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Enzymes and cellular interplay required for flux of fixed nitrogen to ureides in bean nodules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5331. [PMID: 36088455 PMCID: PMC9464200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical legumes transport fixed nitrogen in form of ureides (allantoin and allantoate) over long distances from the nodules to the shoot. Ureides are formed in nodules from purine mononucleotides by a partially unknown reaction network that involves bacteroid-infected and uninfected cells. Here, we demonstrate by metabolic analysis of CRISPR mutant nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris defective in either xanthosine monophosphate phosphatase (XMPP), guanosine deaminase (GSDA), the nucleoside hydrolases 1 and 2 (NSH1, NSH2) or xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) that nodule ureide biosynthesis involves these enzymes and requires xanthosine and guanosine but not inosine monophosphate catabolism. Interestingly, promoter reporter analyses revealed that XMPP, GSDA and XDH are expressed in infected cells, whereas NSH1, NSH2 and the promoters of the downstream enzymes urate oxidase (UOX) and allantoinase (ALN) are active in uninfected cells. The data suggest a complex cellular organization of ureide biosynthesis with three transitions between infected and uninfected cells. Tropical legumes export fixed nitrogen from nodules as ureides. Here, the authors describe how ureides are produced by several biosynthetic enzymes in different nodule cell types and provide explanations for metabolic compartmentation.
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Coleto I, Trenas AT, Erban A, Kopka J, Pineda M, Alamillo JM. Functional specialization of one copy of glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase in ureide production from symbiotically fixed nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1767-1779. [PMID: 27004600 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Purines are essential molecules formed in a highly regulated pathway in all organisms. In tropical legumes, the nitrogen fixed in the nodules is used to generate ureides through the oxidation of de novo synthesized purines. Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRAT) catalyses the first committed step of de novo purine synthesis. In Phaseolus vulgaris there are three genes coding for PRAT. The three full-length sequences, which are intron-less genes, were cloned, and their expression levels were determined under conditions that affect the synthesis of purines. One of the three genes, PvPRAT3, is highly expressed in nodules and protein amount and enzymatic activity in these tissues correlate with nitrogen fixation activity. Inhibition of PvPRAT3 gene expression by RNAi-silencing and subsequent metabolomic analysis of the transformed roots shows that PvPRAT3 is essential for the synthesis of ureides in P. vulgaris nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Coleto
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Almudena T Trenas
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexander Erban
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Pineda
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Josefa M Alamillo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Perlick AM, Pühler A. A survey of transcripts expressed specifically in root nodules of broadbean (Vicia faba L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:957-970. [PMID: 8400140 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
More than 600 potentially nodule-specific clones have been detected by differential hybridization of a broadbean cDNA library constructed from root nodule poly(A)+ RNA. These isolated cDNAs belong to at least 28 different clone groups containing cross-hybridizing sequences. The number of clones within a clone group varies from about 200 to only one single clone. Northern hybridization experiments revealed nodule-specific transcripts for 14 clone groups and markedly nodule-enhanced transcripts for another 7 clone groups. Sequence homologies indicate that three transcript sequences code for different leghemoglobins. Two other transcripts encode a nodule-specific sucrose synthase and a nodule-enhanced asparagine synthetase, respectively. Four deduced gene products are proline-rich, two of them being the homologues of PsENOD2 and PsENOD12. The third proline-rich protein (PRP) is composed of similar amino acid repeats as the nodule-specific PsENOD12 but is expressed in nodules and roots in comparable amounts. The fourth PRP is a nodule-enhanced extensin-type protein built up by Ser-Pro4 repeats. Two further nodule-specific transcripts encode gene products showing some similarity to structural glycine-rich proteins. Additionally, transcripts could be identified for broadbean homologues of the nodulins MsNOD25, PsENOD3 and PsENOD5 and transcripts specifying a nodule-enhanced lipoxygenase and a translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha, which is expressed in all broadbean tissues tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Perlick
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
