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Wang A, Liu J, Huang L. Comparative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome in Different Tissue Sites of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Molecules 2024; 29:1075. [PMID: 38474587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The resinous stem of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is the sole legally authorized source of agarwood in China. However, whether other tissue parts can be potential substitutes for agarwood requires further investigation. In this study, we conducted metabolic analysis and transcriptome sequencing of six distinct tissues (root, stem, leaf, seed, husk, and callus) of A. sinensis to investigate the variations in metabolite distribution characteristics and transcriptome data across different tissues. A total of 331 differential metabolites were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which 22.96% were terpenoids. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RNA sequencing were enriched in sesquiterpene synthesis via the mevalonate pathway. The present study establishes a solid foundation for exploring potential alternatives to agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Sundaraj Y, Abdullah H, Nezhad NG, Rodrigues KF, Sabri S, Baharum SN. Cloning, Expression and Functional Characterization of a Novel α-Humulene Synthase, Responsible for the Formation of Sesquiterpene in Agarwood Originating from Aquilaria malaccensis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8989-9002. [PMID: 37998741 PMCID: PMC10670791 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the cloning, expression and functional characterization of α-humulene synthase, responsible for the formation of the key aromatic compound α-humulene in agarwood originating from Aquilaria malaccensis. The partial sesquiterpene synthase gene from the transcriptome data of A. malaccensis was utilized for full-length gene isolation via a 3' RACE PCR. The complete gene, denoted as AmDG2, has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1671 bp and encodes for a polypeptide of 556 amino acids. In silico analysis of the protein highlighted several conserved motifs typically found in terpene synthases such as Asp-rich substrate binding (DDxxD), metal-binding residues (NSE/DTE), and cytoplasmic ER retention (RxR) motifs at their respective sites. The AmDG2 was successfully expressed in the E. coli:pET-28a(+) expression vector whereby an expected band of about 64 kDa in size was detected in the SDS-PAGE gel. In vitro enzyme assay using substrate farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) revealed that AmDG2 gave rise to two sesquiterpenes: α-humulene (major) and β-caryophyllene (minor), affirming its identity as α-humulene synthase. On the other hand, protein modeling performed using AlphaFold2 suggested that AmDG2 consists entirely of α-helices with short connecting loops and turns. Meanwhile, molecular docking via AutoDock Vina (Version 1.5.7) predicted that Asp307 and Asp311 act as catalytic residues in the α-humulene synthase. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the cloning, expression and functional characterization of α-humulene synthase from agarwood originating from A. malaccensis species. These findings reveal a deeper understanding of the structure and functional properties of the α-humulene synthase and could be utilized for metabolic engineering work in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasotha Sundaraj
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor (UNISEL), Bestari Jaya 45600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hasdianty Abdullah
- Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor (UNISEL), Bestari Jaya 45600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Yu C, Gao S, Rong M, Xiao M, Xu Y, Wei J. Identification and characterization of novel sesquiterpene synthases TPS9 and TPS12 from Aquilaria sinensis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15818. [PMID: 37663295 PMCID: PMC10474832 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are characteristic components and important quality criterions for agarwood. Although sesquiterpenes are well-known to be biosynthesized by sesquiterpene synthases (TPSs), to date, only a few TPS genes involved in agarwood formation have been reported. Here, two new TPS genes, namely, TPS9 and TPS12, were isolated from Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, and their functions were examined in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) as the substrate of the corresponding enzyme activities. They were both identified as a multiproduct enzymes. After incubation with FPP, TPS9 liberated β-farnesene and cis-sesquisabinene hydrate as main products, with cedrol and another unidentified sesquiterpene as minor products. TPS12 catalyzes the formation of β-farnesene, nerolidol, γ-eudesmol, and hinesol. After incubation with GPP, TPS9 generated citronellol and geraniol as main products, with seven minor products. TPS12 converted GPP into four monoterpenes, with citral as the main product, and three minor products. Both TPS9 and TPS12 showed much higher expression in the two major tissues emitting floral volatiles: flowers and agarwood. Further, RT-PCR analysis showed TPS9 and TPS12 are typical genes mainly expressed during later stages of stress response, which is better known than that of chromone derivatives. This study will advance our understanding of agarwood formation and provide a solid theoretical foundation for clarifying its mechanism in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Shixi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Rong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy, Beijing, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plan, Hainan, China
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Zhang H, Ding X, Wang H, Chen H, Dong W, Zhu J, Wang J, Peng S, Dai H, Mei W. Systematic evolution of bZIP transcription factors in Malvales and functional exploration of AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 in Aquilaria sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243323. [PMID: 37719219 PMCID: PMC10499555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Agarwood, the dark-brown resin produced by Aquilaria trees, has been widely used as incense, spice, perfume or traditional medicine and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs) are the key markers responsible for agarwood formation. But the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of PECs were still not illuminated. The transcription factor of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) presented the pivotal regulatory roles in various secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants, which might also contribute to regulate PECs biosynthesis. However, molecular evolution and function of bZIP are rarely reported in Malvales plants, especially in Aquilaria trees. Methods and results Here, 1,150 bZIPs were comprehensively identified from twelve Malvales and model species genomes and the evolutionary process were subsequently analyzed. Duplication types and collinearity indicated that bZIP is an ancient or conserved TF family and recent whole genome duplication drove its evolution. Interesting is that fewer bZIPs in A. sinensis than that species also experienced two genome duplication events in Malvales. 62 AsbZIPs were divided into 13 subfamilies and gene structures, conservative domains, motifs, cis-elements, and nearby genes of AsbZIPs were further characterized. Seven AsbZIPs in subfamily D were significantly regulated by ethylene and agarwood inducer. As the typical representation of subfamily D, AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 were localized in nuclear and potentially regulated PECs biosynthesis by activating or suppressing type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) genes expression via interaction with the AsPKS promoters. Discussion Our results provide a basis for molecular evolution of bZIP gene family in Malvales and facilitate the understanding the potential functions of AsbZIP in regulating 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone biosynthesis and agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Xu J, Du R, Wang Y, Chen J. Wound-Induced Temporal Reprogramming of Gene Expression during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2901. [PMID: 37631113 PMCID: PMC10459772 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis that is formed in response to mechanical wounding. However, the transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding during the agarwood formation process is still unclear. Here, three five-year-old A. sinensis trees were mechanically damaged by a chisel, and time-series transcriptomic analysis of xylem tissues in the treated area (TA) was performed at 15 (TA1), 70 (TA2) and 180 days after treatment (TA3). Samples from untreated areas at the corresponding time points (UA1, UA2, UA3, respectively) were collected as controls. A total of 1862 (TA1 vs. UA1), 961 (TA2 vs. UA2), 1370 (TA3 vs. UA3), 3305 (TA2 vs. TA1), 2625 (TA3 vs. TA1), 2899 (TA3 vs. TA2), 782 (UA2 vs. UA1), 4443 (UA3 vs. UA1) and 4031 (UA3 vs. UA2) genes were differentially expressed (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched for secondary metabolic processes, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation processes. Most of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were more abundant in the TA groups, which included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. DEGs involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were also identified. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase and terpene synthase genes were significantly increased in the TA groups, promoting sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the wounded xylem tissues. The TF-gene transcriptomic networks suggested that MYB DNA-binding, NAM, WRKY, HLH and AP2 TFs co-expressed with genes related to lignin and sesquiterpene synthesis, indicating their critical regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Overall, our study reveals a dynamic transcriptional response of A. sinensis to mechanical wounding, provides a resource for identifying candidate genes for molecular breeding of agarwood quality, and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of agarwood formation in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruyue Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China; (J.X.); (R.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Das A, Begum K, Akhtar S, Ahmed R, Tamuli P, Kulkarni R, Banu S. Genome-wide investigation of Cytochrome P450 superfamily of Aquilaria agallocha: Association with terpenoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123758. [PMID: 36812976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a dark resinous wood, produced when Aquilaria tree responds to wounding and microbial infection resulting in the accumulation of fragrant metabolites. Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones are the major phytochemicals in agarwood and Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are one of the important enzymes in the biosynthesis of these fragrant chemicals. Thus, understanding the repertoire of CYP superfamily in Aquilaria can not only give insights into the fundamentals of agarwood formation, but can also provide a tool for the overproduction of the aroma chemicals. Therefore, current study was designed to investigate CYPs of an agarwood producing plant, Aquilaria agallocha. We identified 136 CYP genes from A. agallocha genome (AaCYPs) and classified them into 8 clans and 38 families. The promoter regions had stress and hormone-related cis-regulatory elements which indicate their participation in the stress response. Duplication and synteny analysis revealed segmental and tandem duplicated and evolutionary related CYP members in other plants. Potential members involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids were identified and found to be upregulated in methyl jasmonate-induced callus and infected Aquilaria trees by real-time quantitative PCR analyses. This study highlights the possible involvement of AaCYPs in agarwood resin development and their complex regulation during stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Khaleda Begum
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Suraiya Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Raja Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | | | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 411042, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.
