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Combining P and Zn fertilization to enhance yield and grain quality in maize grown on Mediterranean soils. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7427. [PMID: 33795774 PMCID: PMC8016957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of individual and joint fertilization with P and Zn on maize plants grown on typical Mediterranean soils with a limited Zn availability. For this purpose, we examined the effects of P and Zn fertilization individually and in combination on growth, yield and grain protein content in maize grown in pots filled with three different Mediterranean soils (LCV, FER and INM). Phosphorus and Zn translocation to grain was impaired, and aboveground dry matter and yield at harvest reduced by 8–85% (LCV and FER), in plants treated with Zn or P alone relative to unfertilized (control) plants. In contrast, joint fertilization with P and Zn enhanced translocation of these nutrients to grain and significantly increased aboveground dry matter (30% in LCV, 50% in FER and 250% in INM) and grain Zn availability in comparison with control plants. Also, joint application of both nutrients significantly increased grain P (LCV) and Zn (LCV and FER) use efficiency relative P and Zn, respectively, alone. Yield was increased between 31% in LCV and 121% in FER relative to control plants, albeit not significantly. Fertilization with P or Zn significantly influenced the abundance of specific proteins affecting grain quality (viz., storage, lys-rich and cell wall proteins), which were more abundant in mature grains from plants fertilized with Zn alone and, to a lesser extent, P + Zn. Sustainable strategies in agriculture should consider P–Zn interactions in maize grown on soils with a limited availability of Zn, where Zn fertilization is crucial to ensure grain quality.
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Flory AR, Vicuna Requesens D, Devaiah SP, Teoh KT, Mansfield SD, Hood EE. Development of a green binder system for paper products. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:28. [PMID: 23531016 PMCID: PMC3644241 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important for industries to find green chemistries for manufacturing their products that have utility, are cost-effective and that protect the environment. The paper industry is no exception. Renewable resources derived from plant components could be an excellent substitute for the chemicals that are currently used as paper binders. Air laid pressed paper products that are typically used in wet wipes must be bound together so they can resist mechanical tearing during storage and use. The binders must be strong but cost-effective. Although chemical binders are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, the public is demanding products with lower carbon footprints and that are derived from renewable sources. RESULTS In this project, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds were applied to air laid, pressed paper products in order to identify potential renewable green binders that are as strong as the current commercial binders, while being organic and renewable. Each potential green binder was applied to several filter paper strips and tested for strength in the direction perpendicular to the cellulose fibril orientation. Out of the twenty binders surveyed, soy protein, gelatin, zein protein, pectin and Salix lignin provided comparable strength results to a currently employed chemical binder. CONCLUSIONS These organic and renewable binders can be purchased in large quantities at low cost, require minimal reaction time and do not form viscous solutions that would clog sprayers, characteristics that make them attractive to the non-woven paper industry. As with any new process, a large-scale trial must be conducted along with an economic analysis of the procedure. However, because multiple examples of "green" binders were found that showed strong cross-linking activity, a candidate for commercial application will likely be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Flory
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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Yadav MP, Nuñez A, Hicks KB. Isolation, purification, and identification of protein associated with corn fiber gum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:13289-13294. [PMID: 22035048 DOI: 10.1021/jf2035274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Corn fiber gum (CFG), an alkaline hydrogen peroxide extract of the corn kernel milling byproduct "corn fiber", is a proteinaceous arabinoxylan with protein content ranging from ca. 2 to 9% by weight for CFG samples isolated from different corn milling fiber sources. Several studies have suggested that protein associated with CFG could be partly responsible for its excellent emulsifying properties in oil-in-water emulsion systems. Nevertheless, the composition and identity of the protein component has never been determined. In the present study, CFG was deglycosylated by treating with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and the resulting proteins were purified by passage through C18 solid phase extraction cartridges. The proteins were then separated and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein band from the gel was treated with a proteolytic enzyme, chymotrypsin, and the resulting peptides were cleaned using C18 Zip Tip pipet tips and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with automated tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The partial sequences derived from the mass spectrometry analyses of the resulting chymotryptic peptides were found to be similar to the 22-kDa alpha-zein Z1 (az22z1) protein (a major storage protein in corn endosperm) when queried against the primary sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. This is the first report that this hydrophobic protein is associated with CFG and may explain why CFG is an excellent emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P Yadav
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States.
