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Wahl C, Hirtz D, Elling L. Multiplexed Capillary Electrophoresis as Analytical Tool for Fast Optimization of Multi-Enzyme Cascade Reactions - Synthesis of Nucleotide Sugars: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Vladimir Křen on the occasion of his 60 th birthday. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1298-1308. [PMID: 27311566 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are considered as bottleneck and expensive substrates for enzymatic glycan synthesis using Leloir-glycosyltransferases. Synthesis from cheap substrates such as monosaccharides is accomplished by multi-enzyme cascade reactions. Optimization of product yields in such enzyme modules is dependent on the interplay of multiple parameters of the individual enzymes and governed by a considerable time effort when convential analytic methods like capillary electrophoresis (CE) or HPLC are applied. We here demonstrate for the first time multiplexed CE (MP-CE) as fast analytical tool for the optimization of nucleotide sugar synthesis with multi-enzyme cascade reactions. We introduce a universal separation method for nucleotides and nucleotide sugars enabling us to analyze the composition of six different enzyme modules in a high-throughput format. Optimization of parameters (T, pH, inhibitors, kinetics, cofactors and enzyme amount) employing MP-CE analysis is demonstrated for enzyme modules for the synthesis of UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-α-D-galactose (UDP-Gal). In this way we achieve high space-time-yields: 1.8 g/L⋆h for UDP-GlcA and 17 g/L⋆h for UDP-Gal. The presented MP-CE methodology has the impact to be used as general analytical tool for fast optimization of multi-enzyme cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wahl
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Hirtz
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Titov DV, Cracan V, Goodman RP, Peng J, Grabarek Z, Mootha VK. Complementation of mitochondrial electron transport chain by manipulation of the NAD+/NADH ratio. Science 2016; 352:231-5. [PMID: 27124460 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A decline in electron transport chain (ETC) activity is associated with many human diseases. Although diminished mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production is recognized as a source of pathology, the contribution of the associated reduction in the ratio of the amount of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to that of its reduced form (NADH) is less clear. We used a water-forming NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbNOX) as a genetic tool for inducing a compartment-specific increase of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in human cells. We used LbNOX to demonstrate the dependence of key metabolic fluxes, gluconeogenesis, and signaling on the cytosolic or mitochondrial NAD(+)/NADH ratios. Expression of LbNOX in the cytosol or mitochondria ameliorated proliferative and metabolic defects caused by an impaired ETC. The results underscore the role of reductive stress in mitochondrial pathogenesis and demonstrate the utility of targeted LbNOX for direct, compartment-specific manipulation of redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Titov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Valentin Cracan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Russell P Goodman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Peng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zenon Grabarek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Enzyme Module Systems for the Synthesis of Uridine 5′-Diphospho-α-D
-glucuronic Acid and Non-Sulfated Human Natural Killer Cell-1 (HNK-1) Epitope. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jia B, Park SC, Lee S, Pham BP, Yu R, Le TL, Han SW, Yang JK, Choi MS, Baumeister W, Cheong GW. Hexameric ring structure of a thermophilic archaeon NADH oxidase that produces predominantly H2O. FEBS J 2008; 275:5355-66. [PMID: 18959761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An NADH oxidase (NOX) was cloned from the genome of Thermococcus profundus (NOXtp) by genome walking, and the encoded protein was purified to homogeneity after expression in Escherichia coli. Subsequent analyses showed that it is an FAD-containing protein with a subunit molecular mass of 49 kDa that exists as a hexamer with a native molecular mass of 300 kDa. A ring-shaped hexameric form was revealed by electron microscopic and image processing analyses. NOXtp catalyzed the oxidization of NADH and NADPH and predominantly converted O(2) to H(2)O, but not to H(2)O(2), as in the case of most other NOX enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a NOX that can produce H(2)O predominantly in a thermophilic organism. As an enzyme with two cysteine residues, NOXtp contains a cysteinyl redox center at Cys45 in addition to FAD. Mutant analysis suggests that Cys45 in NOXtp plays a key role in the four-electron reduction of O(2) to H(2)O, but not in the two-electron reduction of O(2) to H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Findrik Z, Vrsalović Presecki A, Vasić-Racki D. Mathematical modelling of NADH oxidation catalyzed by new NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis in continuously operated enzyme membrane reactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:275-80. [PMID: 18023799 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis was kinetically characterized in two different buffers: Tris-HCl and glycine-sodium pyrophosphate (pH 9.0). Reaction kinetics was described using the Michaelis-Menten model with product (NAD(+)) inhibition. It was found that this type of inhibition is uncompetitive. Experiments in the continuously operated enzyme membrane reactor revealed a strong enzyme deactivation at two different residence times: 12 and 60 min. A stronger deactivation was observed at the lower residence time in the glycine-sodium pyrophosphate buffer. Enzyme deactivation was assumed to be of the first order. The developed mathematical model for the continuously operated enzyme membrane reactor described these experiments very well. The mathematical model simulations revealed that a high enzyme concentration (up to 30 g cm(-3)) is necessary to obtain and maintain the stationary NADH conversion near 100% for a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Findrik
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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