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Kelsey SR, Griaznov G, Spaeth AD, Janzen DE, Douglas JT, Thompson WH, Barybin MV. Tuning the redox profile of the 6,6'-biazulenic platform through functionalization along its molecular axis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5213-5216. [PMID: 38652073 PMCID: PMC11080966 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The E1/2 potential associated with reduction of the linearly-functionalized 6,6'-biazulenic scaffold is accurately correlated to the combined σp Hammett parameters of the substituents over >600 mV range. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 2,2'-dichloro-substituted derivative revealed unexpectedly short C-Cl bond distances, along with other metric changes, suggesting a non-trivial cycloheptafulvalene-like structural contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R Kelsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Georgii Griaznov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Andrew D Spaeth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Daron E Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Justin T Douglas
- NMR Laboratory, Molecular Structures Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Mikhail V Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Connelly PT, Applegate JC, Maldonado DA, Okeowo MK, Henke WC, Oliver AG, Berrie CL, Barybin MV. Homoleptic complexes of isocyano- and diisocyanobiazulenes with a 12-electron, ligand-based redox capacity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11419-11426. [PMID: 37538026 PMCID: PMC10498685 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01958f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligo- and polyazulenes are attractive π-conjugated building blocks in designing advanced functional materials. Herein, we demonstrate that anchoring one or both isocyanide termini of the redox non-innocent 2,2'-diisocyano-6,6'-biazulenic π-linker (1) to the redox-active [Cr(CO)5] moiety provided a convenient intramolecular redox reference for unambiguously establishing that the 6,6'-biazulenic scaffold undergoes a reversible one-step 2e- reduction governed by reduction potential compression/inversion. Treatment of bis(η6-naphthalene)chromium(0) with six equiv. of 2-isocyano-1,1',3,3'-tetraethoxycarbonyl-6,6'-biazulene (6) or [(OC)5Cr(η1-2,2'-diisocyano-1,1',3,3'-tetraethoxycarbonyl-6,6'-biazulene)] (11) afforded homoleptic Cr(0) complexes 13 and 14 with a 12e- (per molecule) ligand-based reduction capacity at mild E1/2 of -1.29 V and -1.15 V vs. Cp2Fe0/+, respectively. The overall reversible redox capacity varies from 15e- for the mononuclear complex 13 to 21e- for the heptanuclear complex 14. The latter "nanocomplex" has a diameter of ca. 5 nm and features seven Cr(0) centers interlinked with six 2,2'-diisocyano-6,6'-biazulenic bridges. The X-ray structure of [(OC)5Cr(2-isocyano-1,1',3,3'-tetraethoxycarbonyl-6,6'-biazulene)] (7) indicated a 43.5° interplanar angle between the two azulenic moieties. Self-assembly of 11 on a Au(111) substrate afforded an organometallic monolayer film of 11 featuring approximately upright orientation of the 2,2'-diisocyano-6,6'-biazulenic linkers, as evidenced by ellipsometric measurements and the RAIR signature of the C4v-symmetric [(-NC)Cr(CO)5] infrared reporter within 11. Remarkably, comparing the FTIR spectrum of 11 in solution with the RAIR spectrum of 11 adsorbed on Au(111) suggested electronic coupling at a ca. 2 nm distance between the Cr(0) and Au atoms linked by the 2,2'-diisocyano-6,6'-biazulene bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason C Applegate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - David A Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Monisola K Okeowo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Wade C Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Cindy L Berrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Mikhail V Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Izzotti AR, Gleason JL. Do Antarafacial Cycloadditions Occur? Cycloaddition of Heptafulvalene with Tetracyanoethylene. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201418. [PMID: 35671245 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of heptafulvalene (1) with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) was previously described as an example of an antarafacial cycloaddition, a [π14 a +π2 s ] process that afforded only the trans cycloadduct by virtue of the edge-to-face approach of TCNE, facilitated by the S shape of 1. The reaction has been investigated in depth and found not to be a concerted antarafacial process. At low temperature, the reaction is observed to give a mixture of cis and trans cycloadducts as well as a [4+2] cycloadduct. The mixture of products is converted to the trans cycloadduct by equilibration upon warming to room temperature. Studies with diethyl 2,3-dicyanofumarate and -maleate confirmed the formation of cis cycloadducts. DFT studies at the M06-2X/6-311+G(2d,p) SCRF=acetone level of theory show that the originally proposed edge-to-face approach of TCNE to 1 is highly disfavored, whereas a stepwise mechanism involving the addition of TCNE at C2 to form a zwitterion followed by collapse at either C2' or C7' is energetically accessible. The Diels-Alder adduct is also formed in a stepwise reaction by competitive addition of TCNE at C4 of 1. These studies suggest that edge-to-face interactions are prohibitive in even the most favorable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Izzotti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - James L Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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Neuenschwander M. Substituent Effects onπ-Bond Delocalization of Fulvenes and Fulvalenes. Are Fulvenes Aromatic? Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Aumüller IB, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Angle strain and conjugation in conformations of heptafulvenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Katoh K, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Sato N. Synthesis of a Donor Molecule with Metal Coordination Sites toward Multifunctional Complexes. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sandströum J. Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Push-Pull and Strained Ethylenes. TOPICS IN STEREOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470147238.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Nonnenmacher M, Kunz D, Rominger F, Oeser T. First examples of dipyrido[1,2-c:2′,1′-e]imidazolin-7-ylidenes serving as NHC-ligands: Synthesis, properties and structural features of their chromium and tungsten pentacarbonyl complexes. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bönzli P, Neuenschwander M, Engel P. Synthese neuer Heptafulvene, Röntgenstrukturanalyse von ‘8,8-(1′,4′-Dioxotetramethylen)heptafulven’(2-(Cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yliden)cyclopentan-1,3-dion). Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Markl G, Hafner M, Kreitmeier P, Stadler C, Daub J, Nöth H, Schmidt M, Gescheidt G. Ein erstes Beispiel eines porphyrinoiden Fulvalens: Synthese, Struktur, ESR- und elektrochemische Untersuchungen. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19970800814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02 093 Warsaw, Poland
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Toyota A, Koseki S, Shiota M. Ab Initio MCSCF Study on the Pseudo-Jahn−Teller Distortion from Planarity in Cycloheptatriene, Heptalene, and Heptafulvalene. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000039q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azumao Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Shiro Koseki
- Chemistry Department for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiota
- Chemistry Department for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Toyota A, Koseki S. Ab Initio MCSCF Study on Electronically Excited Singlet States of Fulvalene Systems: Energy Component Analysis of the Pseudo-Jahn−Teller Effect. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980567q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azumao Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Shiro Koseki
- Chemistry Department for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514, Japan
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Toyota A, Koseki S. Energy Component Analysis of the Pseudo-Jahn−Teller Effect in the Ground State of the Triafulvalene Anion, Pentafulvalene Cation, and Heptafulvalene Anion Radicals. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972858p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azumao Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990, Japan
| | - Shiro Koseki
- Chemistry Department for Materials, Mie University, Tsu 514, Japan
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Scott AP, Agranat I, Biedermann PU, Riggs NV, Radom L. Fulvalenes, Fulvenes, and Related Molecules: An ab Initio Study. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2026-2038. [PMID: 11671506 DOI: 10.1021/jo962407l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio calculations using conventional (HF/6-31G and MP2/6-31G) and density functional theory (B-LYP/6-31G) methods have been used to determine the structures of the [n]fulvene and [n,m]fulvalene (n, m = 3, 5, 7) series of molecules, with particular emphasis on heptafulvalene (n = m = 7: 12). Calculations have also been performed on the parent cycloalkenes: cyclopropene, cyclopentadiene, and cycloheptatriene (1-3, respectively). All the fulvenes (n = 3, 5, 7: 4-6, respectively) and the smaller fulvalenes (n = 3, m= 3, 5, 7: 7-9, respectively, and n = m = 5: 10) are found to be planar. Pentaheptafulvalene (n = 5, m = 7: 11) adopts a very slightly nonplanar C(s)() arrangement of the five- and seven-membered rings. Heptafulvalene (12) is predicted to have an anti-folded C(2)(h)() structure, in accord with the X-ray crystal structure. We propose that the underlying reason for 11 and 12 adopting nonplanar conformations is the proximity of the H(2) and H(2)(') hydrogen atoms which promotes a distortion of the rings away from planarity at the central fulvalenic C=C double bond. In the process, pi-overlap is lost but this is partially regained by pyramidalization of the carbon centers in the seven-membered ring(s). The degree of folding is substantially more pronounced in 12 than in 11. Our calculated dipole moments, pi-electron distributions, bond alternation parameters, and energy comparisons indicate that the unknown smallest fulvalene, triafulvalene (7), is highly destabilized with localized bonding while triapentafulvalene (8), which is also unknown, is predicted to be stabilized and quite delocalized, consistent with Hückel 4n + 2 considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Scott
