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Saeedi K, Stavrias N, Redlich B, van der Meer AFG, Mikhaylovskiy R, Kimel AV, Pidgeon CR, Murdin BN. Spin preservation during THz orbital pumping of shallow donors in silicon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:435401. [PMID: 31300631 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab31d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the spin relaxation under conditions of optical excitation between the Rydberg orbital states of phosphorus donor impurities in silicon. Here we show that the spin relaxation is less than a few percent, even after multiple excitation/relaxation cycles. The observed high level of spin preservation may be useful for readout cycling or in quantum information schemes where coupling of neighbor qubits is via orbital excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saeedi
- FELIX laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Shi Z, Mu S, Qin X, Dai Y, Rong X, Du J. An X-band pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer with time resolution improved by a field-programmable-gate-array based pulse generator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:125104. [PMID: 30599619 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an X-band pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer using a Field-Programmable-Gate-Array (FPGA) based pulse generator. The microwave (MW) pulse length and pulse-pulse interval can be adjusted with 50 ps time resolution. A FPGA based pulse generator is utilized to achieve such time resolution. There are eight pulse channels integrated in the pulse generator. Each channel outputs rectangular pulses with 50 ps time resolution. The spectrometer includes a pulse forming unit, where four high-speed PIN diode switches are controlled by the pulse generator to generate MW pulses. A commercial digital storage oscilloscope is used to record the EPR signal. A customized software is developed to control the components of the spectrometer and to perform data processing task. The usefulness of high time resolution is demonstrated by the results of Rabi oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shiwei Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yingqiu Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Gullans MJ, Taylor JM. Optical Control of Donor Spin Qubits in Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS 2015; 92:195411. [PMID: 28127227 PMCID: PMC5259753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.92.195411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show how to achieve optical, spin-selective transitions from the ground state to excited orbital states of group-V donors (P, As, Sb, Bi) in silicon. We consider two approaches based on either resonant, far-infrared (IR) transitions of the neutral donor or resonant, near-IR excitonic transitions. For far-IR light, we calculate the dipole matrix elements between the valley-orbit and spin-orbit split states for all the goup-V donors using effective mass theory. We then calculate the maximum rate and amount of electron-nuclear spin-polarization achievable through optical pumping with circularly polarized light. We find this approach is most promising for Bi donors due to their large spin-orbit and valley-orbit interactions. Using near-IR light, spin-selective excitation is possible for all the donors by driving a two-photon Λ-transition from the ground state to higher orbitals with even parity. We show that externally applied electric fields or strain allow similar, spin-selective Λ-transition to odd-parity excited states. We anticipate these results will be useful for future spectroscopic investigations of donors, quantum control and state preparation of donor spin qubits, and for developing a coherent interface between donor spin qubits and single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gullans
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J M Taylor
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Gumann P, Patange O, Ramanathan C, Haas H, Moussa O, Thewalt MLW, Riemann H, Abrosimov NV, Becker P, Pohl HJ, Itoh KM, Cory DG. Inductive measurement of optically hyperpolarized phosphorous donor nuclei in an isotopically enriched silicon-28 crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:267604. [PMID: 25615386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.267604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the first inductive readout of optically hyperpolarized phosphorus-31 donor nuclear spins in an isotopically enriched silicon-28 crystal. The concentration of phosphorus donors in the crystal was 1.5×10(15) cm(-3), 3 orders of magnitude lower than has previously been detected via direct inductive detection. The signal-to-noise ratio measured in a single free induction decay from a 1 cm(3) sample (≈10(15) spins) was 113. By transferring the sample to an X-band ESR spectrometer, we were able to obtain a lower bound for the nuclear spin polarization at 1.7 K of ∼64%. The (31)P-T2 measured with a Hahn echo sequence was 420 ms at 1.7 K, which was extended to 1.2 s with a Carr Purcell cycle. The T1 of the (31)P nuclear spins at 1.7 K is extremely long and could not be determined, as no decay was observed even on a time scale of 4.5 h. Optical excitation was performed with a 1047 nm laser, which provided above-band-gap excitation of the silicon. The buildup of the hyperpolarization at 4.2 K followed a single exponential with a characteristic time of 577 s, while the buildup at 1.7 K showed biexponential behavior with characteristic time constants of 578 and 5670 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gumann
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - O Patange
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wilder Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - H Haas
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - O Moussa
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - H Riemann
- Leibniz-Institut fuer Kristallzuechtung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N V Abrosimov
- Leibniz-Institut fuer Kristallzuechtung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Becker
- PTB Braunschweig, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H-J Pohl
- VITCON Projectconsult GmbH, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi 223-8522, Japan
| | - D G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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All optical quantum control of a spin-quantum state and ultrafast transduction into an electric current. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1906. [PMID: 23719615 PMCID: PMC3667486 DOI: 10.1038/srep01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control and exploit quantum coherence and entanglement drives research across many fields ranging from ultra-cold quantum gases to spin systems in condensed matter. Transcending different physical systems, optical approaches have proven themselves to be particularly powerful, since they profit from the established toolbox of quantum optical techniques, are state-selective, contact-less and can be extremely fast. Here, we demonstrate how a precisely timed sequence of monochromatic ultrafast (~ 2–5 ps) optical pulses, with a well defined polarisation can be used to prepare arbitrary superpositions of exciton spin states in a semiconductor quantum dot, achieve ultrafast control of the spin-wavefunction without an applied magnetic field and make high fidelity read-out the quantum state in an arbitrary basis simply by detecting a strong (~ 2–10 pA) electric current flowing in an external circuit. The results obtained show that the combined quantum state preparation, control and read-out can be performed with a near-unity (≥97%) fidelity.
