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Role of hydrodynamics in liquid-liquid transition of a single-component substance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4471-4479. [PMID: 32051252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911544117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid transition (LLT) is an unconventional transition between two liquid states in a single-component system. This phenomenon has recently attracted considerable attention not only because of its counterintuitive nature but also since it is crucial for our fundamental understanding of the liquid state. However, its physical understanding has remained elusive, particularly of the critical dynamics and phase-ordering kinetics. So far, the hydrodynamic degree of freedom, which is the most intrinsic kinetic feature of liquids, has been neglected in its theoretical description. Here we develop a Ginzburg-Landau-type kinetic theory of LLT taking it into account, based on a two-order parameter model. We examine slow critical fluctuations of the nonconserved order parameter coupled to the hydrodynamic degree of freedom in equilibrium. We also study the nonequilibrium process of LLT. We show both analytically and numerically that domain growth becomes faster (slower), depending upon the density decrease (increase) upon the transition, as a consequence of hydrodynamic flow induced by the density change. The coupling between nonconserved order parameter and hydrodynamic interaction results in anomalous domain growth in both nucleation-growth-type and spinodal-decomposition-type LLT. Our study highlights the characteristic features of hydrodynamic fluctuations and phase ordering during LLT under complex interplay among conserved and nonconserved order parameters and the hydrodynamic transport intrinsic to the liquid state.
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Impact of phase separation morphology on release mechanism of amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104955. [PMID: 31199980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can phase separate in the gel phase during dissolution, lowering the chemical potential and thus the driving force for drug release. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between amorphous phase separation in the hydrated ASD and its resulting release rate. Poorly soluble model compounds - indomethacin (IND) and ritonavir (RTV) - were formulated as ASDs using PVP as carrier. Rotating disk dissolution studies with varying drug loading levels of IND-PVP and RTV-PVP showed that the drug release was fastest at an intermediate drug loading level. This was in part due to faster erosion of the ASD at lower drug loading levels. More interestingly, at low drug loading levels, PVP and the drug co-eroded, while at high drug loading levels, PVP was released preferentially. In the case of RTV-PVP, the loading level corresponding to this transition was correlated with the change in phase separation morphology as probed by confocal fluorescence imaging studies. At low drug loading levels, the hydrophobic domains were discrete domains while at high drug loading levels, hydrophobic domains were continuous. Our results suggest that at low drug loadings, release is mediated by erosion of the polymer along with embedded drug rich droplets, whereas at high drug loadings, formation of a drug-rich domain continuous morphology leads to preferential release of the polymer-rich domains. The transition from hydrophobic discrete to hydrophobic continuous morphology occurs at the percolation threshold. We discuss the two mechanisms of phase separation and its impact on the drug release from ASDs in the context of the ternary phase diagram.
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Concentration fluctuations in the early stages of LLPS and partial dissolution of melt-memory in broadly distributed ethylene copolymers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Determination of thermodynamic and structural quantities of polymers by scattering techniques. PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Scattering techniques (i.e. light scattering, X-ray scattering, or neutron scattering) are very powerful tools to gain insights into structural and thermodynamic properties of matter which often cannot be obtained by other methods. While classical thermodynamics is independent of length scale or applies for indefinitely long length scale, scattering can disclose thermodynamic properties like the free energy or free enthalpy as functions of length scale. Scattering is caused by density or composition fluctuations, which are functions of the length scale in one- or multicomponent systems. Therefore scattering techniques can give informations about the size, shape and molecular weight of scattering objects, their thermodynamic interactions with a surrounding matrix and their dynamics if correlations of the fluctuations as function of time are investigated (i.e. dynamic light scattering). As scattering techniques are less intuitive in comparison to complementary techniques, i.e. microscopic techniques, the aim of this article is to highlight some relevant relationships with a focus on polymer systems. This may encourage polymer scientists to consider the use of scattering techniques to learn more about the thermodynamics of their systems and/or to gain informations about their structural properties.
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6
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Effects of the phases and the sizes of disperse particles on the elastic moduli of composites based on polymer mixtures. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x1505003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Evolution of concentration fluctuation during phase separation in polymer blends with viscoelastic asymmetry. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Suppressing phase coarsening in immiscible polymer blends using nano-silica particles located at the interface. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coalescence suppressing effect of nanoparticles at the interface of polymer blends.