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Dunn JA, Gupta HK, Bain AD, McGlinchey MJ. The metal-mediated conversion of octachlorocycloheptatriene into dodecachloroheptafulvalene: a synthetic, structural, and EHMO study. CAN J CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/v96-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Octachlorocycloheptatriene, C7Cl8, 3, reacts with a variety of organometallic precursors, e.g., Fe2(CO)9, Co2(CO)8, [(C5H5)Fe(CO)2]−, to give dodecachloroheptafulvalene, C14C12,12, in yields ranging from 54 to 68%. There is no evidence to support the intermediacy of carbene complexes of the type C7Cl6=MLn, and it is suggested that the reaction proceeds by the dechlorination of C7Cl8 to give hexachlorotropylidene, which dimerizes to the observed product. Extended Hückel molecular orbital calculations are used to show that the chlorinated carbene, C7Cl6, should be more stable than the corresponding parent system, C7Cl6. The EHMO calculations also reveal that planar heptafulvalenes are electronically disfavored and should exist preferentially in the S-anti conformation, as is the case for C14H12. The molecule C14Cl12,12, is shown by X-ray crystallography to be formed only as the syn conformer, which isomerizes to the anti structure only at high temperature. The conformations of the two seven-membered rings in 12 closely resemble that found in octachlorocycloheptatriene itself. C7Cl8, 3, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 7.140(1) Å, b = 13.329(3) Å, c = 12.595(3) Å, and V = 1198.7(4) Å3 for Z = 4.3 adopts a severely bent boat structure in which the planes C(1)-C(7)-C(6) and C(2)-C(3)-C(4)-C(5) make angles of 51.8° and 32.4°, respectively, with the C(1)-C(2)-C(5)-C(6) plane. Key words: octachlorocycloheptatriene, heptafulvalenes, metal-mediated dimerization.
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Beck A, Gompper R, Polborn K, Wagner HU. Bi[1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)indan-2-ylidene]?An Ethylene Derivative with Extremely Pronounced, Twisting of the C?C Bond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199313521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Beck A, Gompper R, Polborn K, Wagner HU. Bi[1,3-bis(dicyanmethylen)indan-2-yliden] – ein Ethylenderivat mit extrem starker Verdrillung der CC-Bindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Agranat I, Suissa MR. syn, Anti isomerization of 5,5?-Bis-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene. Struct Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00672100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vogel E, Schmalstieg L, Henk P, Wilmes O, Lex J, Gleiter R, Langer M. [14]Annulenchinone mit Anthrachinon-Peripherie: „Isopyrenchinon”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kreiter CG, Michels E. [4 + 6]-cycloaddition von 1,3-butadien an hexacarbonyl-μ-η6:6-heptafulvalen-dichrom(0). J Organomet Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(86)80280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Daub J, Gierisch S, Klement U, Knöchel T, Maas G, Seitz U. Lichtinduzierte reversible Reaktionen: Synthesen und Eigenschaften photochromer 1,1-Dicyan-1,8a-dihydroazulene und thermochromer 8-(2,2-Dicyanvinyl)heptafulvene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19861190820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takahashi K, Namekata N, Takase K. Heptafulvalene-3,4-dione, a novel p-tropoquinone methide-type compound. Tetrahedron Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)85254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Bauer W, Laube T, Seebach D. Crystal and molecular structure of a THF-solvated lithium amide enolate dimer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19851180235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bauer W, Betz I, Daub J, Jakob L, Pickl W, Rapp KM. Fulvene mit inverser Ringpolarisation, 10. Elektronenreiche Heptafulvene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19831160328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Takahashi K, Takase K, Noda Y. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 7-(1,3-DITHIOL-2-YLIDENE)-3,5-CYCLOHEPTADIENE-1,2-DIONE (OR 7,10-DITHIASESQUIFULVALENE-1,2-QUINONE) DERIVATIVES. CHEM LETT 1981. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1981.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lindner H. Atomisierungsenergien gespannter konjugierter kohlenwasserstoffe III konformationen konjugierter siebengliedriger carbocyclen. Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goldschmidt Z, Bakal Y. Electron-rich heptafulveneiron tricarbonyl complexes. synthesis and reactions of 8-alkoxyheptafulvene—Fe(CO)3 derivatives. J Organomet Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)95222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Knothe L, Prinzbach H, Fritz H. Cyclisch gekreuzt-konjugierte Bindungssysteme, 29.13C-Analysen von gekreuzt-konjugierten π-Bindungssystemen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197719770417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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