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Hammaz F, Charles F, Kopec RE, Halimi C, Fgaier S, Aarrouf J, Urban L, Borel P. Temperature and storage time increase provitamin A carotenoid concentrations and bioaccessibility in post-harvest carrots. Food Chem 2020; 338:128004. [PMID: 32950868 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to enhance provitamin A carotenoid (proVA CAR) concentrations and bioaccessibility in carrots by manipulating post-harvest factors. To that end, we assessed the effects of Ultraviolet-C light, pulsed light, storage temperature, and storage duration. We also measured CAR bioaccessibility by using an in vitro model. Pulsed light, but not Ultraviolet-C, treatment increased proVA CAR concentrations in the cortex tissue (p < 0.05). Longer storage times and higher temperatures also increased concentrations (p < 0.05). The maximal increase induced by pulsed light was obtained after treatment with 20 kJ/m2 and 3-days of storage at 20 °C. However, the positive effect induced by pulsed light decreased considerably over the next seven days. ProVA CAR in carrots with the highest concentrations also proved to be more bioaccessible (p < 0.05). Thus, proVA CAR concentrations in stored carrots can be increased significantly through storage times and temperatures. Pulsed light can also significantly increase proVA CAR concentrations, but only temporarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Hammaz
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Charles
- Qualisud, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Sup'Agro, Université de la Réunion, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, USA
| | | | - Salah Fgaier
- Qualisud, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Sup'Agro, Université de la Réunion, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Jawad Aarrouf
- Qualisud, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Sup'Agro, Université de la Réunion, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Laurent Urban
- Qualisud, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Sup'Agro, Université de la Réunion, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.
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Seljåsen R, Kristensen HL, Lauridsen C, Wyss GS, Kretzschmar U, Birlouez-Aragone I, Kahl J. Quality of carrots as affected by pre- and postharvest factors and processing. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2611-2626. [PMID: 23744724 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an update on factors contributing to quality of carrots, with special focus on the role of pre- and postharvest factors and processing. The genetic factor shows the highest impact on quality variables in carrots, causing a 7-11-fold difference between varieties in content of terpenes, β-carotene, magnesium, iron and phenolics as well as a 1-4-fold difference in falcarindiol, bitter taste and sweet taste. Climate-related factors may cause a difference of up to 20-fold for terpenes, 82% for total sugars and 30-40% for β-carotene, sweet taste and bitter taste. Organic farming in comparison with conventional farming has shown 70% higher levels for magnesium and 10% for iron. Low nitrogen fertilisation level may cause up to 100% increase in terpene content, minor increase in dry matter (+4 to +6%) and magnesium (+8%) and reduction in β-carotene content (-8 to -11%). Retail storage at room temperature causes the highest reduction in β-carotene (-70%) and ascorbic acid (-70%). Heat processing by boiling reduces shear force (-300 to -1000%) and crispiness (-67%) as well as content of phenolics (-150%), terpenes (-85%) and total carotenes (-20%) and increases the risk of furan accumulation. Sensory and chemical quality parameters of carrots are determined mainly by genetic and climate-related factors and to a minor extent by cultivation method. Retail temperature and storage atmosphere as well as heating procedure in processing have the highest impact in quality reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Seljåsen
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886, Grimstad, Norway
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Alasalvar C, Grigor JM, Zhang D, Quantick PC, Shahidi F. Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:1410-6. [PMID: 11312873 DOI: 10.1021/jf000595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Four different colored carrots, orange, purple with orange core, yellow, and white, were examined for their content of phenolics, antioxidant vitamins, and sugars as well as their volatiles and sensory responses. A total of 35 volatiles were identified in all carrots, 27 positively. White carrot contained the highest content of volatiles, followed by orange, purple, and yellow. In total, 11, 16, 10, and 9 phenolic compounds were determined for the first time in orange, purple, yellow, and white carrots, respectively. Of these, chlorogenic acid was the most predominant phenolic compound in all carrot varieties. Differences (p < 0.05) in relative sweetness, the contents of vitamin C and alpha- and beta-carotenes, and certain flavor characteristics were observed among the colored carrot varieties examined. Purple carrots contained 2.2 and 2.3 times more alpha- and beta-carotenes (trace in yellow; not detected in white) than orange carrots, respectively. Purple carrot may be used in place of other carrot varieties to take advantage of its nutraceutical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alasalvar
- Food Research Center, University of Lincolnshire and Humberside, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
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HOWARD L, BRASWELL D, ASELAGE J. Chemical Composition and Color of Strained Carrots as Affected by Processing. J Food Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HOWARD L, BRASWELL D, HEYMANN H, LEE Y, PIKE L, ASELAGE J. Sensory Attributes and Instrumental Analysis Relationships for Strained Processed Carrot Flavor. J Food Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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HOWARD LR, GRIFFIN LE, LEE Y. Steam Treatment of Minimally Processed Carrot Sticks to Control Surface Discoloration. J Food Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb06965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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HOWARD LR, GRIFFIN LE. Lignin Formation and Surface Discoloration of Minimally Processed Carrot Sticks. J Food Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb06113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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BABIC I, AMIOT M, NGUYEN-THE C, AUBERT S. Changes in Phenolic Content in Fresh Ready-to-use Shredded Carrots during Storage. J Food Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb04273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beyer EM, Blomstrom DC. Ethylene Metabolism and Its Possible Physiological Role in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67720-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Die fluoreszenzspektroskopische Bestimmung der Phytoalexins 3-Methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocumarin nach Abtrennung durch Gelfiltration. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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The rôle of 6-methoxy mellein in the resistance and susceptibility of carrot root tissue to the cold-storage pathogen Botrytis cinerea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(78)90016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salunkhe DK, Wu MT. Toxicants in plants and plant products. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 1977; 9:265-324. [PMID: 336286 DOI: 10.1080/10408397709527236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxicants are widely distributed in plants and plant products, including intentionally added, incidentally added, and naturally occurring food toxicants. This review covers the toxicity of some food additives: the distribution, residues, toxicity, and methods of removal of some pesticides and toxic metals; and the presence of naturally occurring toxicants in plants and plant products. Extensive review has been done, particularly on natural toxicants. However, there are still extensive gaps in our knowledge pertaining to effect upon the health of many of the substances known to be present in natural plant food products, as well as even the identity of many natural chemical components of plant foods and their potential toxicological significance. An understanding of their presence, formation, and toxicity is important as far as public health is concerned.
