1
|
Honecker D, Bersweiler M, Erokhin S, Berkov D, Chesnel K, Venero DA, Qdemat A, Disch S, Jochum JK, Michels A, Bender P. Using small-angle scattering to guide functional magnetic nanoparticle design. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1026-1059. [PMID: 36131777 PMCID: PMC9417585 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles offer unique potential for various technological, biomedical, or environmental applications thanks to the size-, shape- and material-dependent tunability of their magnetic properties. To optimize particles for a specific application, it is crucial to interrelate their performance with their structural and magnetic properties. This review presents the advantages of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques for achieving a detailed multiscale characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and their ensembles in a mesoscopic size range from 1 to a few hundred nanometers with nanometer resolution. Both X-rays and neutrons allow the ensemble-averaged determination of structural properties, such as particle morphology or particle arrangement in multilayers and 3D assemblies. Additionally, the magnetic scattering contributions enable retrieving the internal magnetization profile of the nanoparticles as well as the inter-particle moment correlations caused by interactions within dense assemblies. Most measurements are used to determine the time-averaged ensemble properties, in addition advanced small-angle scattering techniques exist that allow accessing particle and spin dynamics on various timescales. In this review, we focus on conventional small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS), X-ray and neutron reflectometry, gracing-incidence SAXS and SANS, X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy techniques. For each technique, we provide a general overview, present the latest scientific results, and discuss its strengths as well as sample requirements. Finally, we give our perspectives on how future small-angle scattering experiments, especially in combination with micromagnetic simulations, could help to optimize the performance of magnetic nanoparticles for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Honecker
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Mathias Bersweiler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Dmitry Berkov
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Karine Chesnel
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Asma Qdemat
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Sabrina Disch
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Johanna K Jochum
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Michels
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Philipp Bender
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen XM, Mazzoli C, Cao Y, Thampy V, Barbour AM, Hu W, Lu M, Assefa TA, Miao H, Fabbris G, Gu GD, Tranquada JM, Dean MPM, Wilkins SB, Robinson IK. Charge density wave memory in a cuprate superconductor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1435. [PMID: 30926816 PMCID: PMC6440992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CDW correlations are a ubiquitous feature of the superconducting cuprates, their disparate properties suggest a crucial role for pinning the CDW to the lattice. Here, we report coherent resonant X-ray speckle correlation analysis, which directly determines the reproducibility of CDW domain patterns in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 (LBCO 1/8) with thermal cycling. While CDW order is only observed below 54 K, where a structural phase transition creates inequivalent Cu-O bonds, we discover remarkably reproducible CDW domain memory upon repeated cycling to far higher temperatures. That memory is only lost on cycling to 240(3) K, which recovers the four-fold symmetry of the CuO2 planes. We infer that the structural features that develop below 240 K determine the CDW pinning landscape below 54 K. This opens a view into the complex coupling between charge and lattice degrees of freedom in superconducting cuprates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X M Chen
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - C Mazzoli
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - V Thampy
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A M Barbour
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - W Hu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - M Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - T A Assefa
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - H Miao
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - G Fabbris
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - G D Gu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J M Tranquada
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - M P M Dean
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - S B Wilkins
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - I K Robinson
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College, Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chesnel K, Safsten A, Rytting M, Fullerton EE. Shaping nanoscale magnetic domain memory in exchange-coupled ferromagnets by field cooling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11648. [PMID: 27248368 PMCID: PMC4895386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The advance of magnetic nanotechnologies relies on detailed understanding of nanoscale magnetic mechanisms in materials. Magnetic domain memory (MDM), that is, the tendency for magnetic domains to repeat the same pattern during field cycling, is important for magnetic recording technologies. Here we demonstrate MDM in [Co/Pd]/IrMn films, using coherent X-ray scattering. Under illumination, the magnetic domains in [Co/Pd] produce a speckle pattern, a unique fingerprint of their nanoscale configuration. We measure MDM by cross-correlating speckle patterns throughout magnetization processes. When cooled below its blocking temperature, the film exhibits up to 100% MDM, induced by exchange-coupling with the underlying IrMn layer. The degree of MDM drastically depends on cooling conditions. If the film is cooled under moderate fields, MDM is high throughout the entire magnetization loop. If the film is cooled under nearly saturating field, MDM vanishes, except at nucleation and saturation. Our findings show how to fully control the occurrence of MDM by field cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chesnel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Alex Safsten
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Matthew Rytting
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, USA
| |
Collapse
|