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Parambil PC, Perumal SSRR. On the instability of iodides of heavy main group atoms in their higher oxidation state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6306-6315. [PMID: 36779269 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inert pair effect-the tendency of the s orbital of heavy atoms to stay unreactive, is a consequence of the relativistic contraction of the s orbitals. While the manifestations of this on the reactivity depend on the nature of the substituents, this aspect is often overlooked. Divalent Pb prefers inorganic substituents, whereas tetravalent Pb prefers organic substituents. Among the inorganic substituents, again there are specific preferences-tetravalent Pb prefers F and Cl more than Br and I. It is as though the relativistic contraction of the s orbital of Pb is more significant with Br and I substituents than with Cl, F, and alkyl substituents. Herein, we address this problem using the molecular orbital approach and support it with quasi-relativistic density functional computations. We explain why typical hypervalent systems, like 12-X-6, and 10-X-5 (X is a heavy atom, the number preceding X is the number of valence electrons surrounding X, and the number after X is the coordination number) with less electronegative substituents carrying a lone pair (such as iodine), and Lewis octet molecules like PbI4 are unstable, but their dianions (14-X-6, 12-X-5, PbI42-) are not. For heavy atoms, the relativistic contraction of the s orbital renders the antibonding combination of s with ligand orbitals (σ1*) very low-lying, making it a good acceptor of electrons. Thus, compounds where σ1* is empty are kinetically unstable when an electron donor with appropriate energy (such as the lone pair on iodine or bromine) is present in the vicinity. Donor-acceptor interaction between σ1* and the lone pair on I or Br (F and Cl lone pairs are energetically far away from σ1*) is responsible for the instability of such compounds. The kinetic stability of tetraalkyl lead compounds is due to the absence of lone pairs on the alkyl substituents. This work illustrates the key factor responsible for the instability of heavy element iodides by taking into consideration the covalent nature of the bonds, while the existing explanations assume a purely ionic bonding, which is an oversimplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathya S R R Perumal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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2
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Vasileiadou ES, Jiang X, Kepenekian M, Even J, De Siena MC, Klepov VV, Friedrich D, Spanopoulos I, Tu Q, Tajuddin IS, Weiss EA, Kanatzidis MG. Thick-Layer Lead Iodide Perovskites with Bifunctional Organic Spacers Allylammonium and Iodopropylammonium Exhibiting Trap-State Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6390-6409. [PMID: 35378979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the organic cation in two-dimensional (2D) hybrid lead iodide perovskites tailors the structural and technological features of the resultant material. Herein, we present three new homologous series of (100) lead iodide perovskites with the organic cations allylammonium (AA) containing an unsaturated C═C group and iodopropylammonium (IdPA) containing iodine on the organic chain: (AA)2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 3-4), [(AA)x(IdPA)1-x]2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1-4), and (IdPA)2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1-4), as well as their perovskite-related substructures. We report the in situ transformation of AA organic layers into IdPA and the incorporation of these cations simultaneously into the 2D perovskite structure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 crystallizes in the space group P21/c with a unique inorganic layer offset (0, <1/2), comprising the first example of n = 3 halide perovskite with a monoammonium cation that deviates from the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) halide structure type. (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10 and the alloyed [(AA)x(IdPA)1-x]2MA2Pb3I10 crystallize in the RP structure, both in space group P21/c. The adjacent I···I interlayer distance in (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 is ∼5.6 Å, drawing the [Pb3I10]4- layers closer together among all reported n = 3 RP lead iodides. (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 presents band-edge absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission at around 2.0 eV that is slightly red-shifted in comparison to (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10. The band structure calculations suggest that both (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 and (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10 have in-plane effective masses around 0.04m0 and 0.08m0, respectively. IdPA cations have a greater dielectric contribution than AA. The excited-state dynamics investigated by transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveal a long-lived (∼100 ps) trap state ensemble with broad-band emission; our evidence suggests that these states appear due to lattice distortions induced by the incorporation of IdPA cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia S Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON, UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michael C De Siena