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Liu H, Fang S, Zhao L, Men X, Zhang H. A Single Active-Site Mutagenesis Confers Enhanced Activity and/or Changed Product Distribution to a Pentalenene Synthase from Streptomyces sp. PSKA01. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030392. [PMID: 36978783 PMCID: PMC10045451 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentalenene is a ternary cyclic sesquiterpene formed via the ionization and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is catalyzed by pentalenene synthase (PentS). To better understand the cyclization reactions, it is necessary to identify more key sites and elucidate their roles in terms of catalytic activity and product specificity control. Previous studies primarily relied on the crystal structure of PentS to analyze and verify critical active sites in the active cavity, while this study started with the function of PentS and screened a novel key site through random mutagenesis. In this study, we constructed a pentalenene synthetic pathway in E. coli BL21(DE3) and generated PentS variants with random mutations to construct a mutant library. A mutant, PentS-13, with a varied product diversity, was obtained through shake-flask fermentation and product identification. After sequencing and the functional verification of the mutation sites, it was found that T182A, located in the G2 helix, was responsible for the phenotype of PentS-13. The site-saturation mutagenesis of T182 demonstrated that mutations at this site not only affected the solubility and activity of the enzyme but also affected the specificity of the product. The other products were generated through different routes and via different carbocation intermediates, indicating that the 182 active site is crucial for PentS to stabilize and guide the regioselectivity of carbocations. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that these mutations may induce changes in the shape and volume of the active cavity and disturb hydrophobic/polar interactions that were sufficient to reposition reactive intermediates for alternative reaction pathways. This article provides rational explanations for these findings, which may generally allow for the protein engineering of other terpene synthases to improve their catalytic efficiency or modify their specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250316, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Senbiao Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250316, China
| | - Xiao Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
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Liu J, Guo X, Guo X, Zhong B, Wang T, Liu D, Jin H, Ren J, Liu Z, Gao J, Li SM, Fan A, Lin W. Concise Biosynthesis of Tropone-Containing Spiromaterpenes by a Sesquiterpene Cyclase and a Multifunctional P450 from a Deep-Sea-Derived Spiromastix sp. Fungus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2723-2730. [PMID: 36414326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spiromaterpenes are a group of rare tropone-containing sesquiterpenes with antineuroinflammatory activity. Herein, we elucidate their biosynthetic pathway in a deep-sea-derived Spiromastix sp. fungus by heterologous expression, biochemical characterization, and incubation experiments. The sesquiterpene cyclase SptA was first characterized to catalyze the production of guaia-1(5),6-diene, and a multifunctional cytochrome P450 catalyzed the tropone ring formation. These results provide important clues for the rational mining of bioactive guaiane-type sesquiterpenes and expand the repertoire of P450 activities to synthesize unique building blocks of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihe Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhang J, Zhao R, Jin L, Pan L, Lei D. Xanthanolides in Xanthium L.: Structures, Synthesis and Bioactivity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238136. [PMID: 36500229 PMCID: PMC9735877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xanthanolides were particularly characteristic of the genus Xanthium, which exhibited broad biological effects and have drawn much attention in pharmacological application. The review surveyed the structures and bioactivities of the xanthanolides in the genus Xanthium, and summarized the synthesis tactics of xanthanolides. The results indicated that over 30 naturally occurring xanthanolides have been isolated from the genus Xanthium in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms. The bioassay-guided fractionation studies suggested that the effective fractions on antitumor activities were mostly from weak polar solvents, and xanthatin (1) was the most effective and well-studied xanthanolide. The varieties of structures and structure-activity relationships of the xanthanolides had provided the promising skeleton for the further study. The review aimed at providing guidance for the efficient preparation and the potential prospects of the xanthanolides in the medicinal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Rongmei Zhao
- Institute for Drug Control of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Le Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dongyu Lei
- Department of Physiology, Preclinical School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (D.L.)
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10
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Zhang Z, Xiang-zhao M, Ran J, Gao M, Li NX, Ma YM, Sun Y, Li Y. Fusarium oxysporum infection-induced formation of agarwood (FOIFA): A rapid and efficient method for inducing the production of high quality agarwood. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277136. [PMID: 36331933 PMCID: PMC9635754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, a non-wood product from the endangered Aquilaria and Gyrinops tress, is highly prized for its use in fragrances and medicines. The special formation process of agarwood is closely related to external injury and fungal infection. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of Aquilaria sinensis by Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne fungus that causes vascular wilt diseases in diverse plants, induces agarwood formation. Based on these findings, an efficient method, termed F. oxysporum infection-induced formation of agarwood (FOIFA), was developed for the rapid production of quality agarwood. The agarwood formed in response to F. oxysporum infection was similar in structure and chemical composition to wild agarwood according to TLC (Thin-layer chromatography), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analyses, except that the contents of alcohol-soluble extract, chromones, and essential oils (mainly sesquiterpenes) were higher in the formed agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiang-zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiadong Ran
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-xiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Yi-mian Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Liu J, Li T, Chen T, Gao J, Zhang X, Jiang C, Yang J, Zhou J, Wang T, Chi X, Cheng M, Huang L. Integrating Multiple Omics Identifies Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum Acting as Aquilaria sinensis Marker Fungus to Promote Agarwood Sesquiterpene Accumulation by Inducing Plant Host Phosphorylation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0272221. [PMID: 35762771 PMCID: PMC9431625 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02722-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the factors that promote persistent agarwood accumulation. To this end, we first investigated the morphological changes and volatile compound distribution in five layers of "Guan Xiang" agarwood. The agarwood-normal transition layer (TL), an essential layer of persistent agarwood accumulation, showed clear metabolic differences by microscopy and GC-MS analysis. Microbiome analysis revealed that Phaeocremonium rubrigenum was the predominant biomarker fungus in the TL of "Guan Xiang" agarwood samples. Among the seven isolated fungi, P. rubrigenum exhibited a significantly heightened ability to induce the production in Aquilaria sinensis seedlings, especially for sesquiterpene. Tracing the proteome profile changes in P. rubrigenum-induced A. sinensis calli for 18 ds showed that the fungus-induced sesquiterpene biosynthesis increased mainly through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Specifically, the phosphorylation modification level, instead of the protein abundance of transcription factors (TFs), showed corresponding changes during sesquiterpene biosynthesis, thus indicating that induced phosphorylation is the key reason for enhanced sesquiterpene production. IMPORTANCE Agarwood is an expensive resinous portion derived from Aquilaria plants and has been widely used as medicine, incense, and perfume. The factors involved in steady agarwood accumulation remain elusive. Our current study suggests that as a TL marker fungus, P. rubrigenum could persistently promote agarwood sesquiterpene accumulation by inducing phosphorylation of the TFs-MVA network in A. sinensis. Moreover, our work provides strategies to improve agarwood industry management and sheds light on the potential molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to native microbial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiao Li
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tielin Wang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Chi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Production of Fragrant Terpenoids from Agarwood and Sandalwood. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sandalwood and agarwood essential oils are rare natural oils comprising fragrant terpenoids that have been used in perfumes and incense for millennia. Increasing demand for these terpenoids, coupled with difficulties in isolating them from natural sources, have led to an interest in finding alternative production platforms. Here, we engineered the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce fragrant terpenoids from sandalwood and agarwood. Specifically, we constructed strain FPPY005_39850, which overexpresses all eight genes in the mevalonate pathway. Using this engineered strain as the background strain, we screened seven distinct terpene synthases from agarwood, sandalwood, and related plant species for their activities in the context of yeast. Five terpene synthases led to the production of fragrant terpenoids, including α-santalene, α-humulene, δ-guaiene, α-guaiene, and β-eudesmol. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of β-eudesmol production in yeast. We further improved the production titers by downregulating ERG9, a key enzyme from a competing pathway, as well as employing enzyme fusions. Our final engineered strains produced fragrant terpenoids at up to 101.7 ± 6.9 mg/L. We envision our work will pave the way for a scalable route to these fragrant terpenoids and further establish S. cerevisiae as a versatile production platform for high-value chemicals.