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Datta DB, Triplett EW, Newcomb EH. Localization of xanthine dehydrogenase in cowpea root nodules: implications for the interaction between cellular compartments during ureide biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:4700-2. [PMID: 11607186 PMCID: PMC51733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry was used to assess the location of xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.204) in the infected region of nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walpers cv. Queen Anne Blackeye). Polyclonal antibodies raised against purified cowpea xanthine dehydrogenase were used to localize this enzyme at the electron microscopic level. Sparse nonspecific labeling was observed after treatment of nodule sections with preimmune serum. Although immune serum cross-reacted with the ground cytoplasm of both infected and uninfected cells, significantly more labeling was observed in the uninfected cells. No labeling above background was observed in peroxisomes, mitochondria, proplastids, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic or peribacteroid membranes, peribacteroid spaces, or bacteroids. The enzyme is soluble and not present in any organelle or membrane. The greater concentration of xanthine dehydrogenase in the uninfected cells suggests that xanthine or a precursor to xanthine, rather than uric acid, is the intermediate that moves from infected to uninfected cells during ureide biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Datta
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
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Ratajczak L, Ratajczak W, Koroniak D. Detection of Nodule-specific Forms of Malate Dehydrogenase from Root Nodules of Lupinus luteus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(89)80009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Morrison NA, Bisseling T, Verma DP. Development and differentiation of the root nodule. Involvement of plant and bacterial genes. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1988; 5:405-25. [PMID: 3077981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6817-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N A Morrison
- Department of Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Larsen K, Jochimsen BU. Appearance of purine-catabolizing enzymes in fix and fix root nodules on soybean and effect of oxygen on the expression of the enzymes in callus tissue. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 85:452-6. [PMID: 16665719 PMCID: PMC1054277 DOI: 10.1104/pp.85.2.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of enzymes involved in the formation of ureides, allantoin, and allantoic acid, from inosine 5'-monophosphate was analyzed in developing root nodules of soybean (Glycine max). Concomitant with development of effective nodules, a substantial increase in specific activities of the enzymes 5'-nucleotidase (35-fold), purine nucleosidase (10-fold), xanthine dehydrogenase (25-fold), and uricase (200-fold), over root levels was observed. The specific activity of allantoinase remained constant during nodule development. With ineffective nodules the activities were generally lower than in effective nodules; however, the activities of 5'-nucleotidase and allantoinase were 2-fold higher in ineffective nodules unable to synthesize leghemoglobin than in effective nodules. Since the expression of uricase has been shown to be regulated by oxygen (K Larsen, BU Jochimsen 1986 EMBO J 5: 15-19), the expression of the remaining enzymes in the purine catabolic pathway were tested in response to variations in O(2) concentration in sterile soybean callus tissue. Purine nucleosidase responded to this treatment, exhibiting a 4-fold increase in activity around 2% O(2). 5'-Nucleotidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and allantoinase remained unaffected by variations in the O(2) concentration. Hence, the expression of two enzymes involved in ureide formation, purine nucleosidase and uricase, has been demonstrated to be influenced by O(2) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Triplett EW. Two indirect methods for detecting ureide synthesis by nodulated legumes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 81:566-71. [PMID: 16664857 PMCID: PMC1075377 DOI: 10.1104/pp.81.2.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Two methods were developed for the detection of altered ureide metabolism in legume nodules. Both techniques are based on the positive correlation between the presence of high xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) specific activity in nodules and the ability of those nodules to produce the ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid. In the first method, nodulated legumes are treated for 2 weeks with a soil drench of allopurinol. After allopurinol treatment, leaves of N(2)-fed, ureide-producing legumes, soybean, cowpea, and lima bean, became very chlorotic. Leaves of KNO(3) (-) or NH(4)Cl-fed ureide-producing legumes were unaffected by the allopurinol treatment. Leaves of the amide-producing legumes, alfalfa, clover, peak, and lupin, were unaffected by the allopurinol treatment with N(2), KNO(3), or NH(4)Cl as nitrogen source. These experiments showed that long-term allopurinol treatments are useful in differentiating between ureide- and amide-producing legumes when effectively nodulated. A second method was developed for the rapid, qualitative estimation of xanthine dehydrogenase activity in legume nodules. This method utilizes pterin, an alternate substrate for xanthine dehydrogenase. Xanthine dehydrogenase hydroxylates pterin in the presence of NAD(+) to produce isoxanthopterin. When exposed to long wave ultraviolet light (365 nanometers), isoxanthopterin emits blue fluorescence. When nodules of ureide-producing legumes were sliced in half and placed in microtiter plate wells containing NAD(+) and pterin, isoxanthopterin was observed after 6 hours of incubation at room temperature. Allopurinol prevented isoxanthopterin production. When slices of amide-producing legume nodules were placed in wells with pterin and NAD(+), no blue fluorescence was observed. The production of NADH by xanthine dehydrogenase does not interfere with the fluorescence of isoxanthopterin. These observations agree with the high specific activity of xanthine dehydrogenase in nodules of ureide-producing