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vladislav V Klepov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Imra S Tajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Ruddlesden-Popper 2D perovskites of type (C 6H 9C 2H 4NH 3) 2(CH 3NH 3) n-1Pb nI 3n+1 (n = 1-4) for optoelectronic applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2176. [PMID: 35140250 PMCID: PMC8828857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phase metal halide organo perovskites are being extensively studied due to their quasi-two dimensional (2D) nature which makes them an excellent material for several optoelectronic device applications such as solar cells, photo-detectors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers etc. While most of reports show use of linear carbon chain based organic moiety, such as n-Butylamine, as organic spacer in RP perovskite crystal structure, here we report a new series of quasi 2D perovskites with a ring type cyclic carbon group as organic spacer forming RP perovskite of type (CH)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1; CH = 2-(1-Cyclohexenyl)ethylamine; MA = Methylamine). This work highlights the synthesis, structural, thermal, optical and optoelectronic characterizations for the new RP perovskite series n = 1–4. The demonstrated RP perovskite of type for n = 1–4 have shown formation of highly crystalline thin films with alternate stacking of organic and inorganic layers, where the order of PbI6 octahedron layering are controlled by n-value, and shown uniform direct bandgap tunable from 2.51 eV (n = 1) to 1.92 eV (n = 4). The PL lifetime measurements supported the fact that lifetime of charge carriers increase with n-value of RP perovskites [154 ps (n = 1) to 336 ps (n = 4)]. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed highly stable nature of reported RP perovskites with linear increase in phase transition temperatures from 257 °C (n = 1) to 270 °C (n = 4). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) are used to investigate the surface morphology and elemental compositions of thin films. In addition, the photodetectors fabricated for the series using (CH)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 RP perovskite as active absorbing layer and without any charge transport layers, shown sharp photocurrent response from 17 nA/cm2 for n = 1 to 70 nA/cm2 for n = 4, under zero bias and low power illumination conditions (470 nm LED, 1.5 mW/cm2). Furthermore, for lowest bandgap RP perovskite n = 4, (CH)2MA3Pb4I13 the photodetector showed maximum photocurrent density of ~ 508 nA/cm2 at 3 V under similar illumination condition, thus giving fairly large responsivity (46.65 mA/W). Our investigations show that 2-(1-Cyclohexenyl)ethylamine based RP perovskites can be potential solution processed semiconducting materials for optoelectronic applications such as photo-detectors, solar cells, LEDs, photobatteries etc.
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Lyu R, Moore CE, Liu T, Yu Y, Wu Y. Predictive Design Model for Low-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites Assisted by Machine Learning. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12766-12776. [PMID: 34357756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional organic-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted interest for their properties in exciton dynamics, broad-band emission, magnetic spin selectivity. However, there is no quantitative model for predicting the structure-directing effect of organic cations on the dimensionality of these low-dimensional perovskites. Here, we report a machine learning (ML)-assisted approach to predict the dimensionality of lead iodide-based perovskites. A literature review reveals 86 reported amines that are classified into "2D"-forming and "non-2D"-forming based on the dimensionality of their perovskites. Machining learning models were trained and tested based on the classification and descriptor features of these ammonium cations. Four structural features, including steric effect index, eccentricity, largest ring size, and hydrogen-bond donor, have been identified as the key controlling factors. On the basis of these features, a quantified equation is created to calculate the probability of forming 2D perovskite for a selected amine. To further illustrate its predicting capability, the built model is applied to several untested amines, and the predicted dimensionality is verified by growing single crystals of perovskites from these amines. This work represents a step toward predicting the crystal structures of low dimensional hybrid halide perovskites using ML as a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yongze Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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McNulty JA, Lightfoot P. Structural chemistry of layered lead halide perovskites containing single octahedral layers. IUCRJ 2021; 8:485-513. [PMID: 34258000 PMCID: PMC8256700 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521005418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive review of the structural chemistry of hybrid lead halides of stoichiometry APbX 4, A 2PbX4 or A A'PbX 4, where A and A' are organic ammonium cations and X = Cl, Br or I. These compounds may be considered as layered perovskites, containing isolated, infinite layers of corner-sharing PbX 4 octahedra separated by the organic species. First, over 250 crystal structures were extracted from the CCDC and classified in terms of unit-cell metrics and crystal symmetry. Symmetry mode analysis was then used