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Beyer EM. C(2)H(4): Its Incorporation and Metabolism by Pea Seedlings under Aseptic Conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 56:273-8. [PMID: 16659286 PMCID: PMC541803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.56.2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of various treatments on the recently reported system in pea (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska), which results in (a) the incorporation of (14)C(2)H(4) into the tissue and (b) the conversion of (14)C(2)H(4) to (14)CO(2), was investigated using 2-day-old etiolated seedlings which exhibit a maximum response. Heat treatment (80 C, 1 min) completely inhibited both a and b, whereas homogenization completely inhibited b but only partially inhibited a. Detaching the cotyledons from the root-shoot axis immediately before exposing the detached cotyledons together with the root-shoot axis to (14)C(2)H(4) markedly reduced both a and b. Increasing the (14)C(2)H(4) concentration from 0.14 to over 100 mul/l progressively increased the rate of a and b with tissue incorporation being greater than (14)C(2)H(4) to (14)CO(2) conversion only below 0.3 mul/l (14)C(2)H(4). Reduction of the O(2) concentration reduced both a and b, with over 99% inhibition occurring under anaerobic conditions. The addition of CO(2) (5%) severely inhibited (14)C(2)H(4) to (14)CO(2) conversion without significantly affecting tissue incorporation. Exposure of etiolated seedlings to fluorescent light during (14)C(2)H(4) treatment was without effect. Similarly, indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, benzyladenine, abscisic acid, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate had no significant effect on either a or b.The possibilities that the incorporation of (14)C(2)H(4) into pea tissues and its conversion to (14)CO(2) is linked to ethylene action, or that it represents a means of reducing the endogenous ethylene level, are discussed.Several problems encountered with the use of polyethylene vials, rubber serum stoppers, Clorox, and microbial contamination are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beyer
- Central Research and Development Department, Experimental Station, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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Abstract
A gas chromatographic technique is described for obtaining ultra high purity (14)C(2)H(4) for use in biological studies. (14)C(2)H(4) purchased from commercial sources contained readily detectable impurities including radioactive acetylene. Following purification on two different columns, no impurities were detected by high sensitivity gas chromatographic analysis. However, shortly thereafter impurities were detected as a result of radiation decomposition. Trapping and immediately regenerating ultra high purity (14)C(2)H(4) from dilute, filtered Hg (CIO(4))(2) solutions did not cause the formation of impurities, whereas additional impurities were formed when unpurified (14)C(2)H(4) was used. Impurities were also formed when ultra high purity (14)C(2)H(4) was stored in such solutions prior to its regeneration or when it was trapped and immediately regenerated from more concentrated Hg(CIO(4))(2) solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beyer
- Central Research Department, Experimental Station, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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Abeles FB, Ruth JM. Mechanisms of hormone action: use of deuterated ethylene to measure isotopic exchange with plant material and the biological effects of deuterated ethylene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1972; 49:669-71. [PMID: 16658026 PMCID: PMC366030 DOI: 10.1104/pp.49.5.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We observed no exchange between deuterated ethylene (C(2)D(4)) and the hydrogen of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska). This suggests that bonding forces in which exchange could readily occur are not important in the physiological action of ethylene. Deuterated ethylene was just as effective as normal ethylene in inhibiting the growth of pea root sections. These results indicate that splitting carbon to hydrogen bonds did not occur during ethylene action.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Abeles
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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Chalutz E, Devay JE, Maxie EC. Ethylene-induced Isocoumarin Formation in Carrot Root Tissue. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 44:235-41. [PMID: 16657052 PMCID: PMC396068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.44.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin (MMHD) formed in carrot roots inoculated with certain fungi or treated with indole-3-acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), were related to the amount of ethylene produced by the root tissue. Ethylene applied exogenously in concentrations above 0.3 ppm induced the formation of MMHD in carrot root discs. Continued production of MMHD required the continued presence of ethylene. The amounts of MMHD in the discs were reduced by CO(2), an inhibitor of ethylene action, and by reduction of the partial pressure of ethylene in fungus-inoculated or 2,4,5-T-treated carrot root discs. The results indicate that ethylene is required for the induction of MMHD formation by carrot root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chalutz
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Pomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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