1
|
Singha A, Sostina D, Wolf C, Ahmed SL, Krylov D, Colazzo L, Gargiani P, Agrestini S, Noh WS, Park JH, Pivetta M, Rusponi S, Brune H, Heinrich AJ, Barla A, Donati F. Mapping Orbital-Resolved Magnetism in Single Lanthanide Atoms. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16162-16171. [PMID: 34546038 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single lanthanide atoms and molecules are promising candidates for atomic data storage and quantum logic due to the long lifetime of their magnetic quantum states. Accessing and controlling these states through electrical transport requires precise knowledge of their electronic configuration at the level of individual atomic orbitals, especially of the outer shells involved in transport. However, no experimental techniques have so far shown the required sensitivity to probe single atoms with orbital selectivity. Here we resolve the magnetism of individual orbitals in Gd and Ho single atoms on MgO/Ag(100) by combining X-ray magnetic circular dichroism with multiplet calculations and density functional theory. In contrast to the usual assumption of bulk-like occupation of the different electronic shells, we establish a charge transfer mechanism leading to an unconventional singly ionized configuration. Our work identifies the role of the valence electrons in determining the quantum level structure and spin-dependent transport properties of lanthanide-based nanomagnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Singha
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Daria Sostina
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christoph Wolf
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Safa L Ahmed
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Krylov
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierluigi Gargiani
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stefano Agrestini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Woo-Suk Noh
- MPPC-CPM, Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Marina Pivetta
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 3, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rusponi
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 3, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 3, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessandro Barla
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Donati
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bikondoa O, Bouchenoire L, Brown SD, Thompson PBJ, Wermeille D, Lucas CA, Cooper MJ, Hase TPA. XMaS @ the ESRF. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180237. [PMID: 31030656 PMCID: PMC6501888 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the motivation for the design and construction of a beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for the use of UK material scientists. Although originally focused on the study of magnetic materials, the beamline has been running for 20 years and currently supports a very broad range of science as evidenced by the research topics highlighted in this article. We describe how the beamline will adapt to align with the ESRF's upgrade to a diffraction limited storage ring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Laurence Bouchenoire
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Simon D. Brown
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Paul B. J. Thompson
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Didier Wermeille
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Chris A. Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pacold JI, Tatum DS, Seidler GT, Raymond KN, Zhang X, Stickrath AB, Mortensen DR. Direct Observation of 4f Intrashell Excitation in Luminescent Eu Complexes by Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4186-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407924m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I. Pacold
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S. Tatum
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew B. Stickrath
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, and Chemical Sciences and
Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Devon R. Mortensen
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goldman AI, Harmon BN, Lee YB, Kreyssig A. Comment on "dipolar excitations at the LIII X-ray absorption edges of the heavy rare-earth metals". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:129701-129702. [PMID: 19392331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.129701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A I Goldman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pettifer RF, Collins SP, Laundy D. Quadrupole transitions revealed by Borrmann spectroscopy. Nature 2008; 454:196-9. [PMID: 18615080 DOI: 10.1038/nature07099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Borrmann effect-a dramatic increase in transparency to X-ray beams-is observed when X-rays satisfying Bragg's law diffract through a perfect crystal. The minimization of absorption seen in the Borrmann effect has been explained by noting that the electric field of the X-ray beam approaches zero amplitude at the crystal planes, thus avoiding the atoms. Here we show experimentally that under conditions of absorption suppression, the weaker electric quadrupole absorption transitions are effectively enhanced to such a degree that they can dominate the absorption spectrum. This effect can be exploited as an atomic spectroscopy technique; we show that quadrupole transitions give rise to additional structure at the L(1), L(2) and L(3) absorption edges of gadolinium in gadolinium gallium garnet, which mark the onset of excitations from 2s, 2p(1/2) and 2p(3/2) atomic core levels, respectively. Although the Borrmann effect served to underpin the development of the theory of X-ray diffraction, this is potentially the most important experimental application of the phenomenon since its first observation seven decades ago. Identifying quadrupole features in X-ray absorption spectroscopy is central to the interpretation of 'pre-edge' spectra, which are often taken to be indicators of local symmetry, valence and atomic environment. Quadrupolar absorption isolates states of different symmetries to that of the dominant dipole spectrum, and typically reveals orbitals that dominate the electronic ground-state properties of lanthanides and 3d transition metals, including magnetism. Results from our Borrmann spectroscopy technique feed into contemporary discussions regarding resonant X-ray diffraction and the nature of pre-edge lines identified by inelastic X-ray scattering. Furthermore, because the Borrmann effect has been observed in photonic materials, it seems likely that the quadrupole enhancement reported here will play an important role in modern optics.
Collapse
|