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Lamport DT, Kieliszewski MJ, Chen Y, Cannon MC. Role of the extensin superfamily in primary cell wall architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:11-9. [PMID: 21415277 PMCID: PMC3091064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maura C. Cannon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom (D.T.A.L.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 (M.J.K., Y.C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (M.C.C.)
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Vignols F, José-Estanyol M, Caparrós-Ruiz D, Rigau J, Puigdomènech P. Involvement of a maize proline-rich protein in secondary cell wall formation as deduced from its specific mRNA localization. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:945-952. [PMID: 10344200 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006129703262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A clone encoding a proline-rich protein (ZmPRP) has been obtained from maize root by differential screening of a maturing elongation root cDNA library. The amino acid sequence deduced from the full-length cDNA contains a putative signal peptide and a highly repetitive sequence containing the PEPK motif, indicating that the ZmPRP mRNA may code for a cell wall protein. The PEPK repeat is also found in a previously reported wheat sequence but differs from the repeated sequences found in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and in dicot proline-rich proteins (PRP). In the maize genome, the ZmPRP protein is encoded by a single gene that is expressed in maturing regions of the root, in the hypocotyl and in the pericarp. In these organs, the ZmPRP mRNA accumulates in the xylem and surrounding cells, and in the epidermis. No ZmPRP mRNA was found in the phloem. The pattern of mRNA accumulation is very similar to the one observed for genes coding for proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis and, like most cell wall proteins, ZmPRP synthesis is also induced by wounding. These data support the hypothesis that ZmPRP is a member of a new class of fibrous proteins involved in the secondary cell wall formation in monocot species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vignols
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Abstract
The nature of cell wall proteins is as varied as the many functions of plant cell walls. With the exception of glycine-rich proteins, all are glycosylated and contain hydroxyproline (Hyp). Again excepting glycine-rich proteins, they also contain highly repetitive sequences that can be shared between them. The majority of cell wall proteins are cross-linked into the wall and probably have structural functions, although they may also participate in morphogenesis. On the other hand, arabinogalactan proteins are readily soluble and possibly play a major role in cell-cell interactions during development. The interactions of these proteins between themselves and with other wall components is still unknown, as is how wall components are assembled. The possible functions of cell wall proteins are suggested based on repetitive sequence, localization in the plant body, and the general morphogenetic pattern in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys I. Cassab
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Mexico, Apdo. 510-3 Cuernavaca, Morelia 62250, Mexico; e-mail:
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Saulnier L, Marot C, Chanliaud E, Thibault JF. Cell wall polysaccharide interactions in maize bran. Carbohydr Polym 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Smallwood M, Martin H, Knox JP. An epitope of rice threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein is common to cell wall and hydrophobic plasma-membrane glycoproteins. PLANTA 1995; 196:510-22. [PMID: 7544182 DOI: 10.1007/bf00203651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, LM1, has been derived that has a high affinity for an epitope of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). In suspension-cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells the epitope is carried by three major proteins with different biochemical properties. The most abundant is the 95-kDa extracellular rice extensin, a threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (THRGP) occurring in the cell wall and secreted into the medium. This THRGP can be selectively oxidatively cross-linked in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and an endogenous peroxidase with the result that it does not enter a protein gel. A second polypeptide with the LM1 epitope (180 kDa), also occurring in the suspension-cultured cells and medium, is not oxidatively cross-linked. Three further polypeptides (52, 65 and 110 kDa) with the characteristics of hydrophobic proteins of the plasma-membrane also carry the LM1 epitope as determined by immuno-blotting of detergent/aqueous partitions of a plasma-membrane preparation and immuno-fluorescence studies with rice protoplasts. At the rice root apex the LM1 epitope is carried by four glycoproteins and is developmentally regulated. The major locations of the epitope are at the surface of cells associated with the developing protoxylem and metaxylem in the stele, the longitudinal radial walls of epidermal cells and a sheath-like structure at the surface of the root apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smallwood
