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Safarzadeh Z, Gomes JC, Sirieix-Plénet J, Ruiz N, Hamitouche L, Michot L, Carré L, Barthe L, Briois V, Rollet AL. Advanced design of a x-ray absorption spectroscopy setup for measuring transition metals speciation in molten carbonates, hydroxides and hydrogenosulfates. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:075102. [PMID: 35922335 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Battery recycling is currently becoming a crucial issue. One possible treatment path involves the use of molten salts. A mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes requires being able to analyze in situ speciation in molten salts at various temperatures. This can be advantageously achieved using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, the use of Quick-EXAFS facilities being particularly appropriate. Consequently, this paper presents the design and development of a new setup allowing carrying out Quick-EXAFS experiments in oxidizing molten salts at high temperatures. We describe the different components of a cell and the performance of the heating device. We illustrate the capabilities of the setup by analyzing the temperature evolution of Co speciation upon dissolution of LiCoO2, a typical battery electrode material, in molten carbonates, hydroxides, and hydrogenosulphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Safarzadeh
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J C Gomes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J Sirieix-Plénet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - N Ruiz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - L Hamitouche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - L Michot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - L Carré
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - L Barthe
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - V Briois
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A-L Rollet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
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Smith AL, Verleg MN, Vlieland J, de Haas D, Ocadiz-Flores JA, Martin P, Rothe J, Dardenne K, Salanne M, Gheribi AE, Capelli E, van Eijck L, Konings RJM. In situ high-temperature EXAFS measurements on radioactive and air-sensitive molten salt materials. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:124-136. [PMID: 30655477 PMCID: PMC6337889 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751801648x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development at the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft, The Netherlands) of an experimental set-up dedicated to high-temperature in situ EXAFS measurements of radioactive, air-sensitive and corrosive fluoride salts is reported. A detailed description of the sample containment cell, of the furnace design, and of the measurement geometry allowing simultaneous transmission and fluorescence measurements is given herein. The performance of the equipment is tested with the room-temperature measurement of thorium tetrafluoride, and the Th-F and Th-Th bond distances obtained by fitting of the EXAFS data are compared with the ones extracted from a refinement of neutron diffraction data collected at the PEARL beamline at TU Delft. The adequacy of the sample confinement is checked with a mapping of the thorium concentration profile of molten salt material. Finally, a few selected salt mixtures (LiF:ThF4) = (0.9:0.1), (0.75:0.25), (0.5:0.5) and (NaF:ThF4) = (0.67:0.33), (0.5:0.5) are measured in the molten state. Qualitative trends along the series are discussed, and the experimental data for the (LiF:ThF4) = (0.5:0.5) composition are compared with the EXAFS spectrum generated from molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Smith
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Malte N. Verleg
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John Vlieland
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Haas
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jaen A. Ocadiz-Flores
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Martin
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, SFMA, LCC, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Céze, France
| | - Jörg Rothe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Radionuclide Speciation Department, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kathy Dardenne
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Radionuclide Speciation Department, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, ESPCI, UMR 7195, PECSA, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aimen E. Gheribi
- Centre for Research in Computational Thermochemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, CP 6079, Succursale ‘Downtown’, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Elisa Capelli
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert van Eijck
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science and Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy J. M. Konings