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13
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Takamatsu S, Ito M. Agarotetrol as an index for evaluating agarwood in crude drug products. J Nat Med 2022; 76:857-864. [PMID: 35690698 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Agarotetrol in agarwood has been detected in water extracts or decoctions from medical use agarwood but the detection of agarotetrol has not been reported from other crude drugs. Agarwood generates the sedative benzylacetone upon heating. In this study, crude drug products containing many kinds of crude drugs in addition to agarwood were analyzed. Agarotetrol was detected and quantified, demonstrating that agarotetrol is useful for the quality evaluation of agarwood in complex prescriptions. High-performance liquid chromatography conditions to clearly separate agarotetrol from crude drug products were established and agarotetrol from Kampo decoctions was detected and quantified. Agarotetrol was also detected even from small crude drug product samples. These results suggest that agarotetrol is a useful component for the quality evaluation of agarwood in crude drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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14
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Agarwood-The Fragrant Molecules of a Wounded Tree. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113386. [PMID: 35684324 PMCID: PMC9181942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, popularly known as oudh or gaharu, is a fragrant resinous wood of high commercial value, traded worldwide and primarily used for its distinctive fragrance in incense, perfumes, and medicine. This fragrant wood is created when Aquilaria trees are wounded and infected by fungi, producing resin as a defense mechanism. The depletion of natural agarwood caused by overharvesting amidst increasing demand has caused this fragrant defensive resin of endangered Aquilaria to become a rare and valuable commodity. Given that instances of natural infection are quite low, artificial induction, including biological inoculation, is being conducted to induce agarwood formation. A long-term investigation could unravel insights contributing toward Aquilaria being sustainably cultivated. This review will look at the different methods of induction, including physical, chemical, and biological, and compare the production, yield, and quality of such treatments with naturally formed agarwood. Pharmaceutical properties and medicinal benefits of fragrance-associated compounds such as chromones and terpenoids are also discussed.
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15
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Wang XH, Gao BW, Nakashima Y, Mori T, Zhang ZX, Kodama T, Lee YE, Zhang ZK, Wong CP, Liu QQ, Qi BW, Wang J, Li J, Liu X, Abe I, Morita H, Tu PF, Shi SP. Identification of a diarylpentanoid-producing polyketide synthase revealing an unusual biosynthetic pathway of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in agarwood. Nat Commun 2022; 13:348. [PMID: 35039506 PMCID: PMC8764113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones (PECs) are the principal constituents contributing to the distinctive fragrance of agarwood. How PECs are biosynthesized is currently unknown. In this work, we describe a diarylpentanoid-producing polyketide synthase (PECPS) identified from Aquilaria sinensis. Through biotransformation experiments using fluorine-labeled substrate, transient expression of PECPS in Nicotiana benthamiana, and knockdown of PECPS expression in A. sinensis calli, we demonstrate that the C6-C5-C6 scaffold of diarylpentanoid is the common precursor of PECs, and PECPS plays a crucial role in PECs biosynthesis. Crystal structure (1.98 Å) analyses and site-directed mutagenesis reveal that, due to its small active site cavity (247 Å3), PECPS employs a one-pot formation mechanism including a "diketide-CoA intermediate-released" step for the formation of the C6-C5-C6 scaffold. The identification of PECPS, the pivotal enzyme of PECs biosynthesis, provides insight into not only the feasibility of overproduction of pharmaceutically important PECs using metabolic engineering approaches, but also further exploration of how agarwood is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Wen Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhong-Xiu Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ze-Kun Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chin-Piow Wong
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bo-Wen Qi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Zhang N, Xue S, Song J, Zhou X, Zhou D, Liu X, Hong Z, Xu D. Effects of various artificial agarwood-induction techniques on the metabolome of Aquilaria sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:591. [PMID: 34903180 PMCID: PMC8667428 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood is a highly sought-after resinous wood for uses in medicine, incense, and perfume production. To overcome challenges associated with agarwood production in Aquilaria sinensis, several artificial agarwood-induction treatments have been developed. However, the effects of these techniques on the metabolome of the treated wood samples are unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four treatments: fire drill treatment (F), fire drill + brine treatment (FS), cold drill treatment (D) and cold drill + brine treatment (DS)) on ethanol-extracted oil content and metabolome profiles of treated wood samples from A. sinensis. RESULTS The ethanol-extracted oil content obtained from the four treatments differed significantly (F < D < DS < FS). A total of 712 metabolites composed mostly of alkaloids, amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids, phenolic acids, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and terpenoids were detected. In pairwise comparisons, 302, 155, 271 and 363 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) were detected in F_vs_FS, D_vs_DS, F_vs_D and FS_vs_DS, respectively. The DAMs were enriched in flavonoid/flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Generally, addition of brine to either fire or cold drill treatments reduced the abundance of most of the metabolites. CONCLUSION The results from this study offer valuable insights into synthetically-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Shiyu Xue
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Jie Song
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Xiuren Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dahao Zhou
- Huazhou Yuanlai Agarwood Limited Company, Huazhou, 525100 China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
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17
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Taxonomic Insights and Its Type Cyclization Correlation of Volatile Sesquiterpenes in Vitex Species and Potential Source Insecticidal Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216405. [PMID: 34770814 PMCID: PMC8587464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (SS) are secondary metabolites formed by the bonding of 3 isoprene (C5) units. They play an important role in the defense and signaling of plants to adapt to the environment, face stress, and communicate with the outside world, and their evolutionary history is closely related to their physiological functions. This review considers their presence and extensively summarizes the 156 sesquiterpenes identified in Vitextaxa, emphasizing those with higher concentrations and frequency among species and correlating with the insecticidal activities and defensive responses reported in the literature. In addition, we classify the SS based on their chemical structures and addresses cyclization in biosynthetic origin. Most relevant sesquiterpenes of the Vitex genus are derived from the germacredienyl cation mainly via bicyclogermacrene and germacrene C, giving rise to aromadrendanes, a skeleton with the highest number of representative compounds in this genus, and 6,9-guaiadiene, respectively, indicating the production of 1.10-cyclizing sesquiterpene synthases. These enzymes can play an important role in the chemosystematics of the genus from their corresponding routes and cyclizations, constituting a new approach to chemotaxonomy. In conclusion, this review is a compilation of detailed information on the profile of sesquiterpene in the Vitex genus and, thus, points to new unexplored horizons for future research.