- Centre for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Leeds, UK
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11
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Hood EE, Murphy JM, Pendleton RC. Molecular characterization of maize extensin expression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:685-695. [PMID: 8251623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study concerned the developmental regulation of wall-localized, hydroxyproline-containing proteins in maize tissues and organs. Silk and pericarp cell walls contained more peptidyl hydroxyproline than did walls of any vegetative tissue, although all tissues and organs accumulated these proteins as they matured. In many tissues, hydroxyproline-rich proteins are first associated with the wall in a soluble form before being insolubilized through covalent attachment to the matrix. Because hydroxyproline was more soluble earlier than later in development, it appears that insolubilization was occurring in maize tissues and organs as well. Tissue prints reacted with an anti-extensin antibody gave positive results, indicating the presence of a soluble form of this common hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP). Silk and pericarp cells actively synthesized this extensin from abundant transcripts. In vegetative tissues, extensin transcripts were somewhat more abundant in seedlings than in pre-anthesis or mature plants, but levels were much lower than in silk and pericarp. Southern blots of maize genomic DNA indicated that these extensin transcripts are encoded by a small multigene family. Potential roles for extensin in reproductive/protective tissues versus the embryo or vegetative tissues are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hood
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305
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Josè M, Puigdomènech P. Structure and expression of genes coding for structural proteins of the plant cell wall. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1993; 125:259-282. [PMID: 33874499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The best-known protein components of the plant cell wall have highly repetitive, proline-rich sequences. The use of recombinant DNA approaches has enabled complete sequences of these proteins to be determined and features of the expression of the corresponding genes to be examined. These results, coupled with the use of immunological techniques, have shown that proline-rich proteins are interesting probes to study developmental and defence processes in plants. In this review, the sequence and expression of different groups of proline-rich proteins in plants are presented. These groups include hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) or extensins, proline-rich proteins (PRP) and glycine-rich proteins (GRP). The specific features of each group and the possible functions of these proteins are discussed, as well as the data available on the mechanisms controlling the expression of their corresponding genes. Contents Summary 259 I. Introduction 259 II. Hydroxypioline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) 261 III. Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) 270 IV. Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) 274 V. Concluding remarks 277 References 279.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Josè
- Departament de Genètica Molecular. CID-CSIC. Jordi Girona, 18.08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Puigdomènech
- Departament de Genètica Molecular. CID-CSIC. Jordi Girona, 18.08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Murphy JM, Hood EE. Molecular basis for extensin size heterogeneity in two maize varieties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:885-893. [PMID: 8467081 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study concerned the molecular basis for the protein size heterogeneity of extensin from two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. We studied the physical properties of extensin, a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), from the silk and pericarp of Golden X Bantam (GXB) sweet corn and Japanese Hulless (JHL) popcorn. Extensin from GXB has a molecular mass of 66 kDa whereas extensins from JHL have molecular masses of 76 and 66 kDa. Treatment with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to deglycosylate proteins reduced the size of all extensins by 5 kDa. Probing with a 500 bp fragment from a genomic clone of maize extensin identified two transcripts (1.9 and 1.5 kb) on northern blots. JHL contained both transcripts and GXB contained only the 1.5 kb transcript. The probe also hybridized to two larger transcripts (6.2 and 4.5 kb) that were found in both varieties. We immunoprecipitated two proteins (66 and 56 kDa) from translated RNA isolated from JHL and one protein (56 kDa) from GXB. These results demonstrate that these extensins differ in the size of their peptide moiety and not in their extent of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Murphy
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Cassab
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens 45701