legumes and the low activity measured in amide-producing nodules. The wild soybean, Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc., was examined for ureide synthesis. Stems of wild soybean plants had a high ureide abundance with N(2) as sole nitrogen source when nodulated with either Rhizobium fredii or Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Ureide abundance declined when nitrate or ammonium was added to the nutrient solution. Nodule slices of these plants produced isoxanthopterin when incubated with pterin. Nodule crude extracts of G. soja had high levels of xanthine dehydrogenase activity. Both Glycine max and G. soja plants were found to produce ureides when plants were inoculated with fast-growing R. fredii. The two methods described here can be used to discriminate ureide producers from amide producers as well as detect nitrogen-fixing legumes which have altered ureide metabolism. A nodulated legume that lacks xanthine dehydrogenase activity as demonstrated by the pterin assay cannot produce ureides since ureide synthesis has been shown to require xanthine dehydrogenase activity both in vivo and in vitro. A nodulated legume that remains green during allopurinol treatment also lacks ureide synthesis since the leaves of ureide-producing legumes are very chlorotic following allopurinol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Triplett EW, Lending CR, Gumpf DJ, Ware CF. Production, characterization, and applications of monoclonal antibodies reactive with soybean nodule xanthine dehydrogenase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 80:965-71. [PMID: 16664749 PMCID: PMC1075238 DOI: 10.1104/pp.80.4.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Seven monoclonal antibodies were produced against soybean nodule xanthine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in ureide synthesis. Specificity of the seven monoclonal antibodies for xanthine dehydrogenase was demonstrated by immunopurifying the enzyme to homogeneity from a crude nodule extract using antibodies immobilized to Sepharose 4B beads. Each monoclonal antibody was covalently bound to Sepharose 4B beads for the preparation of immunoaffinity columns for each antibody. All seven antibodies were found to be of the IgG1,K subclass. A competitive, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that two of the seven antibodies shared a common epitope while the remaining five antibodies defined unique determinants on the protein. Rapid, large scale purification of active xanthine dehydrogenase to homogeneity was performed by immunoaffinity chromatography. The presence of xanthine dehydrogenase activity and protein in every organ of the soybean plant was determined. Crude extracts of nodules, roots, stems, and leaves cross-reacted with all seven monoclonal antibodies in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of cross-reactivity of a given organ and the level of enzyme activity in that organ. These data demonstrate that xanthine dehydrogenase is not nodule specific. Antigenic variability of xanthine dehydrogenase present in crude extracts from nodules of soybean, wild soybean, cowpea, lima bean, pea, and lupin were detected in the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which corresponded to six binding patterns for xanthine dehydrogenase from these plant species. These results correspond well with the epitope determination data which showed that the seven antibodies bind to six different binding determinants on the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Nguyen J, Machal L, Vidal J, Perrot-Rechenmann C, Gadal P. Immunochemical studies on xanthine dehydrogenase of soybean root nodules : Ontogenic changes in the level of enzyme and immunocytochemical localization. PLANTA 1986; 167:190-195. [PMID: 24241850 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/1985] [Accepted: 08/26/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nguyen
- Institut de Physiologie Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Verma DP, Fortin MG, Stanley J, Mauro VP, Purohit S, Morrison N. Nodulins and nodulin genes of Glycine max. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 7:51-61. [PMID: 24302157 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1986] [Revised: 04/08/1986] [Accepted: 04/16/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nodulins are organ-specific plant proteins induced during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nodulins play both metabolic and structural roles within infected and uninfected nodule cells. In soybean, several nodulin genes, coding for abundant nodulins, have been identified and isolated. Structural analysis of some of these genes has revealed their possible mode of regulation and the subcellar location of the protein product. Studies of ineffective symbiosis based on cultivar-strain genotype differences suggested that both partners influence the expression of nodulin genes. Concomitant with nodule organogenesis, the Rhizobium undergoes substantial differentiation leading to the accumulation of nodule-specific bacterial proteins, bacteroidins. The major structural alteration occuring in the infected cell is the formation of a membrane enclosing the bacteroid (peribacteroid membrane). A number of nodulins are specifically targetted to this membrane during endosymbiosis. The induction of nodulins and bacteroidins leads to the formation of an effective nodule. Nodulin genes can be induced in vitro by factors derived from nodules suggesting that trans-activators may be involved in derepression of the host genes necessary for Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Verma
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue, H3A 1B1, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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