to identify the nature of key structural distortions of the [PbX 4]∞ layers. Two generic types of distortion are prevalent in this family: tilting of the octahedral units and shifts of the inorganic layers relative to each other. Although the octahedral tilting modes are well known in the crystallography of purely inorganic perovskites, the additional layer-shift modes are shown to enormously enrich the structural options available in layered hybrid perovskites. Some examples and trends are discussed in more detail in order to show how the nature of the interlayer organic species can influence the overall structural architecture; although the main aim of the paper is to encourage workers in the field to make use of the systematic crystallographic methods used here to further understand and rationalize their own compounds, and perhaps to be able to design-in particular structural features in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. McNulty
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Lightfoot
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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6
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Mao L, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. Two-Dimensional Hybrid Halide Perovskites: Principles and Promises. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1171-1190. [PMID: 30399319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid halide perovskites have become the "next big thing" in emerging semiconductor materials, as the past decade witnessed their successful application in high-performance photovoltaics. This resurgence has encompassed enormous and widespread development of the three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, spearheaded by CH3NH3PbI3. The next generation of halide perovskites, however, is characterized by reduced dimensionality perovskites, emphasizing the two-dimensional (2D) perovskite derivatives which expand the field into a more diverse subgroup of semiconducting hybrids that possesses even higher tunability and excellent photophysical properties. In this Perspective, we begin with a historical flashback to early reports before the "perovskite fever", and we follow this original work to its fruition in the present day, where 2D halide perovskites are in the spotlight of current research, offering characteristics desirable in high-performance optoelectronics. We approach the evolution of 2D halide perovskites from a structural perspective, providing a way to classify the diverse structure types of the materials, which largely dictate the unusual physical properties observed. We sort the 2D hybrid halide perovskites on the basis of two key components: the inorganic layers and their modification, and the organic cation diversity. As these two heterogeneous components blend, either by synthetic manipulation (shuffling the organic cations or inorganic elements) or by application of external stimuli (temperature and pressure), the modular perovskite structure evolves to construct crystallographically defined quantum wells (QWs). The complex electronic structure that arises is sensitive to the structural features that could be in turn used as a knob to control the dielectric and optical properties the QWs. We conclude this Perspective with the most notable achievements in optoelectronic devices that have been demonstrated to date, with an eye toward future material discovery and potential technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Mao
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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7
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Ahmad S, George C, Beesley DJ, Baumberg JJ, De Volder M. Photo-Rechargeable Organo-Halide Perovskite Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1856-1862. [PMID: 29425044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging autonomous electronic devices require increasingly compact energy generation and storage solutions. Merging these two functionalities in a single device would significantly increase their volumetric performance, however this is challenging due to material and manufacturing incompatibilities between energy harvesting and storage materials. Here we demonstrate that organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites can both generate and store energy in a rechargeable device termed a photobattery. This photobattery relies on highly photoactive two-dimensional lead halide perovskites to simultaneously achieve photocharging and Li-ion storage. Integrating these functionalities provides simple autonomous power solutions while retaining capacities of up to 100 mAh/g and efficiencies similar to electrodes using a mixture of batteries and solar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ahmad
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Chandramohan George
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - David J Beesley
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Michael De Volder
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