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18
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Meng F, Chu T, Tang Q, Chen W. A tetraploidization event shaped the Aquilaria sinensis genome and contributed to the ability of sesquiterpenes synthesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:647. [PMID: 34493201 PMCID: PMC8424979 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood, generated from the Aquilaria sinensis, has high economic and medicinal value. Although its genome has been sequenced, the ploidy of A. sinensis paleopolyploid remains unclear. Moreover, the expression changes of genes associated with agarwood formation were not analyzed either. RESULTS In the present work, we reanalyzed the genome of A. sinensis and found that it experienced a recent tetraploidization event ~ 63-71 million years ago (Mya). The results also demonstrated that the A. sinensis genome had suffered extensive gene deletion or relocation after the tetraploidization event, and exhibited accelerated evolutionary rates. At the same time, an alignment of homologous genes related to different events of polyploidization and speciation were generated as well, which provides an important comparative genomics resource for Thymelaeaceae and related families. Interestingly, the expression changes of genes related to sesquiterpene synthesis in wounded stems of A. sinensis were also observed. Further analysis demonstrated that polyploidization promotes the functional differentiation of the key genes in the sesquiterpene synthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS By reanalyzing its genome, we found that the tetraploidization event shaped the A. sinensis genome and contributed to the ability of sesquiterpenes synthesis. We hope that these results will facilitate our understanding of the evolution of A. sinensis and the function of genes involved in agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianzhe Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 063210, Tangshan, China.
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Munasinghe S, Somaratne S, Weerakoon S, Ranasinghe C. Sustainable utilization of Gyrinops walla Gaetner: in vitro production of sesquiterpenes by chemical and biological elicitation. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:134. [PMID: 34477991 PMCID: PMC8417190 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The recent recovery of Gyrinops walla as a potential producer of market-quality agarwood in mature damaged woods and branches has led to the intense illicit felling and exportation of G. walla leading to the verge of extinction from Sri Lankan flora. The sustainable utilization of G. walla undoubtedly enhances the foreign exchange of the country and the non-destructive utilization through tissue culture–based techniques is the only option available for sustainable exploitation and conservation of the vulnerable species. Healthy calli and cell suspensions were chemically and biologically elicited with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), and the sterilized fungal homogenate (carbohydrate equivalents) of Fusariym oxysporum, Phaeocremonium parasitica, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium commune and Lasidiplodia theobromae fungal strains, respectively. The elicited calli and cell suspensions were harvested at different time periods to extract sesquiterpenes. Results Sesquiterpenes were produced in calli under chemical elicitors with media concentrations of 10 μM SA, 100 μM SA, 10 mM MJ and 1 mM MJ and cell suspensions under 0.5 μM SA and 0.1 mM MJ. Phaeocremonium parasitica, Trichoderma viride and Lasidiplodia theobromae were more effective in the production of sesquiterpenes in G. walla callus and cell suspension by biological elicitation. Conclusion The findings of the study led to the conclusion of the possibility of induction of production of sesquiterpenes through elicitation of G. walla calli and cell suspension in an in vitro system for sustainable utilization and conservation endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shyama Weerakoon
- Department of Botany, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandani Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka
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Das A, Begum K, Akhtar S, Ahmed R, Kulkarni R, Banu S. Genome-wide detection and classification of terpene synthase genes in Aquilaria agallochum. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1711-1729. [PMID: 34539112 PMCID: PMC8405786 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood, one of the precious woods in the globe, is produced by Aquilaria plant species during an upshot of wounding and infection. Produced as a defence response, the dark, fragrant resin gets secreted in the plant's duramen, which is impregnated with fragrant molecules with the due course. Agarwood has gained worldwide popularity due to its high aromatic oil, fragrance, and pharmaceutical value, which makes it highly solicited by numerous industries. Predominant chemical constituents of agarwood, sesquiterpenoids, and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones have been scrutinized to comprehend the scientific nature of the fragrant wood and develop novel products. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of these aromatic compounds are still not comprehensively studied in Aquilaria. In this study, publicly available genomic and transcriptomics data of Aquilaria agallochum were integrated to identify putative functional terpene synthase genes (TPSs). The in silico study enabled us to identify ninety-six TPSs, of which thirty-nine full-length genes were systematically classified into TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-e, TPS-f, and TPS-g subfamilies based on their gene structure, conserve motif, and phylogenetic comparison with TPSs from other plant species. Analysis of the cis-regulatory elements present upstream of AaTPSs revealed their association with hormone, stress and light responses. In silico expression studies detected their up-regulation in stress induced tissue. This study provides a basic understanding of terpene synthase gene repertoire in Aquilaria agallochum and unlatches opportunities for the biochemical characterization and biotechnological exploration of these genes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01040-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
| | - Khaleda Begum
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
| | - Suraiya Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
| | - Raja Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
| | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
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Li RS, Zhu JH, Guo D, Li HL, Wang Y, Ding XP, Mei WL, Chen ZB, Dai HF, Peng SQ. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of terpene synthase gene family in Aquilaria sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:185-194. [PMID: 34004556 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is the resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, and has been widely used as medicine and incense. Sesquiterpenes are the main chemical characteristic constituents of agarwood. Terpene synthase (TPS) is a critical enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of sesquiterpene compounds. However, limited information is available on genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in Aquilaria trees. In this study, TPS gene family was identified and characterized in Aquilaria sinensis by bioinformatics methods. The expression of those genes was analyzed by RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR. Transcription factors regulating TPS gene expression were identified by yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assay. In total, 26 AsTPS genes (AsTPS1-AsTPS26) were identified, which were classified into five subgroups. Many putative cis-elements putatively involved in stresses and phytohormones (especially jasmonic acid) were identified in the promoter regions of AsTPSs, suggesting that AsTPSs genes may be regulated by stresses and jasmonic acid. Expression analysis revealed seven TPS genes encoding sesquiterpene synthetases were induced by wounding and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), which may be related to sesquiterpene biosynthesis. By yeast one-hybrid screening, a ERF transcription factor AsERF1 was identified to interact with the AsTPS1 promoter. Subcellular localization analysis indicated AsERF1 was a nucleus-localized protein. Transient transfection of AsERF1 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana significantly enhanced the promoter activation of AsTPS1, suggesting AsERF1 may participate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis by regulating AsTPS1 expression. These data generated in this study provide a foundation for future studies on functional roles and regulation mechanisms of AsTPS in sesquiterpene biosynthesis and agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xu-Po Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi-Bao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China; College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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Li W, Chen HQ, Wang H, Mei WL, Dai HF. Natural products in agarwood and Aquilaria plants: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:528-565. [PMID: 32990292 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to the end of 2019.Agarwood is a resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, which is formed in response to environmental stress factors such as physical injury or microbial attack. It is very sought-after among the natural incenses, as well as for its medicinal properties in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Interestingly, the chemical constituents of agarwood and healthy Aquilaria trees are quite different. Sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenethyl)chromones with diverse scaffolds commonly accumulate in agarwood. Similar structures have rarely been reported from the original trees that mainly contain flavonoids, benzophenones, xanthones, lignans, simple phenolic compounds, megastigmanes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and biological activities both in agarwood and Aquilaria trees, and their biosynthesis is discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the research progress on agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
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An T, Li L, Lin Y, Zeng F, Lin P, Zi J. Characterization of Guaiene Synthases from Stellera chamaejasme L. Flowers and Their Application in De novo Production of (-)-Rotundone in Yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3214-3219. [PMID: 32079394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Four terpene synthases for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids were identified from the transcriptome of Stellera chamaejasme L. flowers, including SchTPS1, SchTPS2, SchTPS3, and SchTPS4. Their functions were characterized by synthetic biology approaches in Escherichia coli and in vitro enzymatic assays. SchTPS1, SchTPS2, and SchTPS3 are guaiene synthases, while SchTPS4 is an (E,E)-geranyl linalool synthase. Next, SchTPS1 and α-guaiene 2-oxidase VvSTO2 were co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to reconstruct the biosynthetic pathway of (-)-rotundone, which is a unique aroma compound in fruits, vegetables, and wines. This is the first report for the construction of a (-)-rotundone-producing microbial platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue An
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fanqi Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Ekramzadeh K, Brämer C, Frister T, Fohrer J, Kirschning A, Scheper T, Beutel S. Optimization of factors influencing enzyme activity and product selectivity and the role of proton transfer in the catalytic mechanism of patchoulol synthase. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2935. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jörg Fohrer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Hanover Germany
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26
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Tedone L, Staskova L, Yan D, Whittock S, Shellie R, Koutoulis A. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Volatiles Variation During Storage. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2019.1704674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedone
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Lada Staskova
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - DanDan Yan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Robert Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factors in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3018. [PMID: 32080225 PMCID: PMC7033210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY proteins are a superfamily of transcription factor that regulate diverse developmental and physiological processes in plants. Completion of the whole-genome sequencing of Aquilaria sinensis allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for WRKY proteins. Here, we predicted 70 WRKY genes from the A. sinensis genome and undertaken a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. Due to their diverse structural features, the 70 AsWRKY genes are classified into three main groups (group I-III), with five subgroups (IIa-IIe) in group II, except two belong to none of them. Distinct expression profiles of AsWRKYs with RNA sequencing data revealed their diverse expression patterns among different tissues and in the process of whole-tree-inducing agarwood formation. Based on the expression characteristics, we predict some AsWRKYs are pseudogenes, and some may be involved in the biosynthesis of agarwood sesquiterpenes as activators or repressors. Among the tested genes treated with MeJA and H2O2, most of them are induced by H2O2, but downregulated by MeJA, implying the complexity of their involvement in signal transduction regulation. Our results not only provide a basic platform for functional identification of WRKYs in A. sinensis but important clues for further analysis their regulation role in agarwood formation.
