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Külahoglu C, Denton AK, Sommer M, Maß J, Schliesky S, Wrobel TJ, Berckmans B, Gongora-Castillo E, Buell CR, Simon R, De Veylder L, Bräutigam A, Weber APM. Comparative transcriptome atlases reveal altered gene expression modules between two Cleomaceae C3 and C4 plant species. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3243-60. [PMID: 25122153 PMCID: PMC4371828 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
C(4) photosynthesis outperforms the ancestral C(3) state in a wide range of natural and agro-ecosystems by affording higher water-use and nitrogen-use efficiencies. It therefore represents a prime target for engineering novel, high-yielding crops by introducing the trait into C(3) backgrounds. However, the genetic architecture of C(4) photosynthesis remains largely unknown. To define the divergence in gene expression modules between C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis during leaf ontogeny, we generated comprehensive transcriptome atlases of two Cleomaceae species, Gynandropsis gynandra (C(4)) and Tarenaya hassleriana (C(3)), by RNA sequencing. Overall, the gene expression profiles appear remarkably similar between the C(3) and C(4) species. We found that known C(4) genes were recruited to photosynthesis from different expression domains in C(3), including typical housekeeping gene expression patterns in various tissues as well as individual heterotrophic tissues. Furthermore, we identified a structure-related module recruited from the C(3) root. Comparison of gene expression patterns with anatomy during leaf ontogeny provided insight into genetic features of Kranz anatomy. Altered expression of developmental factors and cell cycle genes is associated with a higher degree of endoreduplication in enlarged C(4) bundle sheath cells. A delay in mesophyll differentiation apparent both in the leaf anatomy and the transcriptome allows for extended vein formation in the C(4) leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Külahoglu
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisandra K Denton
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Sommer
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina Maß
- Institute of Informatics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Schliesky
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J Wrobel
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Berckmans
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elsa Gongora-Castillo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - C Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Biel KY, Nishio JN. Untangling metabolic and spatial interactions of stress tolerance in plants. 2. Accelerated method for measuring and predicting stress tolerance. Can we unravel the mysteries of the interactions between photosynthesis and respiration? PROTOPLASMA 2010; 245:29-48. [PMID: 20372947 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple method using the O(2) electrode that allows examination of the response of respiration and photosynthesis in leaf slices or algae to anoxia and high light under different temperatures useful for the examination of the interactions among photosynthesis, photorespiration, and respiration is described. The method provides a quantifiable assessment of stress tolerance that also permits us to examine fundamental biochemically and genetically related responses involved in stress tolerance and the cooperation among organelles. Additionally, we demonstrated a role for compounds, such as NO(-)(3) and oxaloacetate, as protective agents against photoinhibition, and we examined the role of dark adaptation in the activation of photosynthesis and NO(-)(3)-dependent O(2) oxygen evolution. A physiological and ecological role of a dark period (night) in stress tolerance is presented. Utilizing the method to follow changes in such metabolic activities as protein synthesis, protein conformation states, enzymes activity, carbon metabolism, and gene expression at different points during the treatments will be educational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Y Biel
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Comparative Studies on C4 and C3 Photosynthetic Systems: Enzyme Levels in the Leaves and Their Distribution in Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(78)80145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ruffner HP, Kliewer WM. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in grape berries. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 56:67-71. [PMID: 16659259 PMCID: PMC541299 DOI: 10.1104/pp.56.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase activity was found in crude extracts of ;Pinot noir' grape berries. The enzyme required ATP, Mn(2+) plus Mg(2+), a pH of 6.6, and a temperature of 40 C for maximum activity. The range in concentration of oxaloacetic acid needed for maximum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was 5 to 10 mm, and the Km for HCO(3) (-) in the exchange of (14)CO(2) into oxaloacetic acid was 26.8 mm.Changes in the activity of PEP carboxykinase and PEP carboxylase in berries were studied at weekly intervals throughout fruit development. PEP carboxykinase had maximum activity 4 weeks after flowering, and during the following 11 weeks remained relatively constant. The activity of PEP carboxylase was 2- to 4-fold higher than PEP carboxykinase throughout fruit development, and changed little except for a sharp reduction at the onset of ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Ruffner
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Chapman EA, Graham D. The effect of light on the tricarboxylic Acid cycle in green leaves: I. Relative rates of the cycle in the dark and the light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1974; 53:879-85. [PMID: 16658809 PMCID: PMC541467 DOI: 10.1104/pp.53.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Excised green leaves of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L. var. Mungo) were used to determine the effect of light on the rate of endogenous respiration via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Illumination with white light at an intensity of 0.043 gram calories cm(-2)min(-1) (approximately 8600 lux) of visible radiation (400-700 nm) gave a rate of apparent photosynthesis, measured as net CO(2) uptake, of 21 mg CO(2) dm(-2)hr(-1) which was about 11-fold greater than the rate of dark respiration. The feeding of (14)CO(2) or (14)C-labeled acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the dark for 2 hours was established as a suitable method for labeling mitochondrial pools of cycle intermediates.At a concentration of 0.1 mm 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, apparent photosynthesis was inhibited 82%, and the refixation of (14)CO(2) derived internally from endogenous respiration was largely prevented. In the presence of this inhibitor endogenous respiration, measured as (14)CO(2) evolution, continued in the light at a rate comparable to that in the dark. Consequently, under these conditions light-induced nonphotosynthetic processes have no significant effect on endogenous dark respiration. Inhibitors of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, malonate and fluoroacetate, were used to determine the relative rates of carbon flux through the cycle in the dark and in the light by measuring the rate of accumulation of (14)C in either succinate or citrate. Results were interpreted to indicate that the tricarboxylic acid cycle functions in the light at a rate similar to that in the dark except for a brief initial inhibition on transition from dark to light. Evidence was obtained that succinate dehydrogenase as well as aconitase, was inhibited in the presence of fluoroacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Chapman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Food Research, and School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde 2113, Sydney, Australia
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