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Kumar SS, Athimoolam S, Sridhar B. XRD, vibrational spectra and quantum chemical studies of an anticancer drug: 6-Mercaptopurine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 146:204-213. [PMID: 25813177 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The single crystal of the hydrated anticancer drug, 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), has been grown by slow evaporation technique under room temperature. The structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The vibrational spectral analysis was carried out using Laser Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range of 3300-100 and 4000-400 cm(-1). The single crystal X-ray studies shows that the crystal packing is dominated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N classical hydrogen bonds leading to a hydrogen bonded ensemble. This classical hydrogen bonds were further connected through O-H⋯S hydrogen bond to form two primary ring R4(4)(16) and R4(4)(12) motifs. These two primary ring motifs are interlinked with each other to build a ladder like structure. These ladders are connected through N-H⋯N hydrogen bond along c-axis of the unit cell through chain C(5) motifs. Further, the strength of the hydrogen bonds is studied through vibrational spectral measurements. The shifting of bands due to the intermolecular interactions was also analyzed in the solid crystalline state. Geometrical optimizations of the drug molecule were done by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the B3LYP function and Hartree-Fock (HF) level with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized molecular geometry and computed vibrational spectra are compared with experimental results which show significant agreement. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out to interpret hyperconjugative interaction and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The chemical hardness, electro-negativity and chemical potential of the molecule are carried out by HOMO-LUMO plot. In which, the frontier orbitals has lower band gap value indicating the possible pharmaceutical activity of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil 629 004, India
| | - S Athimoolam
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil 629 004, India.
| | - B Sridhar
- Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500 007 Hyderabad, India
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Lichtenberg D, Bergmann F, Neiman Z. New Observations on Tautomerism and Ionization Processes in Hypoxanthines and 6-Thiopurines. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maliňáková K, Novosadová L, Lahtinen M, Kolehmainen E, Brus J, Marek R. 13C Chemical Shift Tensors in Hypoxanthine and 6-Mercaptopurine: Effects of Substitution, Tautomerism, and Intermolecular Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1985-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Maliňáková
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Novosadová
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manu Lahtinen
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erkki Kolehmainen
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brus
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Marek
- National Center for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sochacka J, Kowalska A. Comparison of calculated values of the lipophilicity of 2,6-disubstituted 7-methylpurines with values determined by RPTLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The studies of tautomerism in 6-mercaptopurine derivatives by 1H–13C, 1H–15N NMR and 13C, 15N CPMAS-experimental and quantum chemical approach. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Szeghalmi AV, Leopold L, Pînzaru S, Chis V, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Schmitt M, Popp J, Kiefer W. Adsorption of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-mercaptopurine-ribosideon silver colloid: A pH-dependent surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory study. II. 6-mercaptopurine-riboside. Biopolymers 2005; 78:298-310. [PMID: 15832317 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to characterize the interaction of 6-mercaptopurine-ribose (6MPR), an active drug used in chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with a model biological substrate at therapeutic concentrations and as function of the pH value. Therefore, a detailed vibrational analysis of crystalline and solvated (6MPR) based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of the thion and thiol tautomers has been performed. 6MPR adopts the thion tautomeric form in the polycrystalline state. The SERS spectra of 6MPR and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) recorded on silver colloid provided evidence that the ribose derivative shows different adsorption behavior compared with the free base. Under acidic conditions, the adsorption of 6MPR on the metal surface via the N7 and possibly S atoms was proposed to have a perpendicular orientation, while 6MP is probably adsorbed through the N9 and N3 atoms. Under basic conditions both molecules are adsorbed through the N1 and possibly S atoms, but 6MP has a more tilted orientation on the silver colloidal surface while 6MPR adopts a perpendicular orientation. The reorientation of the 6MPR molecule on the surface starts at pH 8 while in the case of 6MP the reorientation starts around pH 6. Under basic conditions, the presence of the anionic molecular species for both molecules is suggested. The deprotonation of 6MP is completed at pH 8 while the deprotonation of the riboside is finished at pH 10. For low drug concentrations under neutral conditions and for pH values 8 and 9, 6MPR interacts with the substrate through both N7 and N1 atoms, possibly forming two differently adsorbed species, while for 6MP only one species adsorbed via N1 was evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Szeghalmi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Szeghalmi A, Leopold L, Pînzaru S, Chis V, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Schmitt M, Popp J, Kiefer W. Adsorption of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on silver colloid: a pH dependent surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory study. Part I. 6-Mercaptopurine. