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Thomas O, Labat S, Cornelius T, Richard MI. X-ray Diffraction Imaging of Deformations in Thin Films and Nano-Objects. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081363. [PMID: 35458070 PMCID: PMC9024510 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The quantification and localization of elastic strains and defects in crystals are necessary to control and predict the functioning of materials. The X-ray imaging of strains has made very impressive progress in recent years. On the one hand, progress in optical elements for focusing X-rays now makes it possible to carry out X-ray diffraction mapping with a resolution in the 50–100 nm range, while lensless imaging techniques reach a typical resolution of 5–10 nm. This continuous evolution is also a consequence of the development of new two-dimensional detectors with hybrid pixels whose dynamics, reading speed and low noise level have revolutionized measurement strategies. In addition, a new accelerator ring concept (HMBA network: hybrid multi-bend achromat lattice) is allowing a very significant increase (a factor of 100) in the brilliance and coherent flux of synchrotron radiation facilities, thanks to the reduction in the horizontal size of the source. This review is intended as a progress report in a rapidly evolving field. The next ten years should allow the emergence of three-dimensional imaging methods of strains that are fast enough to follow, in situ, the evolution of a material under stress or during a transition. Handling massive amounts of data will not be the least of the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thomas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, Campus de St-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Labat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, Campus de St-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Cornelius
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, Campus de St-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, Campus de St-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Rue Des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
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AlHassan A, Abboud A, Cornelius TW, Ren Z, Thomas O, Richter G, Micha JS, Send S, Hartmann R, Strüder L, Pietsch U. Energy-dispersive X-ray micro Laue diffraction on a bent gold nanowire. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:80-86. [PMID: 33833642 PMCID: PMC7941300 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720014855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on energy-dispersive micro Laue (µLaue) diffraction of an individual gold nanowire that was mechanically deformed in three-point bending geometry using an atomic force microscope. The nanowire deformation was investigated by scanning the focused polychromatic X-ray beam along the nanowire and recording µLaue diffraction patterns using an energy-sensitive pnCCD detector that permits measurement of the angular positions of the Laue spots and the energies of the diffracted X-rays simultaneously. The plastic deformation of the nanowire was shown by a bending of up to 3.0 ± 0.1°, a torsion of up to 0.3 ± 0.1° and a maximum deformation depth of 80 ± 5 nm close to the position where the mechanical load was applied. In addition, extended Laue spots in the vicinity of one of the clamping points indicated the storage of geometrically necessary dislocations with a density of 7.5 × 1013 m-2. While µLaue diffraction with a non-energy-sensitive detector only gives access to the deviatoric strain, the energy sensitivity of the employed pnCCD offers absolute strain measurements with a resolution of 1%. Here, the residual strain after complete unloading of the nanowire amounted to maximum tensile and compressive strains of the order of +1.2 and -3%, which is comparable to the actual resolution limit. The combination of white-beam µLaue diffraction using an energy-sensitive pixel detector with nano-mechanical testing opens up new possibilities for the study of mechanical behavior at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali AlHassan
- University of Siegen, Solid State Physics, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, D-57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - A. Abboud
- University of Siegen, Solid State Physics, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, D-57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - T. W. Cornelius
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Z. Ren
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - O. Thomas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - G. Richter
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J.-S. Micha
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherches Interdisplinaires de Grenoble (IRIG) UMR SYMMES CNRS-CEA, and CRG-IF BM32 beamline at ESRF, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/INAC, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Send
- University of Siegen, Solid State Physics, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, D-57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - R. Hartmann
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 München, Germany
| | - L. Strüder
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 München, Germany
| | - U. Pietsch
- University of Siegen, Solid State Physics, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, D-57072 Siegen, Germany
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Richard MI, Cornelius TW, Lauraux F, Molin JB, Kirchlechner C, Leake SJ, Carnis J, Schülli TU, Thilly L, Thomas O. Variable-Wavelength Quick Scanning Nanofocused X-Ray Microscopy for In Situ Strain and Tilt Mapping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905990. [PMID: 31962006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compression of micropillars is followed in situ by a quick nanofocused X-ray scanning microscopy technique combined with 3D reciprocal space mapping. Compared to other attempts using X-ray nanobeams, it avoids any motion or vibration that would lead to a destruction of the sample. The technique consists of scanning both the energy of the incident nanofocused X-ray beam and the in-plane translations of the focusing optics along the X-ray beam. Here, the approach by imaging the strain and lattice orientation of Si micropillars and their pedestals during in situ compression is demonstrated. Varying the energy of the incident beam instead of rocking the sample and mapping the focusing optics instead of moving the sample supplies a vibration-free measurement of the reciprocal space maps without removal of the mechanical load. The maps of strain and lattice orientation are in good agreement with the ones recorded by ordinary rocking-curve scans. Variable-wavelength quick scanning X-ray microscopy opens the route for in situ strain and tilt mapping toward more diverse and complex materials environments, especially where sample manipulation is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ingrid Richard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38043, Cedex, France
| | - Thomas W Cornelius
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Lauraux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Molin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Kirchlechner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steven J Leake
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38043, Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Carnis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38043, Cedex, France
| | - Tobias U Schülli
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38043, Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Thilly
- Institut Pprime, UPR 3346, CNRS, University of Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, SP2MI, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962, Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
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In Situ Coherent X-ray Diffraction during Three-Point Bending of a Au Nanowire: Visualization and Quantification. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs2040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The three-point bending behavior of a single Au nanowire deformed by an atomic force microscope was monitored by coherent X-ray diffraction using a sub-micrometer sized hard X-ray beam. Three-dimensional reciprocal-space maps were recorded before and after deformation by standard rocking curves and were measured by scanning the energy of the incident X-ray beam during deformation at different loading stages. The mechanical behavior of the nanowire was visualized in reciprocal space and a complex deformation mechanism is described. In addition to the expected bending of the nanowire, torsion was detected. Bending and torsion angles were quantified from the high-resolution diffraction data.
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Altinkurt G, Fèvre M, Robach O, Micha JS, Geandier G, Dehmas M. Full elastic strain tensor determination at the phase scale in a powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy using X-ray Laue microdiffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717014558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Laue microdiffraction is used to determine the full elastic strain tensor of the γ and γ′ phases in grains of a nickel-based superalloy with a coarse-grained microstructure. A `rainbow' filter and an energy dispersive point detector are employed to measure the energy of Bragg reflections. For the two techniques, an uncertainty of ±2.5 × 10−3 Å is obtained for the undetermined crystal lattice parameter. Our measurements show that the filter method provides better confidence, energy resolution, accuracy and acquisition time. The sensitivity of each method with respect to the γ–γ′ lattice mismatch is demonstrated with measurements in samples with average precipitate sizes of 200 and 2000 nm. For the 200 nm precipitate size, the lattice mismatch is less than 2 × 10−3 Å and the dilatational strains are close to ±1.5 × 10−3depending on the considered phase. For the 2000 nm precipitate size, the lattice mismatch is close to 8 × 10−3 Å and almost no elastic strain occurs in the microstructure.
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