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Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM. Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 3:1-30. [PMID: 8401598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.1993.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1773] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in determination of polymer structure and in preservation of structure for electron microscopy provide the best view to date of how polysaccharides and structural proteins are organized into plant cell walls. The walls that form and partition dividing cells are modified chemically and structurally from the walls expanding to provide a cell with its functional form. In grasses, the chemical structure of the wall differs from that of all other flowering plant species that have been examined. Nevertheless, both types of wall must conform to the same physical laws. Cell expansion occurs via strictly regulated reorientation of each of the wall's components that first permits the wall to stretch in specific directions and then lock into final shape. This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells. We provide structural models of two distinct types of walls in flowering plants consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens 45701
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Chay CH, Buehler EG, Thorn JM, Whelan TM, Bedinger PA. Purification of maize pollen exines and analysis of associated proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:756-61. [PMID: 16653056 PMCID: PMC1075623 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.2.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays (maize) pollen exines have been purified with the use of differential centrifugation and sucrose gradients, followed by mild detergent and high salt treatment. The final exine fraction is highly purified from other organelles and subcellular structures as assayed by transmission electron microscopy. Using mature maize pollen as the starting material, 0.2 to 0.3% of the total pollen protein remained associated with the exine fraction throughout the purification. Seven abundant sodium dodecyl sulfate-extractable proteins are detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the final fraction. Amino acid analysis reveals that one of the proteins contains a substantial amount of hydroxyproline, a characteristic of some primary cell wall proteins. The amino acid composition of the 25-kD protein strongly implies that it is an arabinogalactan protein. When exines are purified from earlier pollen developmental stages, a subset of the proteins found in the mature pollen exine is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chay
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
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Josè-Estanyol M, Ruiz-Avila L, Puigdomènech P. A maize embryo-specific gene encodes a proline-rich and hydrophobic protein. THE PLANT CELL 1992; 4:413-23. [PMID: 1498600 PMCID: PMC160141 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.4.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A gene from maize that encodes a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP) formed by two well-defined domains, proline-rich and hydrophobic, respectively, has been characterized at the level of its structure and expression. The proline-rich domain is composed of elements PPYV and PPTPRPS, similar to those found in PRP proteins from soybean. The hydrophobic domain is rich in cysteine and is similar to seed proteins, mainly to a soybean hydrophobic seed protein. In maize, HyPRP is encoded by a single gene, and its mRNA accumulates in immature maize zygotic embryos, with a maximum accumulation between 12 and 18 days after pollination. The HyPRP mRNA can also be detected in ovary prior to pollination. In situ hybridization experiments on embryo sections show an expression of the gene in scutellum and in nonvascular cells from the embryo axis. Functional hypotheses related to HyPRP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Josè-Estanyol
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre d'Investigació i Desenvolupament-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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Ruiz-Avila L, Burgess SR, Stiefel V, Ludevid MD, Puigdomènech P. Accumulation of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein mRNA is an early event in maize embryo cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2414-8. [PMID: 1549604 PMCID: PMC48668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the mRNA coding for a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), an abundant component of the wall from the cells of vegetative tissues, has been observed in maize embryo by in situ hybridization. The HRGP mRNA accumulates in the embryo axis and not in the scutellum and preferentially in dividing and provascular cells. The histone H4 mRNA is distributed in similar tissues but is restricted to defined groups of cells, indicating that these two gene products have a different steady-state level of accumulation during the cell cycle. The HRGP mRNA appears to be a useful marker for early formation of the vascular systems. The mRNA accumulation correlates in space and time with cells having a low content of cellulose in their walls, suggesting that the mRNA is produced in the early stages of cell wall formation before complete deposition of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruiz-Avila