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28
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Mou SB, Xiao W, Wang HQ, Wang SJ, Xiang Z. Syntheses of Epoxyguaiane Sesquiterpenes (−)-Englerin A, (−)-Oxyphyllol, (+)-Orientalol E, and (+)-Orientalol F: A Synthetic Biology Approach. Org Lett 2020; 22:1976-1979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Bin Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Su-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Nguyen TD, Kwon M, Kim SU, Fischer C, Ro DK. Catalytic Plasticity of Germacrene A Oxidase Underlies Sesquiterpene Lactone Diversification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:945-960. [PMID: 31534022 PMCID: PMC6836840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution of enzymes benefits from catalytic promiscuity. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) have diverged extensively in the Asteraceae, and studies of the enzymes for two representative STLs, costunolide and artemisinin, could provide an insight into the adaptive evolution of enzymes. Costunolide appeared early in Asteraceae evolution and is widespread, whereas artemisinin is a unique STL appearing in a single Asteraceae species, Artemisia annua Therefore, costunolide is a ubiquitous STL, while artemisinin is a specialized one. In costunolide biosynthesis, germacrene A oxidase (GAO) synthesizes germacrene A acid from germacrene A. Similarly, in artemisinin biosynthesis, amorphadiene oxidase (AMO) synthesizes artemisinic acid from amorphadiene. GAO promiscuity is suggested to drive the diversification of STLs. To examine the degree of GAO promiscuity, we expressed six sesquiterpene synthases from cotton (Gossypium arboretum), goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and orange (Citrus sinensis) in yeast to produce seven distinct sesquiterpene substrates (germacrene D, 5-epi-aristolochene, valencene, δ-cadinene, α- and δ-guaienes, and valerenadiene). GAO or AMO was coexpressed in these yeasts to evaluate the promiscuities of GAO and AMO. Remarkably, all sesquiterpenes tested were oxidized to sesquiterpene acids by GAO, but negligible activities were found from AMO. Hence, GAO apparently has catalytic potential to evolve into different enzymes for synthesizing distinct STLs, while the recently specialized AMO demonstrates rigid substrate specificity. Mutant GAOs implanted with active site residues of AMO showed substantially reduced stability, but their per enzyme activities to produce artemisinic acid increased by 9-fold. Collectively, these results suggest promiscuous GAOs can be developed as novel catalysts for synthesizing unique sesquiterpene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Institute of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Naziz PS, Das R, Sen S. The Scent of Stress: Evidence From the Unique Fragrance of Agarwood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31379890 PMCID: PMC6646531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) fragrance and its origin in stress make it probably the most suitable model to study stress-induced aroma. Production being confined only to certain small pockets of South and Southeast Asia, agarwood is arguably the costliest wood in the world. Formation of fragrant agarwood resin is the outcome of complex biotic, abiotic, and physical stress on the Aquilaria trees. The intricate mechanism by which some 150 odd fragrant molecules that constitute agarwood aroma is formed is still not clearly understood. The present review therefore aims to bring to focus this less known but highly valuable stress-induced aroma from Asia. Discussions on agarwood species, occurrence, distribution, formation, and products have been included as foundation. Although global trade in agarwood and its products is estimated at US$6 billion to US$8 billion, no reliable data are readily available in literature. Therefore, an effort has been made to review the current status of agarwood trade. The element of stress and its correlation to agarwood aroma is discussed in the subsequent sections. Natural agarwood formation as well as technologies and interventions in agarwood induction are stress-based (natural and artificial injury, insect and fungal attack, chemical induction). The molecular triggers are gradually coming to light as new studies are implicating jasmonate, LOX signaling, and other stress reaction routes as the source of agarwood aroma. This review therefore has strived to compile the information that is scattered across scientific as well as other authentic literature and update the reader on the current status. More information about the specific roles of other vital stressors like insects, abiotic, and genetic factors is eagerly awaited from ongoing and future research to further understand the unique fragrance of agarwood.