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9
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Hierarchical coarsening in the late stage of viscoelastic phase separation. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2649-2655. [PMID: 24647681 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52713a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coarsening is a general phenomenon in phase separating mixtures. In this study, we report a hierarchical coarsening at different length scales. Dispersed domains grew by direct combination of two/three small ones while some small domains can survive for a long time. The small angle laser light scattering showed that the scattered intensity exhibited multiple "decay-growth" transitions in the coarsening process. The evolution of the main peak gave a characteristic power law index of about -3/4, which is much faster than the -1/3 relationship from the traditional theories. We propose that relaxation and hydrodynamic flow play important roles in this process.
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10
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Development of CO2 Separation Membrane with Poly(amido amine) Dendrimer. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Consequences of surface neutralization in diblock copolymer thin films. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9905-9919. [PMID: 24131385 DOI: 10.1021/nn403616r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two high-χ block copolymers, lamella-forming poly(styrene-block-[isoprene-random-epoxyisoprene]) (PS-PEI78, with 78 mol % epoxidation) and lamella-forming poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene-block-d,l-lactide) (PTMSS-PLA), were used to study three combinations of interfacial neutrality involving at least one neutral interface. PS-PEI78 annealed on a nonpreferential polymer mat (SMG) produced perpendicular lamellae independent of film thickness, indicating a neutral substrate and neutral free surface. In contrast, the presence of only one neutral interface results in the formation of surface topography ("islands" and "holes") with 0.5L0 step heights. PS-PEI78 (neutral free surface) annealed on PS brush (PS block preferential) forms "half" islands and holes. The inverse experiment, PTMSS-PLA (with a PTMSS preferential free surface) annealed on a neutral (or near neutral) substrate surface, also generates 0.5L0 topography. These "half" island and hole structures are stable to extended thermal annealing. PS-PEI78 exposes both blocks at the free surface in contrast to PTMSS-PLA, which exposes just one. All three combinations of interfacial neutrality are explained by the precise balancing of the wetting tendencies of the two blocks. Evolution of the 0.5L0 motifs appears to be facilitated by a preference to form half-period thick nuclei in the initial stages of morphological development.
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12
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Effect of Protein-like Copolymers Composition on the Phase Separation Dynamics of a Polymer Blend: A Monte Carlo Simulation. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400187u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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14
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Phase Separation Dynamics for a Polymer Blend Compatibilized by Protein-like Copolymers: A Monte Carlo Simulation. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2014832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Direct measurement of interface anisotropy of bicontinuous structures via 3D image analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14284-14293. [PMID: 20712356 DOI: 10.1021/la102314r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A very important morphological parameter in two-phase fluids is the interface anisotropy, which can be quantified using the interface tensor, q(ij). However, the computation of this tensor for complex interfaces is not straightforward. A novel method (the local cross product method, LCPM) to compute the interface tensor of two-phase fluids using 3D imaging coupled with differential geometry is presented here. The method was used to evaluate the degree of anisotropy of phase separated systems with bicontinuous morphologies subjected to uniaxial and shear deformation fields. A model bicontinuous structure (i.e., the gyroid surface) was used to assess the accuracy and precision of the method. The method was then used to track the anisotropy changes of an immiscible polymer blend with cocontinuous morphology, during uniaxial deformation and subsequent retraction. It was found that the dependence of the anisotropy on the Hencky strain of both the gyroid surface and the cocontinuous blend follow the same trend. The retraction of the blend after uniaxial extension is accompanied by an exponential decay of the second invariant of q(ij), which obeys the relation: |II(q)|/Q(2) approximately e(-0.129t).
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Templating multiple length scales by combining phase separation, self-assembly and photopatterning in porous films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 328:374-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Three-dimensional observation of phase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene-ran-4-bromostylene) blends by 3D NMR microscopy with X-ray microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Reaction-induced phase separation of pseudo-interpenetrating polymer networks in polydisperse polymer blends: A simulation study. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144903. [PMID: 16238420 DOI: 10.1063/1.2038708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a minimal model for the process of reaction-induced phase separation in a polydisperse polymer blend. During the reaction, one component undergoes polymerization, leading to phase separation via spinodal decomposition. The effect that changing the final degree of polymerization has on the phase-separation process is studied. Finally an elastic energy term is included mimicking the cross-linking process and the generation of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network. We show that the scaling of the dominant lengthscale with time varies according to the reaction conditions.