- Departamento de Genètica Molecular, Desarrollo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona, Spain
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Hood KR, Baasiri RA, Fritz SE, Hood EE. Biochemical and tissue print analyses of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in cell walls of sporophytic maize tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:1214-9. [PMID: 16668322 PMCID: PMC1080918 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to understand the role of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) in plant cell wall structure, we studied the distribution and physical properties of PC-1-like proteins (PC-1 being the major pericarp HRGP) throughout sporophytic tissues of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. We determined total amounts of hydroxyproline, an indicator of HRGPs, and did tissue print and Western blot analysis. We found hydroxyproline in cell walls of stems, leaves, roots, tassels, and silks. We also observed reactivity of anti-PC-1 monoclonal antibodies with anatomical prints of these tissues on nitrocellulose paper. Stem nodes and silks contained the most hydroxyproline and exhibited the strongest reaction with the antibody. PC-1 was localized in vascular bundles and the epidermis of stem tissue. However, localization to a specific cell type in the silk could not be determined at the resolution of the tissue print. The stem node protein had the same electrophoretic mobility as the pericarp protein as determined on Western blots prepared from cationic neutral gels. Protein extracts from silk tissues of both varieties studied contained one protein of the same size/charge as that found in pericarp, as well as some minor variant bands. The data presented here document that cell wall proteins are present in many tissues of the maize plant, although they are primarily in cell types contributing to support.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hood
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5305
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Ruiz-Avila L, Ludevid MD, Puigdomènech P. Differential expression of a hydroxyproline-rich cell-wall protein gene in embryonic tissues of Zea mays L. PLANTA 1991; 184:130-6. [PMID: 24193939 DOI: 10.1007/bf00208246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/1990] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) component of the maize cell wall was shown to be present in different organs of the plant by extraction of cell wall proteins and detection by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Antibodies raised against the protein or against synthetic peptides designed from the protein sequence immunoprecipitated a proline-rich polypeptide which was synthesized in-vitro from poly(A) (+) RNA extracted from different tissues of the plant and from the complete in-vitro-transcribed mRNA. A very low amount of the protein was found in immature embryos. In particular, the protein could not be detected in the scutellum either by Western blotting or by immunocytochemistry. In agreement with this finding, HRGP mRNA was barely detected in the scutellum, in contrast to its accumulation in the embryo axis. Our results indicate the existence of a unique cell wall structure in embryonic tissues from maize as well as a tissuespecific component of the control of maize HRGP gene expression, distinct to others already described such as cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruiz-Avila
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Stiefel V, Ruiz-Avila L, Raz R, Pilar Vallés M, Gómez J, Pagés M, Martínez-Izquierdo JA, Ludevid MD, Langdale JA, Nelson T. Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:785-93. [PMID: 2152127 PMCID: PMC159930 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.8.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The spatial pattern of expression for a maize gene encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) was determined by in situ hybridization. During normal development of roots and leaves, the expression of the gene was transient and particularly high in regions initiating vascular elements and associated sclerenchyma. Its expression was also associated with the differentiation of vascular elements in a variety of other tissues. The gene encoded an HRGP that had been extracted from the cell walls of maize suspension culture cells and several other embryonic and post-embryonic tissues. The gene was present in one or two copies in different varieties of maize and in the related monocots teosinte and sorghum. A single gene was cloned from maize using a previously characterized HRGP cDNA clone [Stiefel et al. (1988). Plant Mol. Biol. 11, 483-493]. In addition to the coding sequences for the HRGP and an N-terminal signal sequence, the gene contained a single intron in the nontranslated 3' end.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stiefel
- Departmento de Genética Molecular, CID-CSIC, Barcélona, Spain
