictions and demonstrate that rational fields are as effective as vortex fields for producing strong fluid mixing, yet have the advantage that small changes in the frequency of one of the field components can change the vorticity axis. This approach extends the possibilities for noncontact control of fluid flows and should be useful in areas such as microfluidics, and the manipulation and mixing of microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Solis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Soto-Aquino D, Rosso D, Rinaldi C. Oscillatory shear response of dilute ferrofluids: predictions from rotational Brownian dynamics simulations and ferrohydrodynamics modeling. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:056306. [PMID: 22181497 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.056306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles that exhibit normal liquid behavior in the absence of magnetic fields but respond to imposed magnetic fields by changing their viscosity without loss of fluidity. The response of ferrofluids to constant shear and magnetic fields has received a lot of attention, but the response of ferrofluids to oscillatory shear remains largely unexplored. In the present work we used rotational Brownian dynamics to study the dynamic properties of ferrofluids with thermally blocked nanoparticles under oscillatory shear and constant magnetic fields. Comparisons between simulations and modeling using the ferrohydrodynamics equations were also made. Simulation results show that, for small rotational Péclet number, the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the complex viscosity depend on the magnitude of the magnetic field and frequency of the shear, following a Maxwell-like model with field-dependent viscosity and characteristic time equal to the field-dependent transverse magnetic relaxation time of the nanoparticles. Comparison between simulations and the numerical solution of the ferrohydrodynamic equations shows that the oscillatory rotational magnetoviscosity for an oscillating shear field obtained using the kinetic magnetization relaxation equation quantitatively agrees with simulations for a wide range of Péclet number and Langevin parameter but has quantitative deviations from the simulations at high values of the Langevin parameter. These predictions indicate an apparent elastic character to the rheology of these suspensions, even though we are considering the infinitely dilute limit in which there are negligible particle-particle interactions and, as such, chains do not form. Additionally, an asymptotic analytical solution of the ferrohydrodynamics equations, valid for Pe<<2, was used to demonstrate that the Cox-Merz rule applies for dilute ferrofluids under conditions of small shear rates. At higher shear rates the Cox-Merz rule ceases to apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soto-Aquino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Mayagüez Puerto Rico
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Felderhof BU. Entrainment by a rotating magnetic field of a ferrofluid contained in a sphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:046313. [PMID: 22181267 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.046313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Entrainment of a ferrofluid contained in a sphere by a rotating uniform magnetic field is studied on the basis of spin-diffusion theory. The equations for flow velocity and spin velocity, coupled to Maxwell's equations of magnetostatics, are solved analytically to second order in the applied magnetic field. A similar derivation holds in electrohydrodynamics for a polar liquid contained in a sphere and subject to a rotating electrical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Felderhof
- Institut für Theoretische Physik A, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Felderhof BU. Entrainment by a rotating magnetic field of a ferrofluid contained in a cylinder. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:026312. [PMID: 21929095 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.026312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Entrainment by a rotating magnetic field of a ferrofluid contained in a cylinder is studied on the basis of spin-diffusion theory. The equations for flow velocity and spin velocity, coupled to Maxwell's equations of magnetostatics, are solved in first-harmonic approximation under the assumption that the magnetic field is small compared to the saturation magnetization. The solution leads to a coupled set of nonlinear integral equations, which can be solved numerically by iteration in a recursive scheme by use of the analytic lowest order perturbation theory solution as the initial state. At a critical applied field, the recursive scheme shows bifurcation. At sufficiently high field, the solution with the lower rate of dissipation shows flow in the direction opposite to the rotating applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Felderhof
- Institut für Theoretische Physik A, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, DE-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Soto-Aquino D, Rinaldi C. Magnetoviscosity in dilute ferrofluids from rotational brownian dynamics simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:046310. [PMID: 21230393 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.046310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids are suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles which respond to imposed magnetic fields by changing their viscosity without losing their fluidity. Prior work on modeling the behavior of ferrofluids has focused on using phenomenological suspension-scale continuum equations. A disadvantage of this approach is the controversy surrounding the equation describing the rate of change of the ferrofluid magnetization, the so-called magnetization relaxation equation. In this contribution the viscosity of dilute suspensions of spherical magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a Newtonian fluid and under applied shear and constant magnetic fields is studied through rotational brownian dynamics simulations. Simulation results are compared with the predictions of suspension-scale models based on three magnetization relaxation equations. Excellent agreement is observed between simulation results and the predictions of an equation due to Martsenyuk, Raikher, and Shliomis. Good qualitative agreement is observed with predictions of other equations, although these models fail to accurately predict the magnitude and shear rate dependence of the magnetic-field-dependent effective viscosity. Finally, simulation results over a wide range of conditions are collapsed into master curves using a Mason number defined based on the balance of hydrodynamic and magnetic torques.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soto-Aquino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, POBox 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
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John T, Stannarius R. Experimental investigation of a Brownian ratchet effect in ferrofluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:050104. [PMID: 20364938 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We test experimentally a Brownian ratchet system suggested by Engel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 060602 (2003)]. This ratchet system is based on a magnetic fluid that contains nanometer sized magnetic particles in a thermal bath of carrier fluid. An external static magnetic field and, perpendicular to it, an oscillatory magnetic field act on the ferrofluid particles; the total magnetic field contains no rotating component. The directed effective rotation of the particles due to the ratchet effect induces a macroscopic torque density of the fluid. The torque on a spherical ferrofluid sample is measured in dependence on the field parameters. A quantitative comparison with predictions from a microscopic and a phenomenological model are given. Both models describe certain aspects of the measurements correctly, but qualitative discrepancies between both models and experiment are found, particularly in the high-frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas John
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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