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21
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“Mechanics” of Molecular Assembly: Real-Time and In-Situ Analysis of Nano-to-Mesoscopic Scale Hierarchical Structures and Nonequilibrium Phenomena. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Phase separation in blends of linear polymers formed in situ
according to different mechanisms. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Observation of Fine Structure in Bicontinuous Phase-Separated Domains of a Polymer Blend by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010190d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Interface between a Polysulfone and Polyamide As Studied by Combined Neutron Reflectivity and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Techniques. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000661g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Investigation and Retardation of the Dewetting on Top of Highly Viscous Amorphous Substrates. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Homogenization Mechanism of Spinodally Decomposed Polymer Blends via Baker's Transformation. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Morphological characterization of bicontinuous structures in polymer blends and microemulsions by the inverse-clipping method in the context of the clipped-random-wave model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:6773-6780. [PMID: 11088372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed to determine the spectral function of the clipped-random-wave (CRW) model directly from scattering data. The spectral function f(k) (k is a wave number) gives the distribution of the magnitude of wave vectors of the sinusoidal waves that describes the essential features of the two-phase morphology. The proposed method involves "inverse clipping" of a correlation function to obtain f(k) and does not require any a priori assumptions for f(k). A critical test of the applicability of the inverse-clipping method was carried out by using three-component bicontinuous microemulsions. The method was then used to determine f(k) of the bicontinuous structure of a phase-separating polymer blend. f(k) for the polymer blend turned out to be a multipeaked function, while f(k) for the microemulsions exhibits a single broad maximum representing periodicity of the morphology. These results indicate the presence of the long-range regularity in the morphology of the polymer blend. Three-dimensional (3D) morphology corresponding to the scattering data of the polymer blend was generated using the CRW model together with the multipeaked f(k). Interface curvatures of the 3D morphology calculated from f(k) were measured and compared with those experimentally determined directly from the laser scanning confocal microscopy in the same blend.
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28
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Phase-Separation Structure of a Monolayer of Binary Polymer Blend Studied by Fluorescence Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992228i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Ordering Dynamics of a Symmetric Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene. 2. Real-Space Analysis on the Formation of Lamellar Microdomain. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980037s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Monte Carlo simulation of the phase separation dynamics of polymer blends in the presence of block copolymers. IV. Effects of chain length and composition of repulsive block copolymer. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Sponge-like structures and their Gaussian curvatures in polymer mixtures and microemulsions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01189504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Real Space Analysis of the Structural Evolution of a Polymer Blend via Spinodal Decomposition. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970258i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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34
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Morphological Characterization of Bicontinuous Phase-Separated Polymer Blends and One-Phase Microemulsions. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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36
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37
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Process and Mechanism of Phase Separation in Polymer Mixtures with a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Copolyester as One Component. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9512768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Structural evolution and microscopic interactions in a three‐component amphiphilic microemulsion system. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Correlation between shear viscosity and anisotropic domain growth during spinodal decomposition under shear flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:3576-3579. [PMID: 10059621 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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40
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Simulation of phase ordering kinetics in conserved scalar systems with long-range interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:1629-1634. [PMID: 9962135 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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41
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Late stage dynamics of phase separation processes of binary mixtures containing surfactants. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Time‐resolved small‐angle neutron scattering study of spinodal decomposition in deuterated and protonated polybutadiene blends. II. Q‐dependence of Onsager kinetic coefficient. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Monte Carlo study of phase separation in critical polymer blends. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:3705-3711. [PMID: 9961027 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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44
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Spontaneous pinning of domain growth during spinodal decomposition of off‐critical polymer mixtures. II. Scaling analysis. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Kinetics of spinodal decomposition in a polymer mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:1132-1138. [PMID: 9960115 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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46
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Dynamic scaling behavior of spinodal decomposition in a critical mixture of 2,5‐hexanediol and benzene. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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48
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Scattering studies of self‐assembling processes of polymer blends in spinodal decomposition. II. Temperature dependence. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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