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Remacle AG, Cieplak P, Nam DH, Shiryaev SA, Ge X, Strongin AY. Selective function-blocking monoclonal human antibody highlights the important role of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2781-2799. [PMID: 27835863 PMCID: PMC5356841 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion-promoting MT1-MMP is a cell surface-associated collagenase with a plethora of critical cellular functions. There is a consensus that MT1-MMP is a key protease in aberrant pericellular proteolysis in migrating cancer cells and, accordingly, a promising drug target. Because of high homology in the MMP family and a limited success in the design of selective small-molecule inhibitors, it became evident that the inhibitor specificity is required for selective and successful MT1-MMP therapies. Using the human Fab antibody library (over 1.25×109 individual variants) that exhibited the extended, 23-27 residue long, VH CDR-H3 segments, we isolated a panel of the inhibitory antibody fragments, from which the 3A2 Fab outperformed others as a specific and potent, low nanomolar range, inhibitor of MT1-MMP. Here, we report the in-depth characterization of the 3A2 antibody. Our multiple in vitro and cell-based tests and assays, and extensive structural modeling of the antibody/protease interactions suggest that the antibody epitope involves the residues proximal to the protease catalytic site and that, in contrast with tissue inhibitor-2 of MMPs (TIMP-2), the 3A2 Fab inactivates the protease functionality by binding to the catalytic domain outside the active site cavity. In agreement with the studies in metastasis by others, our animal studies in acute pulmonary melanoma metastasis support a key role of MT1-MMP in metastatic process. Conversely, the selective anti-MT1-MMP monotherapy significantly alleviated melanoma metastatic burden. It is likely that further affinity maturation of the 3A2 Fab will result in the lead inhibitor and a proof-of-concept for MT1-MMP targeting in metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Remacle
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92512, USA
| | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92512, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Turk BE. Exceptionally Selective Substrate Targeting by the Metalloprotease Anthrax Lethal Factor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:189-203. [PMID: 30267305 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent metalloprotease anthrax lethal factor (LF) is the enzymatic component of a toxin thought to have a major role in Bacillus anthracis infections. Like many bacterial toxins, LF is a secreted protein that functions within host cells. LF is a highly selective protease that cleaves a limited number of substrates in a site-specific manner, thereby impacting host signal transduction pathways. The major substrates of LF are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), which lie in the middle of three-component phosphorylation cascades mediating numerous functions in a variety of cells and tissues. How LF targets its limited substrate repertoire has been an active area of investigation. LF recognizes a specific sequence motif surrounding the scissile bonds of substrate proteins. X-ray crystallography of the protease in complex with peptide substrates has revealed the structural basis of selectivity for the LF cleavage site motif. In addition to having interactions proximal to the cleavage site, LF binds directly to a more distal region in its substrates through a so-called exosite interaction. This exosite has been mapped to a surface within a non-catalytic domain of LF with previously unknown function. A putative LF-binding site has likewise been identified on the catalytic domains of MKKs. Here we review our current state of understanding of LF-substrate interactions and discuss the implications for the design and discovery of inhibitors that may have utility as anthrax therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Goldstein JM, Lee J, Tang X, Boyer AE, Barr JR, Bagarozzi DA, Quinn CP. Phage Display Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Binding to Anthrax Toxin Lethal Factor. Toxins (Basel) 2017. [PMCID: PMC5535168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AVR1674 and AVR1675 are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind with high specificity to anthrax toxin lethal factor (LF) and lethal toxin (LTx). These mAbs have been used as pivotal reagents to develop anthrax toxin detection tests using mass spectrometry. The mAbs were demonstrated to bind LF with good affinity (KD 10−7–10−9 M) and to enhance LF-mediated cleavage of synthetic peptide substrates in vitro. Sequence analysis indicated that the mAbs shared 100% amino acid identity in their complementarity determining regions (CDR). A phage display library based on a combinatorial library of random heptapeptides fused to the pIII coat protein of M13 phage was enriched and screened to identify peptide sequences with mAb binding properties. Selection and sequence analysis of 18 anti-LF-reactive phage clones identified a 7-residue (P1–P7) AVR1674/1675 consensus target binding sequence of TP1-XP2-K/RP3-DP4-D/EP5-ZP6-X/ZP7 (X = aromatic, Z = non-polar). The phage peptide sequence with highest affinity binding to AVR1674/1675 was identified as T-F-K-D-E-I-V. Synthetic oligopeptides were designed based on the phage sequences and interacted with mAbs with high affinity (KD ~ 10−9 M). Single amino acid substitutions of A, H, or Q in the peptides identified positions P1–P5 as critical residues for mAb-peptide interactions. CLUSTALW alignment of phage sequences with native LF implicated residues 644–650 (sequence T-H-Q-D-E-I-Y) as a putative linear epitope component located within a structural loop (L2) of LF Domain IV. The activation effects of these mAbs contribute to the analytic sensitivity of function-based LF detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Goldstein
- Reagent and Diagnostic Services Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-A03, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.L.); (X.T.); (D.A.B.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-639-2258
| | - Joo Lee
- Reagent and Diagnostic Services Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-A03, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.L.); (X.T.); (D.A.B.J.)