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Zhang X, Niu M, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Jia Y, Xiao Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Identification and functional characterization of three new terpene synthase genes involved in chemical defense and abiotic stresses in Santalum album. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 30922222 PMCID: PMC6437863 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that aromatic essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Santalum album L. have wide economic value. However, little is known about the role of terpenoids in response to various adverse environmental stresses as other plants do in the form of signals during plant-environment interactions. RESULTS In this study, trace amounts of volatiles consisting of α-santalene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, α-santalol, β-santalol, (E)-α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene and β-bisabolene were found in the leaves of mature S. album trees. We identified more than 40 candidate terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes by mining publicly-available RNA-seq data and characterized the enzymes encoded by three cDNAs: one mono-TPS catalyzes the formation of mostly α-terpineol, and two multifunctional sesqui-TPSs, one of which produces (E)-α-bergamotene and sesquisabinene as major products and another which catalyzes the formation of (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-farnesol as main products. Metabolite signatures and gene expression studies confirmed that santalol content is closely related with santalene synthase (SaSSY) transcripts in heartwood, which is key enzyme responsible for santalol biosynthesis. However, the expression of three new SaTPS genes differed significantly from SaSSY in the essential oil-producing heartwood. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, were detected in different tissues of S. album plants after applying 1 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), or exposure to 4°C, 38°C and high light intensity. MeJA and SA dramatically induced the expression of SaTPS1 and SaTPS2 in leaves. SaTPS1 to 3 transcripts were differentially activated among different tissues under adverse temperature and light stresses. In contrast, almost all SaSSY transcripts decreased in response to these environmental stresses, unlike SaTPS1 to 3. CONCLUSIONS Multifunctional enzymes were biochemically characterized, including one chloroplastic mono-TPS and two cytosolic sesqui-TPSs in sandalwood. Our results suggest the ecological importance of these three new SaTPS genes in defensive response to biotic attack and abiotic stresses in S. album.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yueya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Lv F, Li S, Feng J, Liu P, Gao Z, Yang Y, Xu Y, Wei J. Hydrogen peroxide burst triggers accumulation of jasmonates and salicylic acid inducing sesquiterpene biosynthesis in wounded Aquilaria sinesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 234-235:167-175. [PMID: 30818186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood, a non-timber fragrant wood, is produced in wounded Aquilaria trees and widely used in perfume, incense, and medicine. Sesquiterpene is one of its main active compounds. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a role in promoting agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis, but little is known about its signaling pathway. In this study, the pruning of actively growing saplings of A. sinensis resulted in an H2O2 burst and the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET), which was followed by the up-regulation of sesquiterpene synthase and the production of sesquiterpene in the pruned stems. This process could be enhanced by absorbed H2O2 and inhibited by an H2O2 scavenger (ascorbate, AsA) in pruned stems, although the concentration of ET and transcription of ET-related synthase genes remained unaffected. These results confirmed that the H2O2 burst in wounded stems triggered JA and SA accumulation to promote agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis. ET was also activated by injury that was independent with H2O2. All results excavated a full-scale signaling transduction nets among multiple stress signals during wound-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis and provide a new insight into improving the artificial technology of agarwood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lv
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China; Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization), Haikou, 570311, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Tan CS, Isa NM, Ismail I, Zainal Z. Agarwood Induction: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30792732 PMCID: PMC6374618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous part of the non-timber Aquilaria tree, which is a highly valuable product for medicine and fragrance purposes. To protect the endangered Aquilaria species, mass plantation of Aquilaria trees has become a sustainable way in Asian countries to obtain the highly valuable agarwood. As only physiologically triggered Aquilaria tree can produce agarwood, effective induction methods are long sought in the agarwood industry. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview for the past efforts toward the understanding of agarwood formation, the evolvement of induction methods and their further development prospects by integrating it with high-throughput omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Seng Tan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhikma Md Isa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Dueholm B, Drew DP, Sweetman C, Simonsen HT. In planta and in silico characterization of five sesquiterpene synthases from Vitis vinifera (cv. Shiraz) berries. PLANTA 2019; 249:59-70. [PMID: 30136197 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Five Vitis vinifera sesquiterpene synthases were characterized, two was previously uncharacterized, one being a caryophyllene/cubebene synthase and the other a cadinene synthase. Residue differences with other Vitis sesquiterpene synthases are described. The biochemical composition of grape berries at harvest can have a profound effect on the varietal character of the wine produced. Sesquiterpenes are an important class of volatile compounds produced in grapes that contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine, making the elucidation of their biosynthetic origin an important field of research. Five cDNAs corresponding to sesquiterpene synthase genes (TPSs) were isolated from Shiraz berries and expressed in planta in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by chemical characterization by GC-MS. Three of the TPS cDNAs were isolated from immature berries and two were isolated from ripe Shiraz berries. Two of the investigated enzymes, TPS26 and TPS27, have been previously investigated by expression in E. coli, and the in planta products generally correspond to these previous studies. The enzyme TPS07 differed by eight amino acids (none of which are in the active site) from germacrene B and D synthase isolated from Gewürztraminer grapes and characterized in vitro. Here in planta characterization of VvShirazTPS07 yielded ylangene, germacrene D and several minor products. Two of the enzymes isolated from immature berries were previously uncharacterized enzymes. VvShirazTPS-Y1 produced cadinene as a major product and at least 17 minor sesquiterpenoid skeletons. The second, VvShirazTPS-Y2, was characterized as a caryophyllene/cubebene synthase, a combination of products not previously reported from a single enzyme. Using in silico methods, we identified residues that could play key roles regarding differences in product formation of these enzymes. The first ring closure that is either a 1,10- or 1,11-ring closure is likely controlled by three neighboring amino acids in helices G1, H2, and J. As for many other investigated TPS enzymes, we also observe that only a few residues can account for radical changes in product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Dueholm
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Damian P Drew
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Henrik T Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Yan D, Wong YF, Shellie RA, Marriott PJ, Whittock SP, Koutoulis A. Assessment of the phytochemical profiles of novel hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars: A potential route to beer crafting. Food Chem 2018; 275:15-23. [PMID: 30724181 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the volatile phytochemical diversity of 30 samples obtained from experimental hybrid and commercial H. lupulus L. plants. Essential oils distilled from these samples were analysed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-accTOFMS). A total of 58 secondary metabolites, mainly comprising 18 esters, 6 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 2 oxygenated monoterpenes, 20 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 7 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and 4 ketones, were positively or tentatively identified. A total of 24 metabolites were detected in all samples, but commercial cultivars (selected for brewing performance) had fewer compounds identified compared to experimental genotypes. Chemometrics analyses enabled distinct differentiation of experimental hybrids from commercial cultivars, discussed in terms of the different classes of compounds present in different genotypes. Differences among the mono- and sesquiterpenoids, appear to be related to either: i) the genetic origin of the plants; or ii) the processes of bioaccumulation of the identified secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Yan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Present address: School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, VIC 3134, Australia; Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon P Whittock
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Hop Products Australia, 446 Elizabeth St, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
