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Schroeder ZW, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Chalifoux WA, Tykwinski RR, Lehnherr D. Pentacenones as Divergent Intermediates to Unsymmetrically Substituted Pentacenes: Synthesis and Crystallographic Analysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16236-16249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Tykwinski RR. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of Pentacene for Materials Applications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2056-2069. [PMID: 31310504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pentacene shows unique electronic properties that have long been appreciated and exploited. Over the past 20 years, new synthetic schemes have been developed to address some of the problems encountered with pristine pentacene (e.g., stability and solubility), and pentacene derivatives have become a mainstay in the realm of organic semiconductors in applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics. At the onset of our work, the vast majority of known pentacene derivatives featured a symmetrical structure, often as the result of synthetic protocols that rely on nucleophilic additions to 6,13-pentacenequinone (PQ). The assembly of pentacenes featuring an unsymmetrical framework held great appeal, but the stepwise formation of derivatives, in which a specific function might be incorporated through each individual addition step, did not exist. This Account presents contributions from our lab and others to the synthesis and study of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. PQ offers an ideal platform for desymmetrization through the sequential addition of nucleophiles to each of the two ketone groups. Addition can be completed in a one-pot protocol, or through individual steps in which the product of the first addition is isolated and used as a precursor in the divergent synthesis of a series of structurally related molecules. This general approach has been used to assemble pentacene derivatives appended with alkynyl/aryl/alkyl groups, polarized frameworks via substitution with donor and/or acceptor groups, and conjugated oligomers linked by butadiynyl moieties. Stepwise substitution also provides derivatives with remarkable functionality, including pentacene-porphyrin dyads, pendent TEMPO free radicals, cyanoacrylic acid anchor groups (for incorporation into dye-sensitized solar cells), and derivatives with ambipolar behavior for OFET devices. The study of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) has emerged as one of the most fruitful applications of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. SF involves the spontaneous splitting of a photoexcited singlet state (S1) in one chromophore into a pair of triplets (T1) shared with a neighboring chromophore. Pentacene derivatives are particularly well suited for this since E(S1) ≥ 2E(T1) satisfies the thermodynamic requirements for SF, and they have the additional feature that two chromophores can be tethered together by a "spacer" that allows spectroscopic studies of iSF to be done in dilute solution. From a synthetic perspective, the major advantage of the dimeric structure is the ability to modify the spacer, which allows for control over the distance, geometric relationship, and electronic coupling between the two pentacene groups. Dimeric pentacenes are central to providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of SF, often providing advances not possible from measurements in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Waterloo AR, Sale AC, Lehnherr D, Hampel F, Tykwinski RR. Aryl substitution of pentacenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1692-705. [PMID: 25161729 PMCID: PMC4142869 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 11 new pentacene derivatives has been synthesized, with unsymmetrical substitution based on a trialkylsilylethynyl group at the 6-position and various aryl groups appended to the 13-position. The electronic and physical properties of the new pentacene chromophores have been analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy (solution and thin films), thermoanalytical methods (DSC and TGA), cyclic voltammetry, as well as X-ray crystallography (for 8 derivatives). X-ray crystallography has been specifically used to study the influence of unsymmetrical substitution on the solid-state packing of the pentacene derivatives. The obtained results add to our ability to better predict substitution patterns that might be helpful for designing new semiconductors for use in solid-state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Waterloo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Chiara Sale
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Strinitz F, Waterloo A, Tucher J, Hübner E, Tykwinski RR, Burzlaff N. Allenylidene Complexes Based on Pentacenequinone. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Strinitz
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, http://https://www.chemie.uni‐erlangen.de/dcp/forschung/arbeitskreise/arbeitskreis‐burzlaff/
| | - Andreas Waterloo
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Tucher
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, http://https://www.chemie.uni‐erlangen.de/dcp/forschung/arbeitskreise/arbeitskreis‐burzlaff/
| | - Eike Hübner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Clausthal, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Burzlaff
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, http://https://www.chemie.uni‐erlangen.de/dcp/forschung/arbeitskreise/arbeitskreis‐burzlaff/
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Lehnherr D, Murray A, McDonald R, Ferguson M, Tykwinski R. Pentacene-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Dyads with Cofacial Solid-State Ï-Stacking. Chemistry 2009; 15:12580-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lehnherr D, Gao J, Hegmann FA, Tykwinski RR. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Conjugated Pentacene Dimers. Org Lett 2008; 10:4779-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801886h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada, and Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada, and Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Frank A. Hegmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada, and Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada, and Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
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Lehnherr D, McDonald R, Tykwinski RR. Exploring electronically polarized pentacenes. Org Lett 2008; 10:4163-6. [PMID: 18763787 DOI: 10.1021/ol801464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrically functionalized pentacenes with electron-rich and/or -poor substituents at the 6- and 13-positions were synthesized. The electronic influence was evaluated by solution-state UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopies. These materials exhibit good solubility in common organic solvents and are stable in the presence of air and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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