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- Reagent and Diagnostic Services Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-A03, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.L.); (X.T.); (D.A.B.J.)
| | - Anne E. Boyer
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (A.E.B.); (J.R.B.)
| | - John R. Barr
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (A.E.B.); (J.R.B.)
| | - Dennis A. Bagarozzi
- Reagent and Diagnostic Services Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-A03, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.L.); (X.T.); (D.A.B.J.)
| | - Conrad P. Quinn
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-D17, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA;
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Garland
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sebastian Loscher
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Goldberg AB, Cho E, Miller CJ, Lou HJ, Turk BE. Identification of a Substrate-selective Exosite within the Metalloproteinase Anthrax Lethal Factor. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:814-825. [PMID: 27909054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloproteinase anthrax lethal factor (LF) is secreted by Bacillus anthracis to promote disease virulence through disruption of host signaling pathways. LF is a highly specific protease, exclusively cleaving mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) and rodent NLRP1B (NACHT leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 1B). How LF achieves such restricted substrate specificity is not understood. Previous studies have suggested the existence of an exosite interaction between LF and MKKs that promotes cleavage efficiency and specificity. Through a combination of in silico prediction and site-directed mutagenesis, we have mapped an exosite to a non-catalytic region of LF. Mutations within this site selectively impair proteolysis of full-length MKKs yet have no impact on cleavage of short peptide substrates. Although this region appears important for cleaving all LF protein substrates, we found that mutation of specific residues within the exosite differentially affects MKK and NLRP1B cleavage in vitro and in cultured cells. One residue in particular, Trp-271, is essential for cleavage of MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 but dispensable for targeting of MEK1, MEK2, and NLRP1B. Analysis of chimeric substrates suggests that this residue interacts with the MKK catalytic domain. We found that LF-W271A blocked ERK phosphorylation and growth in a melanoma cell line, suggesting that it may provide a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 for use as a cancer therapeutic. These findings provide insight into how a bacterial toxin functions to specifically impair host signaling pathways and suggest a general strategy for mapping protease exosite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Goldberg
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Eunice Cho
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Chad J Miller
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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6
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Ambrose EA. Botulinum Neurotoxin, Tetanus Toxin, and Anthrax Lethal Factor Countermeasures. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Maize KM, Kurbanov EK, Johnson RL, Amin EA, Finzel BC. Ligand-induced expansion of the S1' site in the anthrax toxin lethal factor. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3836-41. [PMID: 26578066 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) is one component of a tripartite exotoxin partly responsible for persistent anthrax cytotoxicity after initial bacterial infection. Inhibitors of the zinc metalloproteinase have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents, but LF is a challenging target because inhibitors lack sufficient selectivity or possess poor pharmaceutical properties. These structural studies reveal an alternate conformation of the enzyme, induced upon binding of specific inhibitors, that opens a previously unobserved deep pocket termed S1'(∗) which might afford new opportunities to design selective inhibitors that target this subsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Maize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 8-101 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Elbek K Kurbanov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 8-101 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Rodney L Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 8-101 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 8-101 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Barry C Finzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 8-101 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Kurbanov EK, Chiu TL, Solberg J, Francis S, Maize KM, Fernandez J, Johnson RL, Hawkinson JE, Walters MA, Finzel BC, Amin EA. Probing the S2′ Subsite of the Anthrax Toxin Lethal Factor Using Novel N-Alkylated Hydroxamates. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8723-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elbek K. Kurbanov
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Ting-Lan Chiu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jonathan Solberg
- Institute
for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Subhashree Francis
- Institute
for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Maize
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jenna Fernandez
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rodney L. Johnson
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jon E. Hawkinson
- Institute
for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Institute
for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Barry C. Finzel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
- Minnesota
Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Schacherl M, Pichlo C, Neundorf I, Baumann U. Structural Basis of Proline-Proline Peptide Bond Specificity of the Metalloprotease Zmp1 Implicated in Motility of Clostridium difficile. Structure 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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