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Process Modelling of Protein Crystallisation: A Case Study of Lysozyme. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Müller M, Platten F, Dulle M, Fischer B, Hoheisel W, Serno P, Egelhaaf S, Breitkreutz J. Precipitation from amorphous solid dispersions in biorelevant dissolution testing: The polymorphism of regorafenib. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120716. [PMID: 34015382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) are a major drug formulation technique to achieve higher bioavailability for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. So far, dissolution tailoring and supersaturation enhancement have been studied in detail, whereas less is known about the importance of formed precipitates with amorphous or crystalline states at the site of drug absorption. Regorafenib monohydrate (RGF MH), a multikinase inhibitor drug categorized as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II compound, was formulated with povidone K25 and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as an ASD. Here, for the first time, the RGF precipitation process as well as the physicochemical properties of the arising precipitates are investigated. The formed precipitates from biorelevant dissolution showed varying drug content and were analyzed offline by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In addition to different crystalline RGF precipitates, an amorphous co-precipitate of RGF and HPMCAS was identified, which was suppressed in the presence of PVP. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and isothermal calorimetry (ITC) were used to track the precipitation process of RGF in-situ. From calorimetric data, the precipitation profile was calculated. RGF forms precipitates in multiple polymorphic states dependent on the environmental conditions, i.e., dissolution media composition and chosen excipients. The engineered formation of defined amorphous structures in-vivo may be a promising future drug formulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; INVITE GmbH, Formulation Technology, Chempark, Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Florian Platten
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBI-4, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, JCNS-1/IBI-8, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Fischer
- FISCHER GmbH, Raman Spectroscopic Services, Necklenbroicher Str. 22, 40667 Meerbusch, Germany
| | - Werner Hoheisel
- INVITE GmbH, Formulation Technology, Chempark, Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Peter Serno
- Bayer AG, Research Center Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 217-333, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Egelhaaf
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Hentschel L, Hansen J, Egelhaaf SU, Platten F. The crystallization enthalpy and entropy of protein solutions: microcalorimetry, van't Hoff determination and linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model of tetragonal lysozyme crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2686-2696. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcalorimetric and van't Hoff determinations as well as a theoretical description provide a consistent picture of the crystallization enthalpy and entropy of protein solutions and their dependence on physicochemical solution parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Hentschel
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Heinrich Heine University
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Jan Hansen
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Heinrich Heine University
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Stefan U. Egelhaaf
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Heinrich Heine University
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Florian Platten
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Heinrich Heine University
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-4: Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes)
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Ahmad SS, Dalby PA. Thermodynamic parameters for salt-induced reversible protein precipitation from automated microscale experiments. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:322-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wiendahl M, Völker C, Husemann I, Krarup J, Staby A, Scholl S, Hubbuch J. A novel method to evaluate protein solubility using a high throughput screening approach. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Snell EH, van der Woerd MJ, Damon M, Judge RA, Myles DAA, Meilleur F. Optimizing crystal volume for neutron diffraction: D-xylose isomerase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2006; 35:621-32. [PMID: 16724195 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-006-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutron diffraction is uniquely sensitive to hydrogen positions and protonation state. In that context structural information from neutron data is complementary to that provided through X-ray diffraction. However, there are practical obstacles to overcome in fully exploiting the potential of neutron diffraction, i.e. low flux and weak scattering. Several approaches are available to overcome these obstacles and we have investigated the simplest: increasing the diffracting volume of the crystals. Volume is a quantifiable metric that is well suited for experimental design and optimization techniques. By using response surface methods we have optimized the xylose isomerase crystal volume, enabling neutron diffraction while we determined the crystallization parameters with a minimum of experiments. Our results suggest a systematic means of enabling neutron diffraction studies for a larger number of samples that require information on hydrogen position and/or protonation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Snell
