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The Detection of Monoclinic Zirconia and Non-Uniform 3D Crystallographic Strain in a Re-Oxidized Ni-YSZ Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode is often composed of nickel (Ni) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The yttria is added in small quantities (e.g., 8 mol %) to maintain the crystallographic structure throughout the operating temperatures (e.g., room-temperature to >800 °C). The YSZ skeleton provides a constraining structural support that inhibits degradation mechanisms such as Ni agglomeration and thermal expansion miss-match between the anode and electrolyte layers. Within this structure, the Ni is deposited in the oxide form and then reduced during start-up; however, exposure to oxygen (e.g., during gasket failure) readily re-oxidizes the Ni back to NiO, impeding electrochemical performance and introducing complex structural stresses. In this work, we correlate lab-based X-ray computed tomography using zone plate focusing optics, with X-ray synchrotron diffraction computed tomography to explore the crystal structure of a partially re-oxidized Ni/NiO-YSZ electrode. These state-of-the-art techniques expose several novel findings: non-isotropic YSZ lattice distributions; the presence of monoclinic zirconia around the oxidation boundary; and metallic strain complications in the presence of variable yttria content. This work provides evidence that the reduction–oxidation processes may destabilize the YSZ structure, producing monoclinic zirconia and microscopic YSZ strain, which has implications upon the electrode’s mechanical integrity and thus lifetime of the SOFC.
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2
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Bachmann F, Bale H, Gueninchault N, Holzner C, Lauridsen EM. 3D grain reconstruction from laboratory diffraction contrast tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:643-651. [PMID: 31236094 PMCID: PMC6557177 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719005442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reconstruction method to retrieve grain structure from laboratory diffraction contrast tomography is presented and evaluated. A method for reconstructing the three-dimensional grain structure from data collected with a recently introduced laboratory-based X-ray diffraction contrast tomography system is presented. Diffraction contrast patterns are recorded in Laue-focusing geometry. The diffraction geometry exposes shape information within recorded diffraction spots. In order to yield the three-dimensional crystallographic microstructure, diffraction spots are extracted and fed into a reconstruction scheme. The scheme successively traverses and refines solution space until a reasonable reconstruction is reached. This unique reconstruction approach produces results efficiently and fast for well suited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bachmann
- Xnovo Technology ApS, Theilgaards Alle 9, 1th., Køoge, 4600, Denmark
| | - Hrishikesh Bale
- Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, 4385 Hopyard Road, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | | | - Christian Holzner
- Xnovo Technology ApS, Theilgaards Alle 9, 1th., Køoge, 4600, Denmark.,Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, 4385 Hopyard Road, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
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3
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Li T, Heenan TMM, Rabuni MF, Wang B, Farandos NM, Kelsall GH, Matras D, Tan C, Lu X, Jacques SDM, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Di Michiel M, Beale AM, Vamvakeros A, Li K. Design of next-generation ceramic fuel cells and real-time characterization with synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1497. [PMID: 30940801 PMCID: PMC6445146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramic fuel cells offer a clean and efficient means of producing electricity through a variety of fuels. However, miniaturization of cell dimensions for portable device application remains a challenge, as volumetric power densities generated by readily-available planar/tubular ceramic cells are limited. Here, we demonstrate a concept of ‘micro-monolithic’ ceramic cell design. The mechanical robustness and structural integrity of this design is thoroughly investigated with real-time, synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography, suggesting excellent thermal cycling stability. The successful miniaturization results in an exceptional power density of 1.27 W cm−2 at 800 °C, which is among the highest reported. This holistic design incorporates both mechanical integrity and electrochemical performance, leading to mechanical property enhancement and representing an important step toward commercial development of portable ceramic devices with high volumetric power (>10 W cm−3), fast thermal cycling and marked mechanical reliability. Miniaturized ceramic fuel cells are attractive for portable devices, but performance should be optimized. Here the authors report a micro-monolithic ceramic cell design for a tubular solid oxide fuel cell containing a multi-channel anode support with enhanced power density and stable operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Barrer Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas M M Heenan
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Mohamad F Rabuni
- Barrer Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bo Wang
- Barrer Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Farandos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Geoff H Kelsall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dorota Matras
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chun Tan
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Xuekun Lu
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Simon D M Jacques
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Antonis Vamvakeros
- Finden Limited, Merchant House, 5 East St Helens Street, Abingdon, OX14 5EG, UK. .,ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Kang Li
- Barrer Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Abstract
This article presents a measurement technique and data analysis tool to perform 3D grain distribution mapping and indexing of oligocrystalline samples using neutrons: Laue three-dimensional neutron diffraction (Laue3DND). The approach builds on forward modelling used for correlation and multiple fitting of the measured diffraction spots relative to individual grains. This enables not only to identify individual grains, but also their position and orientation in the sample. The feasibility and performance of the Laue3DND approach are tested using multi-grain synthetic datasets from cubic (α-Fe) and tetragonal (YBaCuFeO5) symmetries. Next, experimental results from two data sets measured at the FALCON instrument of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin are presented: A cylindrical alpha iron (α-Fe) reference sample with 5 mm diameter and 5 mm height, as well as a 2 mm3 layered perovskite (YBaCuFeO5). Using Laue3DND, we were able to retrieve the position and orientation of 97 out of 100 grains from a synthetic α-Fe data set, as well as 24 and 9 grains respectively from the α-Fe and YBaCuFeO5 sample measured at FALCON. Results from the synthetic tests also indicate that Laue3DND is capable of indexing 10 out of 10 grains for both symmetries in two extreme scenarios: using only 6 Laue projections and using 360 projections with extremely noisy data. The precision achieved in terms of spatial and orientation resolution for the current version of the method is 430 μm and 1° respectively. Based on these results obtained, we are confident to present a tool that expands the capabilities of standard Laue diffraction, providing the number, position, orientation and relative size of grains in oligocrystalline samples.