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Wang X, Dong X, Feng Y, Liu X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Shi S, Tu P. H 2O 2 and NADPH oxidases involve in regulation of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation during salt stress in Aquilaria sinensis calli. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:1-11. [PMID: 29606206 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones are the main compounds responsible for the quality of agarwood, which is widely used in traditional medicines, incenses and perfumes. H2O2 and NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, Rbohs) mediate diverse physiological and biochemical processes in environmental stress responses. However, little is known about the function of H2O2 and NADPH oxidases in 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation. In this study, we found that salt stress induced a transient increase in content of H2O2 and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in Aquilaria sinensis calli. Exogenous H2O2 remarkably decreased the production of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, while dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a scavenger of H2O2, significantly increased 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in salt treated calli. Three new H2O2-generating genes, named AsRbohA-C, were isolated and characterized from A. sinensis. Salt stress also induced a transient increase in AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 increased AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity, while DMTU inhibited AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity under salt stress. Moreover, diphenylene iodonium (DPI), the inhibitor of NADPH oxidases, reduced AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity, but significantly induced 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation during salt stress. These results clearly demonstrated the central role of H2O2 and NADPH oxidases in regulation of salt-induced 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in A. sinensis calli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xianjuan Dong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yingying Feng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Kato T, Taura F, Lee JB, Kurosaki F. High Level Production of δ-Guaiene, a Bicyclic Sesquiterpene Accumulated in Agarwood, by Co-expression of δ-Guaiene Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes encoding δ-guaiene synthase ( GS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase ( FPS) involved in δ-guaiene biosynthesis in Aquilaria microcarpa were co-expressed in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. GC-MS analysis revealed that the transformed tobacco cells liberated δ-guaiene, and the compound was found in the headspace of the culture but not accumulated either in the medium or in the cells. Tobacco cells transformed by solely GS produced 0.2 mg δ-guaiene /L culture, however, concentration of the compound elevated to 0.6 – 5.9 mg/L when GS and FPS were co-expressed in the cells. The stirring efficiency of the cell suspension was improved by the reduction of the culture volume in the vials, and this resulted in an appreciable increase in δ-guaiene content to the level of 102 mg/L culture. Addition of mevalonolactone as the precursor markedly activated δ-guaiene production, and content of the compound elevated to more than 400 mg/L culture. These results strongly suggested that tobacco BY-2 is a suitable host to construct the bio-production system of sesquiterpene compounds, and co-expression of FPS and appropriate sesquiterpene synthase genes in the cells should be the good strategy to establish the highly productive platform of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Ye W, He X, Wu H, Wang L, Zhang W, Fan Y, Li H, Liu T, Gao X. Identification and characterization of a novel sesquiterpene synthase from Aquilaria sinensis: An important gene for agarwood formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:884-892. [PMID: 29102787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene synthases are key enzymes for biosynthesis of sesquiterpene compounds and are important for agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis.The As-sesTPS gene encoding a novel sesquiterpene synthase was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) as an inclusion body and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the protein was lower than the theoretical value. Amino acid sequencing results indicated that the 27.2kDa-recombinant protein was a truncated sesquiterpene synthase from chemically induced A. sinensis. After refolding, the truncated As-SesTPS protein catalyzed the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to nerolidol which is a characteristic component of agarwood. The optimal reaction pH for the As-SesTPS protein was 8.0, and the optimal temperature was 30°C. The values of Km and Vmax of As-SesTPS protein towards FPP were 0.0548mM, 42.83μmol/mg.min, respectively. The results of qPCR and iTRAQ demonstrated the much higher expression level of As-SesTPS gene in agarwood than that in whitewood. This study provides a foundation for elucidating the mechanism of agarwood formation in A. sinensis and the potential of the novel gene for improving the quality of artificial agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xin He
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Yunfei Fan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Xu YH, Liao YC, Lv FF, Zhang Z, Sun PW, Gao ZH, Hu KP, Sui C, Jin Y, Wei JH. Transcription Factor AsMYC2 Controls the Jasmonate-Responsive Expression of ASS1 Regulating Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1924-1933. [PMID: 29016977 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are one of the most important defensive secondary metabolite components of agarwood. Agarwood, which is a product of the Aquilaria sinensis response to external damage, is a fragrant and resinous wood that is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. We previously reported that jasmonic acid (JA) plays an important role in promoting agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis and induces expression of the sesquiterpene synthase ASS1, which is a key enzyme that is responsible for the biosynthesis of agarwood sesquiterpenes in A. sinensis. However, little is known about this molecular regulation mechanism. Here, we characterized a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, AsMYC2, from A. sinensis as an activator of ASS1 expression. AsMYC2 is an immediate-early jasmonate-responsive gene and is co-induced with ASS1. Using a combination of yeast one-hybrid assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, we showed that AsMYC2 bound the promoter of ASS1 containing a G-box motif. AsMYC2 activated expression of ASS1 in tobacco epidermis cells and up-regulated expression of sesquiterpene synthase genes (TPS21 and TPS11) in Arabidopsis, which was also promoted by methyl jasmonate. Our results suggest that AsMYC2 participates in the regulation of agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis in A. sinensis by controlling the expression of ASS1 through the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Cui Liao
- Basic Medical School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xingwan Road 818, Nanchang, Jiangx, 330004, China
| | - Fei-Fei Lv
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Pei-Wen Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke-Ping Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
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Chhipa H, Kaushik N. Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1286. [PMID: 28747900 PMCID: PMC5507295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam, commonly known as Agarwood, is a highly valuable species used in production of agar oil from its infected wood, which is utilized in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry. Agar oil formation in agarwood takes years through the natural process which is induced by natural or artificial injury or microbial infection. The role of soil fungi and bacteria in artificial induction is still an unexplored area. In the present study, we isolated the fungal and bacterial community residing inside the stem of A. malaccensis tree and circumventing soil, samples collected from 21 different sites of the north-eastern state Assam of India and explored their potential in induction of Agarospirol (2-(6,10-Dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-2-yl)-2-propanol) production by artificially infecting the trees with these microorganisms. A total 340 fungi and 131 bacteria were isolated from 50 stem samples, and 188 fungi and 148 bacteria were isolated from 50 soil samples. Highest Shannon (H′ = 2.43) and Fisher (α = 5.57) diversity index was observed in the stem isolates. The dominant fungal genus was Trichoderma in stem with Pi value of 0.18; while in soil, Aspergillus showed dominance with Pi value 0.73. In bacteria, Bacillus genera showed dominance in both stem and soil samples with Pi = 0.62 and 0.51, respectively. Forty fungal and bacterial isolates were used to assess their potential to induce formation of agarwood in A. malaccensis by artificial infection method. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed development of Agarwood by the presence of Agarospirol compound in samples collected after 3 months of the artificial infection. Only 31% of bacterial and 23% of fungal isolates showed their ability in production of Agarospirol by artificial infection method. Bacteria Pantoea dispersa and fungi Penicillium polonicum showed the highest production in comparison to other isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Chhipa
- Plant Biotechnology, The Energy and Resources InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Plant Biotechnology, The Energy and Resources InstituteNew Delhi, India
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Sen S, Dehingia M, Talukdar NC, Khan M. Chemometric analysis reveals links in the formation of fragrant bio-molecules during agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) and fungal interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44406. [PMID: 28290512 PMCID: PMC5349546 DOI: 10.1038/srep44406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragrant agarwood, arguably the costliest wood in the world, is formed by plant-fungal interactions in Aquilaria spp. However, very little is known about this fragrant outcome of interaction. Therefore, mimicking the ancient traditions of agarwood production in Assam (Northeast India), a chemometric assessment of the agarwood-fungus interaction was made by chemical profiling (GC-MS) coupled with statistical analysis (principal component, correlation network analysis) across three platforms, viz. callus, juvenile plants and resinous wood-chips with an associated Fusarium. In the study of callus-fungus interaction, increased accumulation of key aroma compounds such as pentatriacontane {fold change (log2FC) = 3.47)}, 17-pentatriacontene (log2FC = 2.95), tetradecane, 2-methyl- (log2FC = 1.10) over callus and activation of pathways related to defense and secondary metabolism indicated links to aroma production. Study on fungal interactions in juvenile plants and resinous wood-chips indicated formation of terpenoid precursors (e.g. farnesol, geranylgeraniol acetate) and agarwood sesquiterpenes (e.g. agarospirol, γ-eudesmol). Correlation network analysis revealed the possible regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis involving squalene. Also a direct role of fungus in aroma (e.g. dodecane, 4-methyl-, tetracosane) was highlighted. Appearance of fragrant molecules unknown to agarwood during interaction featured as a new possibility for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Sen
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Madhusmita Dehingia
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Talukdar
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Mojibur Khan
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
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Chen X, Sui C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Liu P, Zhang Z, Wei J. Agarwood Formation Induced by Fermentation Liquid of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the Dominating Fungus in Wounded Wood of Aquilaria sinensis. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:460-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Manczak T, Simonsen HT. Insight into Biochemical Characterization of Plant Sesquiterpene Synthases. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 11:1-7. [PMID: 27721652 PMCID: PMC5045046 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s40292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and reproducible protocol was established for enzymatic characterization of plant sesquiterpene synthases that can incorporate radioactivity in their products. The method utilizes the 96-well format in conjunction with cluster tubes and enables processing of >200 samples a day. Along with reduced reagent usage, it allows further reduction in the use of radioactive isotopes and flammable organic solvents. The sesquiterpene synthases previously characterized were expressed in yeast, and the plant-derived Thapsia garganica kunzeaol synthase TgTPS2 was tested in this method. KM for TgTPS2 was found to be 0.55 μM; the turnover number, kcat, was found to be 0.29 s−1, kcat for TgTPS2 is in agreement with that of terpene synthases of other plants, and kcat/KM was found to be 0.53 s−1 μM−1 for TgTPS2. The kinetic parameters were in agreement with previously published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Manczak
- Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Shao H, Mei WL, Dong WH, Gai CJ, Li W, Zhu GP, Dai HF. 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives of Agarwood Originating from Gyrinops salicifolia. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101313. [PMID: 27706109 PMCID: PMC6273548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives (1–3) and a new 2-(2-phenylethenyl)chromone derivative (4), together with two known 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives (5–6), were isolated from agarwood originating from Gyrinops salicifolia Ridl. The structures of compounds 1–4 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1D and 2D-NMR) and MS analysis, as well as by comparison with the literature. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed moderate cytotoxicity against human tumor K562, BEL-7402, and SGC-7901 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.76 to 20.1 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shao
- Horticultural and Garden College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Cui-Juan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Guo-Peng Zhu
- Horticultural and Garden College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
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Kato T, Lee JB, Taura F, Kurosaki F. Enhanced Production of δ-Guaiene, a Bicyclic Sesquiterpene Accumulated in Agarwood, by Coexpression of δ-Guaiene Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes involved in δ-guaiene biosynthesis in Aquilaria microcarpa, δ-guaiene synthase (GS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), were overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the concentration of GS-translated protein was rather low in the cells transformed by solely GS while appreciable accumulation of the recombinant protein was observed when GS was coexpressed with FPS GS-transformed cells liberated only a trace amount of δ-guaiene (0.004 μg/mL culture), however, the concentration of the compound elevated to 0.08 μg/mL culture in the cells transformed by GS plus FPS δ-Guaiene biosynthesis was markedly activated when E. coli cells coexpressing GS and FPS were incubated in enriched Terrific broth, and the content of the compound increased to approximately 0.6 μg/mL culture. These results suggest that coexpression of FPS and GS in E. coli is required for efficient 6-guaiene production in the bacterial cells, and the sesquiterpene-producing activity of the transformant is appreciably enhanced in the nutrients-enriched medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Kumeta Y, Ito M. Characterization of α-humulene synthases responsible for the production of sesquiterpenes induced by methyl jasmonate in Aquilaria cell culture. J Nat Med 2016. [PMID: 27180085 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0999-8#citeas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The resinous portions of Aquilaria and Gyrinops plants are known as 'agarwood' and have a distinctive fragrance. To examine the biosynthesis of these fragrant compounds, we previously established cell cultures of Aquilaria crassna in which the production of three sesquiterpenes (α-guaiene, α-humulene, and δ-guaiene) could be induced by methyl jasmonate (MJ), and showed that cloned δ-guaiene synthase from MJ-treated cells is involved in the synthesis of these three compounds, although only very small amounts of α-humulene are produced. In the present study, cDNAs encoding α-humulene synthases were also isolated. Three putative sesquiterpene synthase clones (AcHS1-3) isolated from the MJ-treated cells had very similar amino acid sequences and shared 52 % identity with δ-guaiene synthases. The recombinant enzymes catalyzed the formation of α-humulene as a major product. Expression of transcripts of the α-humulene synthase and δ-guaiene synthase genes in cultured cells increased after treatment with MJ. These results revealed that these α-humulene and δ-guaiene synthases are involved in the synthesis of three sesquiterpenes induced by MJ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Kumeta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Wang X, Gao B, Liu X, Dong X, Zhang Z, Fan H, Zhang L, Wang J, Shi S, Tu P. Salinity stress induces the production of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and regulates novel classes of responsive genes involved in signal transduction in Aquilaria sinensis calli. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:119. [PMID: 27230436 PMCID: PMC4881210 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood, is a resinous portion derived from Aquilaria sinensis, has been widely used in traditional medicine and incense. 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones are principal components responsible for the quality of agarwood. However, the molecular basis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones biosynthesis and regulation remains almost unknown. Our research indicated that salt stress induced production of several of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in A. sinensis calli. Transcriptome analysis of A. sinensis calli treated with NaCl is required to further facilitate the multiple signal pathways in response to salt stress and to understand the mechanism of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones biosynthesis. RESULTS Forty one 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones were identified from NaCl-treated A. sinensis calli. 93 041 unigenes with an average length of 1562 nt were generated from the control and salt-treated calli by Illmunina sequencing after assembly, and the unigenes were annotated by comparing with the public databases including NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, and GO database. In total, 18 069 differentially expressed transcripts were identified by the transcriptome comparisons on the control calli and calli induced by 24 h or 120 h salinity stress. Numerous genes involved in signal transduction pathways including the genes responsible for hormone signal transduction, receptor-like kinases, MAPK cascades, Ca(2+) signal transduction, and transcription factors showed clear differences between the control calli and NaCl-treated calli. Furthermore, our data suggested that the genes annotated as chalcone synthases and O-methyltransferases may contribute to the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. CONCLUSIONS Salinity stress could induce the production of 41 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in A. sinensis calli. We conducted the first deep-sequencing transcriptome profiling of A. sinensis under salt stress and observed a large number of differentially expressed genes in response to salinity stress. Moreover, salt stress induced dynamic changes in transcript abundance for novel classes of responsive genes involved in signal transduction, including the genes responsible for hormone signal transduction, receptor-like kinases, MAPK cascades, Ca(2+) signal transduction, and transcription factors. This study will aid in selecting the target genes to genetically regulate A. sinensis salt-stress signal transduction and elucidating the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bowen Gao
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014060, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xianjuan Dong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huiyan Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Characterization of α-humulene synthases responsible for the production of sesquiterpenes induced by methyl jasmonate in Aquilaria cell culture. J Nat Med 2016; 70:452-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li Y, Chen F, Li Z, Li C, Zhang Y. Identification and Functional Characterization of Sesquiterpene Synthases from Xanthium strumarium. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:630-41. [PMID: 26858282 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthium strumarium synthesizes various pharmacologically active sesquiterpenes. The molecular characterization of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in X. strumarium has not been reported so far. In this study, the cDNAs coding for three sesquiterpene synthases (designated as XsTPS1, XsTPS2 and XsTPS3) were isolated using the X. strumarium transcriptome that we recently constructed. XsTPS1, XsTPS2 and XsTPS3 were revealed to have primary activities forming germacrene D, guaia-4,6-diene and germacrene A, respectively, by either ectopic expression in yeast cells or purified recombinant protein-based in vitro assays. Quantitative real-time PCRs and metabolite analysis for the different plant parts showed that the transcript abundance of XsTPS1-XsTPS3 is consistent with the accumulation pattern of their enzymatic products, supporting their biochemical functions in vivo. In particular, we discovered that none of the XsTPS2 product, guaia-4,6-diene, can be detected in one of the X. strumarium cultivars used in this study (it was named the Hubei-cultivar), in which a natural deletion of two A bases in the XsTPS2 cDNA disrupts its activity, which further confirmed the proposed biochemical role of XsTPS2 in X. strumarium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenqiu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, China
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50
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Xu YH, Liao YC, Zhang Z, Liu J, Sun PW, Gao ZH, Sui C, Wei JH. Jasmonic acid is a crucial signal transducer in heat shock induced sesquiterpene formation in Aquilaria sinensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21843. [PMID: 26902148 PMCID: PMC4763180 DOI: 10.1038/srep21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, a highly valuable resinous and fragrant heartwood of Aquilaria plants, is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. Only when Aquilaria trees are wounded by external stimuli do they form agarwood sesquiterpene defensive compounds. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathway of wound-induced agarwood formation is important. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-characterized molecule that mediates a plant's defense response and secondary metabolism. However, little is known about the function of endogenous JA in agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Here, we report that heat shock can up-regulate the expression of genes in JA signaling pathway, induce JA production and the accumulation of agarwood sesquiterpene in A. sinensis cell suspension cultures. A specific inhibitor of JA, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), could block the JA signaling pathway and reduce the accumulation of sesquiterpene compounds. Additionally, compared to SA and H2O2, exogenously supplied methyl jasmonate has the strongest stimulation effect on the production of sesquiterpene compounds. These results clearly demonstrate the central induction role of JA in heat-shock-induced sesquiterpene production in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong-Cui Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei-Wen Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
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