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Bromberg L, Rashba-Step J, Scott T. Insulin particle formation in supersaturated aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol). Biophys J 2006; 89:3424-33. [PMID: 16254391 PMCID: PMC1366838 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.062802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein microspheres are of particular utility in the field of drug delivery. A novel, completely aqueous, process of microsphere fabrication has been devised based on controlled phase separation of protein from water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycols. The fabrication process results in the formation of spherical microparticles with narrow particle size distributions. Cooling of preheated human insulin-poly(ethylene glycol)-water solutions results in the facile formation of insulin particles. To map out the supersaturation conditions conducive to particle nucleation and growth, we determined the temperature- and concentration-dependent boundaries of an equilibrium liquid-solid phase separation. The kinetics of formation of microspheres were followed by dynamic and continuous-angle static light scattering techniques. The presence of PEG at a pH that was close to the protein's isoelectric point resulted in rapid nucleation and growth. The time elapsed from the moment of creation of a supersaturated solution and the detection of a solid phase in the system (the induction period, t(ind)) ranged from tens to several hundreds of seconds. The dependence of t(ind) on supersaturation could be described within the framework of classical nucleation theory, with the time needed for the formation of a critical nucleus (size <10 nm) being much longer than the time of the onset of particle growth. The growth was limited by cluster diffusion kinetics. The interfacial energies of the insulin particles were determined to be 3.2-3.4 and 2.2 mJ/m(2) at equilibrium temperatures of 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The insulin particles formed as a result of the process were monodisperse and uniformly spherical, in clear distinction to previously reported processes of microcrystalline insulin particle formation.
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Lu J, Carpenter K, Li RJ, Wang XJ, Ching CB. Cloud-point temperature and liquid–liquid phase separation of supersaturated lysozyme solution. Biophys Chem 2004; 109:105-12. [PMID: 15059663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The detailed understanding of the structure of biological macromolecules reveals their functions, and is thus important in the design of new medicines and for engineering molecules with improved properties for industrial applications. Although techniques used for protein crystallization have been progressing greatly, protein crystallization may still be considered an art rather than a science, and successful crystallization remains largely empirical and operator-dependent. In this work, a microcalorimetric technique has been utilized to investigate liquid-liquid phase separation through measuring cloud-point temperature T(cloud) for supersaturated lysozyme solution. The effects of ionic strength and glycerol on the cloud-point temperature are studied in detail. Over the entire range of salt concentrations studied, the cloud-point temperature increases monotonically with the concentration of sodium chloride. When glycerol is added as additive, the solubility of lysozyme is increased, whereas the cloud-point temperature is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Ayer Rajah Crescent 28, #02-08, Singapore 139959, Singapore.
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Vekilov PG, Galkin O. On the methods of determination of homogeneous nucleation rates of protein crystals. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(02)00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Protein crystallization is the most difficult and time-consuming step in the determination of a protein's atomic structure. As X-ray diffraction becomes a commonly available tool in structural biology, the necessity for rational methodologies and protocols to produce single, high-quality protein crystals has come to the forefront. The basics of protein crystallization conform to the classical understanding of crystallization of small molecules. Understanding the effect of solution variables such as pH, temperature, pressure, and ionicity on protein solubility allows the proper evaluation of the degree of supersaturation present in protein crystallization experiments. Physicochemical measurements such as laser light scattering, X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy provide a clearer picture of protein crystal nucleation and growth. This ever deepening knowledge base is generating rational methods to produce protein crystals as well as means to improve the diffraction quality of such protein crystals. Yet, much remains unclear, and the protein crystallization research community will be quite active for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wiencek
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Dixit NM, Zukoski CF. Crystal Nucleation Rates for Particles Experiencing Short-Range Attractions: Applications to Proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 228:359-371. [PMID: 10926476 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.6944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic model for the nucleation of a crystalline phase consisting of particles experiencing short-range attractions is developed. Of particular significance is the proximity of the metastable fluid/fluid phase boundary. The model incorporates self-consistent thermodynamics, changes in gradient diffusivity, and density fluctuations in the vicinity of the critical point. Density fluctuations associated with the spinodal of this metastable phase transition greatly enhance nucleation rates, suggesting that experimental conditions may be found where rapid nucleation and slow crystal growth can be achieved by moving the metastable critical point relative to the solubility boundary. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- NM Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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