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Steger M, Saeedi K, Thewalt MLW, Morton JJL, Riemann H, Abrosimov NV, Becker P, Pohl HJ. Quantum information storage for over 180 s using donor spins in a 28Si "semiconductor vacuum". Science 2012; 336:1280-3. [PMID: 22679091 DOI: 10.1126/science.1217635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A quantum computer requires systems that are isolated from their environment, but can be integrated into devices, and whose states can be measured with high accuracy. Nuclear spins in solids promise long coherence lifetimes, but they are difficult to initialize into known states and to detect with high sensitivity. We show how the distinctive optical properties of enriched (28)Si enable the use of hyperfine-resolved optical transitions, as previously applied to great effect for isolated atoms and ions in vacuum. Together with efficient Auger photoionization, these resolved hyperfine transitions permit rapid nuclear hyperpolarization and electrical spin-readout. We combine these techniques to detect nuclear magnetic resonance from dilute (31)P in the purest available sample of (28)Si, at concentrations inaccessible to conventional measurements, measuring a solid-state coherence time of over 180 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steger
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Sumikura H, Nishiguchi K, Ono Y, Fujiwara A, Notomi M. Bound exciton photoluminescence from ion‑implanted phosphorus in thin silicon layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:25255-25262. [PMID: 22273916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.025255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of clear bound exciton (BE) emission from ion-implanted phosphorus. Shallow implantation and high-temperature annealing successfully introduce active donors into thin silicon layers. The BE emission at a wavelength of 1079 nm shows that a part of the implanted donors are definitely activated and isolated from each other. However, photoluminescence and electron spin resonance studies find a cluster state of the activated donors. The BE emission is suppressed by this cluster state rather than the nonradiative processes caused by ion implantation. Our results provide important information about ion implantation for doping quantum devices with phosphorus quantum bits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sumikura
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Wang Y, Rong X, Feng P, Xu W, Chong B, Su JH, Gong J, Du J. Preservation of bipartite pseudoentanglement in solids using dynamical decoupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:040501. [PMID: 21405311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A crucial challenge for future quantum technologies is to protect fragile entanglement against environment-induced decoherence. Here we demonstrate experimentally that dynamical decoupling can preserve bipartite pseudoentanglement in phosphorous donors in a silicon system. In particular, the lifetime of pseudoentangled states is extended from 0.4 μs in the absence of decoherence control to 30 μs in the presence of a two-flip dynamical decoupling sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Sanaka K, Pawlis A, Ladd TD, Lischka K, Yamamoto Y. Indistinguishable photons from independent semiconductor nanostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:053601. [PMID: 19792497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum interference between photons generated by the radiative decay processes of excitons that are bound to isolated fluorine donor impurities in ZnSe/ZnMgSe quantum-well nanostructures. The ability to generate single photons from these devices is confirmed by autocorrelation experiments, and the indistinguishability of photons emitted from two independent nanostructures is confirmed via a Hong-Ou-Mandel dip. These results indicate that donor impurities in appropriately engineered semiconductor structures can portray atomlike homogeneity and coherence properties, potentially enabling scalable technologies for future large-scale optical quantum computers and quantum communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sanaka
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4088, USA.
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Yang A, Steger M, Sekiguchi T, Thewalt MLW, Ladd TD, Itoh KM, Riemann H, Abrosimov NV, Becker P, Pohl HJ. Simultaneous subsecond hyperpolarization of the nuclear and electron spins of phosphorus in silicon by optical pumping of exciton transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:257401. [PMID: 19659118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method which can hyperpolarize both the electron and nuclear spins of 31P donors in Si at low field, where both would be essentially unpolarized in equilibrium. It is based on the selective ionization of donors in a specific hyperfine state by optically pumping donor bound exciton hyperfine transitions, which can be spectrally resolved in 28Si. Electron and nuclear polarizations of 90% and 76%, respectively, are obtained in less than a second, providing an initialization mechanism for qubits based on these spins, and enabling further ESR and NMR studies on dilute 31P in 28Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yang
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Morley GW, McCamey DR, Seipel HA, Brunel LC, van Tol J, Boehme C. Long-lived spin coherence in silicon with an electrical spin trap readout. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:207602. [PMID: 19113380 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.207602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance of phosphorous (31P) in bulk crystalline silicon at very high magnetic fields (B0>8.5 T) and low temperatures (T=2.8 K) is presented. We find that the spin-dependent capture and reemission of highly polarized (>95%) conduction electrons by equally highly polarized 31P donor electrons introduces less decoherence than other mechanisms for spin-to-charge conversion. This allows the electrical detection of spin coherence times in excess of 100 mus, 50 times longer than the previous maximum for electrically detected spin readout experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Morley
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
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Silicon as a model ion trap: Time domain measurements of donor Rydberg states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802721105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Steger M, Yang A, Stavrias N, Thewalt MLW, Riemann H, Abrosimov NV, Churbanov MF, Gusev AV, Bulanov AD, Kovalev ID, Kaliteevskii AK, Godisov ON, Becker P, Pohl HJ. Reduction of the linewidths of deep luminescence centers in 28Si reveals fingerprints of the isotope constituents. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:177402. [PMID: 18518336 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.177402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic reductions of the linewidths of well-known deep centers in 28Si reveal "isotopic fingerprints" of the constituents. The approximately 1014 meV Cu center, thought to be either a Cu pair or an isolated Cu, is shown to contain four Cu atoms, and the approximately 780 meV Ag center is shown to contain four Ag. The approximately 944 meV ;{*}Cu center, thought to be a different configuration of a Cu pair, in fact contains three Cu and one Ag, and a new two-Cu two-Ag center is found. The approximately 735 meV center, previously assigned to Fe, actually contains Au and three Cu. This suggests a family of four-atom (Cu, Ag, Au) centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steger
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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