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Łakomska I, Pazderski L, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L, Pełczyńska M, Nasulewicz A, Opolski A, Szłyk E. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and antiproliferative activity in vitro of platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes with 6-mercaptopurine. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lavertue P, Hubert J, Beauchamp AL. Crystal structure of dichlorobis(6-mercaptopurine)mercury(II). Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50156a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sacconi L, Dapporto P, Stoppioni P. Synthesis and properties of cobalt and nickel complexes with the tripod ligand tris(2-diphenylarsinoethyl)amine. Structural characterization of a .sigma.-phenyl complex of nickel(II) with the same ligand. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50156a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yamanari K, Nozaki T, Fuyuhiro A, Kaizaki S. Crystal Structure of Bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(purine-6-thione)ruthenium(II) Complex. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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A theoretical study of tautomerism of 6-thiopurine in the gas and aqueous phases using AM1 and PM3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cini R, Corsini M, Cavaglioni A. Supramolecular aggregates of complex cations via unusual purine-purine base pairing in a new organorhodium(III) compound containing the antileukemic drug purine-6-thione. Synthesis, X-ray structure of trans(C,N7),trans(S,S),trans(P,N7)-[Rh(C6H5)(H1,H9- H2tp)2(PPh3)][Rh(C6H5)(H1,H9-H2tp)(H9-Htp)(PPh3)]Cl3.HCl.6H2O, and density functional analysis of the [H2tp...Htp]- base pair. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5874-8. [PMID: 11151393 DOI: 10.1021/ic000814g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Cini
- Department of Chemical and Biosystem Sciences and Technologies, University of Siena, Via E. Bastianini 12, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Abstract
The factors influencing the encapsulation of azathioprine (AZA) into liposomes were investigated to find out the conditions for its optimal entrapment. Similar studies for comparison were also carried out on 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), of which AZA is a prodrug. AZA and also 6-MP show higher encapsulation efficiencies in MLVs as compared to LUVs. Variation in phospholipid composition does not seem to affect the loading capacity of either of the two drugs. The encapsulation efficiency of both the drugs improves upon addition of cholesterol in the bilayer, but the effect is seen only up to 30% cholesterol. Thereafter the effect becomes constant. AZA shows better incorporation in the positively charged liposomes as compared to those with neutral or negative charge. The entrapment of 6-MP is, however, found to be independent of the charge on the liposomes. Entrapment efficiency for both the drugs markedly depends on the pH of the hydration medium, yielding better entrapment efficiencies at high pH values. The rise in solute concentration initially causes increase in the entrapment of the two drugs which is followed by a decreasing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulati
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Koppenhöfer A, Hartmann U, Vahrenkamp H. Zinc Complexes of Drugs Containing Nitrogen Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19951280807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Adman ET, Sieker LC, Jensen LH. Structure of rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris at 1.5 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1991; 217:337-52. [PMID: 1992166 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90547-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray model of rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris has been refined against 1.5 A X-ray diffraction data collected on a diffractometer. The final model comprises 395 non-hydrogen protein atoms, and 180 solvent O atoms. The final R-value for the model with calculated H atom positions included as fixed contributions is 0.098 over all reflections greater than 2 sigma I from infinity to 1.5 A. The error in co-ordinates is estimated to be 0.08 A. The solvent model was twice redetermined during the later stages of refinement and was instrumental in its success. One sequence error has been detected and corrected (Thr21----Asp). The iron-sulfur site bond angles are distorted from true tetrahedral symmetry, as found in other rubredoxin structures. A significant deviation from tetrahedral angles is seen at C alpha atoms 9, 10, 42 and 43, interior angles of the loops binding the iron atom. The planes of two aromatic groups, Tyr4 and Trp37, are nearly parallel to, and lie under, an extended system of atoms that includes the peptide bonds preceding the first cysteine residue of each cysteine loop as well as the cysteine side-chain, the iron, and the cysteine side-chain of the opposite loop, forming a previously unrecognized extended system that may function in electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Adman
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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19