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Ahmad S, Kanaujia P, Beeson HJ, Abate A, Deschler F, Credgington D, Steiner U, Prakash GV, Baumberg JJ. Strong Photocurrent from Two-Dimensional Excitons in Solution-Processed Stacked Perovskite Semiconductor Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25227-36. [PMID: 26497547 PMCID: PMC4666456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature photocurrent measurements in two-dimensional (2D) inorganic-organic perovskite devices reveal that excitons strongly contribute to the photocurrents despite possessing binding energies over 10 times larger than the thermal energies. The p-type (C6H9C2H4NH3)2PbI4 liberates photocarriers at metallic Schottky aluminum contacts, but incorporating electron- and hole-transport layers enhances the extracted photocurrents by 100-fold. A further 10-fold gain is found when TiO2 nanoparticles are directly integrated into the perovskite layers, although the 2D exciton semiconducting layers are not significantly disrupted. These results show that strong excitonic materials may be useful as photovoltaic materials despite high exciton binding energies and suggest mechanisms to better understand the photovoltaic properties of the related three-dimensional perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ahmad
- Nanophotonics Laboratory,
Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - Pawan
K. Kanaujia
- Nanophotonics Laboratory,
Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Harry J. Beeson
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Antonio Abate
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Felix Deschler
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Dan Credgington
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Chemin des
Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - G. Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Laboratory,
Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
- E-mail:
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
- E-mail:
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Touati MEM, Elleuch S, Boughzala H. Synthesis and structural studies of a new complex of catena-poly[p-anisidinium [[diiodidobismu-thate(III)]-di-μ-iodido] dihydrate]. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:1352-5. [PMID: 26594509 PMCID: PMC4645070 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015019489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new organic-inorganic hybrid material, {(C7H10NO)[BiI4]·2H2O} n , has been synthesized by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution at room temperature. The anionic sublattice of the crystal is built up by [BiI6] octa-hedra sharing edges. The resulting zigzag chains extend along the a-axis direction and are arranged in a distorted hexagonal rod packing. The p-anisidinium cations and the water mol-ecules are located in the voids of the anionic sublattice. The cations are linked to each other through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the water mol-ecules, and also through weaker N-H⋯I inter-actions to the anionic inorganic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Mehdi Touati
- Laboratoire de Matériaux et Cristallochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S. Elleuch
- Laboratoire de Physique appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, 3018 BP 802, Tunisia
| | - Habib Boughzala
- Laboratoire de Matériaux et Cristallochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II Tunis, Tunisia
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Ahmad S, Kanaujia P, Niu W, Baumberg JJ, Vijaya Prakash G. In situ intercalation dynamics in inorganic-organic layered perovskite thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10238-47. [PMID: 24905435 PMCID: PMC4092025 DOI: 10.1021/am501568j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of layered inorganic semiconductors can be manipulated by the insertion of foreign molecular species via a process known as intercalation. In the present study, we investigate the phenomenon of organic moiety (R-NH3I) intercalation in layered metal-halide (PbI2)-based inorganic semiconductors, leading to the formation of inorganic-organic (IO) perovskites [(R-NH3)2PbI4]. During this intercalation strong resonant exciton optical transitions are created, enabling study of the dynamics of this process. Simultaneous in situ photoluminescence (PL) and transmission measurements are used to track the structural and exciton evolution. On the basis of the experimental observations, a model is proposed which explains the process of IO perovskite formation during intercalation of the organic moiety through the inorganic semiconductor layers. The interplay between precursor film thickness and organic solution concentration/solvent highlights the role of van der Waals interactions between the layers, as well as the need for maintaining stoichiometry during intercalation. Nucleation and growth occurring during intercalation matches a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model, with results fitting both ideal and nonideal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ahmad
- Nanophotonics
Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Pawan
K. Kanaujia
- Nanophotonics
Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Wendy Niu
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - G. Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics
Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
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11
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Lemmerer A, Billing DG. Effect of heteroatoms in the inorganic–organic layered perovskite-type hybrids [(ZCnH2nNH3)2PbI4], n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Z = OH, Br and I; and [(H3NC2H4S2C2H4NH3)PbI4]. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b917824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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