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre Karlsruhe (JRC), PO Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Honda M, Okamoto Y, Shimoyama I, Shiwaku H, Suzuki S, Yaita T. Mechanism of Cs Removal from Fukushima Weathered Biotite by Heat Treatment with a NaCl-CaCl 2 Mixed Salt. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:721-727. [PMID: 31457466 PMCID: PMC6641079 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (in situ EXAFS) spectroscopic analysis at high temperature was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Cs removal from weathered biotite (WB) from Fukushima, induced by heating with a mixed salt of NaCl and CaCl2. This indicated that most Cs remained in WB during heating at 200-700 °C. In addition, the in situ EXAFS spectra gradually changed on heating with the mixed salt and a completely different spectrum was observed for the sample after cooling from 700 °C to room temperature (RT). Ex situ EXAFS measurements and X-ray fluorescence analyses were also conducted on samples after heat treatment and removal of the mixed salt to clarify the temperature dependence of the Cs removal ratio. On the basis of the results of radial structure function analysis obtained from in situ EXAFS, we concluded that almost all of the Cs was removed from WB by heating at 700 °C with the mixed salt, and that Cs formed Cs-Cl bonds after cooling to RT from 700 °C. In contrast, although more than half of the Cs present was removed from WB by heat treatment at 500 °C, most Cs was surrounded by silica tetrahedrons, maintained by Cs-O bonds. On the basis of these results, different Cs removal processes are suggested for the high-temperature (600-700 °C) and low-temperature (400-500 °C) regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Honda
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okamoto
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Iwao Shimoyama
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiwaku
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Shinichi Suzuki
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- Fukushima
Environmental Safety Center, Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 6-6 Sakae-machi, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yaita
- Materials
Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- Fukushima
Environmental Safety Center, Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA), 6-6 Sakae-machi, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
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Okamoto Y, Shiwaku H, Yaita T, Suzuki S, Gaune-Escard M. High-energy EXAFS study of molten GdCl3 systems. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Uda T, Fujii T, Iwadate Y, Uehara A, Yamana H. Raman Spectroscopic Study of Rare Earth Chlorides in Alkali Chloride Eutectic Melts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rollet AL, Salanne M. Studies of the local structures of molten metal halides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pc90003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Numakura M, Okamoto Y, Yaita T, Shiwaku H, Akatsuka H, Nezu A, Tajima K, Shimohara Y, Bessada C, Pauvert O, Zanghi D, Chamelot P, Matsuura H. Local structural analyses on molten terbium fluoride in lithium fluoride and lithium–calcium fluoride mixtures. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Okamoto Y, Suzuki S, Shiwaku H, Ikeda-Ohno A, Yaita T, Madden PA. Local Coordination about La3+ in Molten LaCl3 and Its Mixtures with Alkali Chlorides. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4664-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910637p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A. Madden
- The Queen’s College, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford OX1 4AW, United Kingdom
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OKAMOTO Y, YAITA T, MINATO K. Mixing Behavior of Molten PbCl<sub>2</sub> with Alkali Chlorides. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.73.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro OKAMOTO
- Department of Materials Science, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
| | - Tsuyoshi YAITA
- Department of Materials Science, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
| | - Kazuo MINATO
- Department of Materials Science, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
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IWADATE Y, MATSUURA H, KAJINAMI A, TAKASE K, OHTORI N, UMESAKI N, KOFUJI H, MYOCHIN M. High Temperature La-L<sub>III</sub> XAFS Analysis of LaC<sub>3</sub> and LaOCl. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.73.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruaki MATSUURA
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Akihiko KAJINAMI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Keiichi TAKASE
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
| | - Norikazu OHTORI
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
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Bhatt AI, du Fou de Kerdaniel E, Kinoshita H, Livens FR, May I, Polovov IB, Sharrad CA, Volkovich VA, Charnock JM, Lewin RG. Uranium Oligomerization in Chloride-Based High Temperature Melts: In Situ XAS Studies. Inorg Chem 2004; 44:2-4. [PMID: 15627351 DOI: 10.1021/ic048617v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In situ EXAFS spectroscopic studies of uranium compounds in high temperature alkali chloride melts indicate the presence of oligomeric species. An investigation into UCl(3) and UCl(4) dissolved in LiCl reveals long range ordering of uranium atoms in the molten state which is not maintained on quenching. Studies of uranium dioxide dissolved in LiCl-KCl eutectic with HCl exhibit long range ordering in both molten and quenched states, and the EXAFS data can be modeled using multiple coordination shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand I Bhatt
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Rollet AL, Bessada C, Rakhmatoulline A, Auger Y, Melin P, Gailhanou M, Thiaudière D. In situ high temperature NMR and EXAFS experiments in rare-earth fluoride molten salts. CR CHIM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zissi GD, Papatheodorou GN. Composition and temperature induced changes on the structure of molten ScCl3–CsCl mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b408289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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