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Mikenda W, Mereiter K, Preisinger A. OD(H)…S hydrogen bonds in crystalline hydrates: survey and correlation of vibrational spectroscopic and structural data. Inorganica Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)90109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Crystal and molecular structure of kinetin picrate: a new tautomeric form ofN(6)-substituted purine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01164778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Katsaros N, Grigoratou A. Platinum group metal complexes with 6-mercaptopurine and its riboside. J Inorg Biochem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(85)80021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Newton DW, Ratanamaneichatara S, Murray WJ. Dissociation, solubility and lipophilicity of azathioprine. Int J Pharm 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(82)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barbierri R, Rivarola E, Di Bianca F, Huber F. 6-Thiopurine complexes of organotin(IV) moieties. Synthesis and structural characterization by infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Inorganica Chim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)86947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Reactivity of molybdenum(V) with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole. X-ray structure of 5,5′-dimercapto-2-thiadiazolyl disulphide. Inorganica Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)90801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Behrens NB, Goodgame DM. Complexes of 9-methyl-6-mercaptopurine with some divalent metal ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)84167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Kottmair N, Beck W. Tungsten carbonyl complexes of 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine and 6-mercaptopurine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)94691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Current Views on Some Physicochemical Aspects of Purines. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Sagstuen E. Radiation induced free radical formation in sulfur‐substituted purines. 6‐Mercaptopurine at 77 K. J Chem Phys 1978. [DOI: 10.1063/1.436970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Adman ET, Sieker LC, Jensen LH, Bruschi M, Le Gall J. A structural model of rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris at 2 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1977; 112:113-20. [PMID: 881725 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Kurachi K, Sieker LC, Jensen LH. Structures of triclinic mono- and di-N-acetylglucosamine: lysozyme complexes--a crystallographic study. J Mol Biol 1976; 101:11-24. [PMID: 1255720 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Lancelot G. The role of sulphur 3dorbitals in spin-orbit coupling of thiopurines and thiopyrimidines. Mol Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1080/00268977600100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Acylated aldose dialkyl dithioacetals with bromine undergo replacement of one alkylthio group by bromine. These unstable bromides react, as by fusion with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine, to give acylated 1-(pyrimidin-1-yl) derivatives that upon saponification afford acyclic sugar nucleoside analogues, some as separable mixtures of 1-epimers. Systemic stereochemical variants have been conducted. Pmr conformational studies show that the sugar chain is extended in certain examples, whereas others favor folded ("sickle") conformations, in line with a general rationale developed for acyclic-sugar derivatives. Condensation of the bromides with purines gives 9-substituted acyclic-sugar nucleoside analogues; synthesized systematically for various series, these include the D-pentoses in combination with 6-mercaptopurine. In vitro and in vivo biological activities vary according to stereochemistry of the sugar. The position of substitution of the sugar chain, the chirality at C-1', and the tautomeric form of the heterocycle, were established by x-ray crystallography of the product from D-arabinose and 6-mercaptopurine. The x-ray data permit correlation of C-1 chirality throughout the series and pmr data indicate the favored conformations.
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Cook WJ, Bugg CE. Crystal structures of azathioprine dihydrate and 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64:221-25. [PMID: 1127580 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600640206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystal and molecular structures of 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate and of azathioprine dihydrate were determined by the use of three-dimensional, X-ray, diffractometer data and were refined by least squares. Both molecules crystallize in the N(9)-H tautomer form, in contrast to the N(7)-H tautomer form found in crystals of 6-mercaptopurine. Unlike 6-mercaptopurine, or other thiopurines that have unsubstituted thio groups, the sulfur atoms of 6-methylmercaptopurine and azathioprine do not act as hydrogen-bond acceptors in the crystal structures. These two derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine assume a conformation in which the substituents on the sulfur atom are directed away from the imidazole moiety of the purine.
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Lancelot G, Helene C. Spin-orbit coupling in sulphur-containing purine and pyrimidine derivatives. A comparison of caffeine and 6-thiocaffeine. Chem Phys Lett 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(71)80232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Pullman B, Pullman A. Electronic Aspects of Purine Tautomerism. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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