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Ludevid MD, Ruiz-Avila L, Vallés MP, Stiefel V, Torrent M, Torné JM, Puigdomènech P. Expression of genes for cell-wall proteins in dividing and wounded tissues ofZea mays L. PLANTA 1990; 180:524-9. [PMID: 24202097 DOI: 10.1007/bf02411450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1989] [Accepted: 10/26/1989] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) fromZea mays have been immunolocalized in the cell wall of root tip cells using ultrathin sections and antibodies ellicited against the purified protein. The accumulation of mRNA corresponding to this protein was studied using the cDNA probe. Maximum accumulation of the mRNA was found in tissues with a high proportion of dividing cells such as those in the root tip of young maize seedlings and a close relationship with cellular division was also observed in in-vitro cultures. However, the level of the mRNA in elongating tissues was minimal, as shown by studies carried out on the elongation zones of root tips and coleoptiles. The mRNA was induced by stress conditions, particularly by wounding young leaves and coleoptiles. It is concluded that in maize this group of proline-rich cell-wall proteins accumulates during cell division and not during cell elongation or differentiation, and participates in the stress-response mechanisms of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Ludevid
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Li XB, Kieliszewski M, Lamport DT. A chenopod extensin lacks repetitive tetrahydroxyproline blocks. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 92:327-33. [PMID: 16667277 PMCID: PMC1062293 DOI: 10.1104/pp.92.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An extensin isolated from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) cell suspension cultures fulfills all criteria for membership of the extensin family save one, notably, lack of the ;diagnostic' pentamer Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp. However, sequence analysis of the major tryptic peptides shows that sugar beet extensin shares a motif in common with tomato extensin P1 but differs by the position of an insertion sequence [X] or [Y] which, in sugar beet, splits the tetrahydroxyproline block: Ser-Hyp-Hyp-[X]-Hyp-Hyp-Thr-Hyp-Val-Tyr-Lys, where [X] is [Val-His-Glu/Lys-Tyr-Pro], while in tomato the insertion sequence [Y] = [Val-Lys-Pro-Tyr-His-Pro] and, when it occurs, immediately follows the tetrahydroxyproline block: Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-[Y]-Thr-Hyp-Val-Tyr-Lys. Based on these data we reinterpret three highly repetitive cDNA sequences, including nodulin N75 from soybean and wound-induced P33 of carrot, as extensins with split tetra(hydroxy)proline blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Li
- D.O.E. Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Characterization of a proline-rich cell wall protein gene family of soybean. A comparative analysis. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kieliszewski MJ, Leykam JF, Lamport DT. Structure of the Threonine-Rich Extensin from Zea mays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 92:316-26. [PMID: 16667276 PMCID: PMC1062292 DOI: 10.1104/pp.92.2.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chymotryptic digestion of a threonine-rich hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (THRGP) purified from the cell surface of a Zea mays cell suspension culture gave a peptide map dominated by the hexadecapeptide TC5: Thr-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Lys-Pro-Hyp-Thr-Pro-Lys-Pro-Thr-Hyp-Hyp-Thr-Tyr, in which the repetitive motif Ser-Hyp-Lys-Pro-Hyp-Thr-Pro-Lys is homologous with the dominant decamer of P1-type dicot extensins: Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Thr-Hyp-Val-Tyr-Lys, modified by a Lys for Hyp substitution at residue 3, a Val-Tyr deletion at residues 8 and 9, and incomplete post-translational modification of proline residues. One of the minor peptides (TC1) contained the 8-residue sequence: Thr-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Tyr corresponding to the C-terminal tail (judging from the recently isolated maize cDNA clone MC56) which is homologous with the major repetitive motif of the ;P3' class of dicot extensins. Direct peptide sequencing defined potential glycosylated regions on the THRGP corresponding to clone MC56 and showing that glycosylated and nonglycosylated domains alternate with high regularity. The THRGP is not in the polyproline-II conformation, judging from circular dichroic spectra, but nevertheless is an extended rod, from electron microscopic data. HF-solvolysis of cell walls from maize coleoptile, root, and root tip released deglycosylated THRGP detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblots with high titer rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the intact THRGP. In a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, these antibodies cross-reacted 20% with tomato P1 extensin, and 18% with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride-deglycosylated P1. These results, together with other previously published data, show that maize THRGP is homologous with the dicot P1 extensins and, as such, is the first extensin isolated from a graminaceous monocot.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kieliszewski
- D.O.E. Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Varner
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Republic of China
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