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Quantitative Scanning Laue Diffraction Microscopy: Application to the Study of 3D Printed Nickel-Based Superalloys. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sanchez DF, Simionovici AS, Lemelle L, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Pascarelli S, Bonnin A, Shapiro R, Konhauser K, Grolimund D, Bleuet P. 2D/3D Microanalysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16453. [PMID: 29184091 PMCID: PMC5705590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopic techniques have proven to be particularly useful in elucidating the molecular and electronic structural information of chemically heterogeneous and complex micro- and nano-structured materials. However, spatially resolved chemical characterization at the micrometre scale remains a challenge. Here, we report the novel hyperspectral technique of micro Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (μED-XAS) tomography which can resolve in both 2D and 3D the spatial distribution of chemical species through the reconstruction of XANES spectra. To document the capability of the technique in resolving chemical species, we first analyse a sample containing 2-30 μm grains of various ferrous- and ferric-iron containing minerals, including hypersthene, magnetite and hematite, distributed in a light matrix of a resin. We accurately obtain the XANES spectra at the Fe K-edge of these four standards, with spatial resolution of 3 μm. Subsequently, a sample of ~1.9 billion-year-old microfossil from the Gunflint Formation in Canada is investigated, and for the first time ever, we are able to locally identify the oxidation state of iron compounds encrusting the 5 to 10 μm microfossils. Our results highlight the potential for attaining new insights into Precambrian ecosystems and the composition of Earth's earliest life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre S Simionovici
- ISTerre, UGA, CNRS, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lemelle
- LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5276, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vera Cuartero
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Russell Shapiro
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Department, CSU Chico, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Bleuet
- University Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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Grünewald TA, Rennhofer H, Tack P, Garrevoet J, Wermeille D, Thompson P, Bras W, Vincze L, Lichtenegger HC. Photon Energy Becomes the Third Dimension in Crystallographic Texture Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12190-4. [PMID: 27483396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional analysis of the preferred orientation of crystallites (crystallographic texture) involves X-ray diffraction with area detectors and 2D data output. True 3D, spatially resolved information requires sample rotation in the beam, thus changing the probed volume, which introduces signal smearing and precludes the scanning of complex structures. This obstacle has been overcome by energy-dispersive Laue diffraction. A method has been devised to reach a large portion of reciprocal space and translate the X-ray photon energy into the missing third dimension of space. Carbon fibers and lobster exoskeleton as examples of biomineralized tissue have been analyzed. The major potential of this method lies in its "one-shot" nature and the direct 3D information requiring no previous knowledge of the sample. It allows the texture of large samples with complex substructures to be scanned and opens up the conceptual possibility of following texture changes in situ, for example, during crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman A Grünewald
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Rennhofer
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pieter Tack
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Didier Wermeille
- XMaS-The UK CRG Beamline, ESRF-The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.,Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Thompson
- XMaS-The UK CRG Beamline, ESRF-The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.,Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Wim Bras
- DUBBLE@ESRF, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Helga C Lichtenegger
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Grünewald TA, Rennhofer H, Tack P, Garrevoet J, Wermeille D, Thompson P, Bras W, Vincze L, Lichtenegger HC. Photonenenergie als dritte Dimension bei der Analyse der kristallographischen Textur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman A. Grünewald
- Institut für Physik und Materialwissenschaft; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU); Peter Jordan Straße 82 1190 Wien Österreich
| | - Harald Rennhofer
- Institut für Physik und Materialwissenschaft; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU); Peter Jordan Straße 82 1190 Wien Österreich
| | - Pieter Tack
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; Belgien
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Didier Wermeille
- XMaS - The UK CRG; ESRF - The European Synchrotron; Grenoble, Cedex9 Fankreich
- Department of Physics; University of Liverpool; Großbritannien
| | - Paul Thompson
- XMaS - The UK CRG; ESRF - The European Synchrotron; Grenoble, Cedex9 Fankreich
- Department of Physics; University of Liverpool; Großbritannien
| | - Wim Bras
- DUBBLE@ESRF; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Grenoble Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; Belgien
| | - Helga C. Lichtenegger
- Institut für Physik und Materialwissenschaft; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU); Peter Jordan Straße 82 1190 Wien Österreich
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