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Ramesh R, Sathiyamurthy K, Meganathan V, Athmanathan B. Induction and comparative resuscitation of viable but nonculturable state on Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotypes O3:K6 and O1:K25. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:376. [PMID: 39141167 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an important food-borne pathogens found to be associated with seafoods and marine environs. It has been a topic of debate for many decades that most pathogens are known to enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under cold temperature and nutrient limited conditions. The present study examined the time required for the induction of VBNC state and the revival strategies of both the endemic O3:K6 and O1:K25 sporadic strains of V. parahaemolyticus. The results revealed that V. parahaemolyticus survived even after 55 days of incubation in nutrient starved media such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Coastal Water (CW) and could be recovered by temperature upshift method, and compared the resuscitation using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), sheep blood serum, chitin flakes with live Artemia salina, and the results suggests that chitin plays a significant role in regulating the VBNC state. It was also confirmed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis that VBNC cells can alter their morphology to coccoid forms in order to survive in most extreme nutrient limited environment. Further data on the promoting factors and the exact mechanism that resuscitate VBNC V. parahaemolyticus in cold natural environments and frozen foods are needed to perform a robust risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Ramesh
- School of Life Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Karuppanan Sathiyamurthy
- Department of Bio Medical Science, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Velmurugan Meganathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Lab, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, USA
| | - Baskaran Athmanathan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
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Zhang XH, Ahmad W, Zhu XY, Chen J, Austin B. Viable but nonculturable bacteria and their resuscitation: implications for cultivating uncultured marine microorganisms. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:189-203. [PMID: 37073345 PMCID: PMC10077291 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Culturing has been the cornerstone of microbiology since Robert Koch first successfully cultured bacteria in the late nineteenth century. However, even today, the majority of microorganisms in the marine environment remain uncultivated. There are various explanations for the inability to culture bacteria in the laboratory, including lack of essential nutrients, osmotic support or incubation conditions, low growth rate, development of micro-colonies, and the presence of senescent or viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells. In the marine environment, many bacteria have been associated with dormancy, as typified by the VBNC state. VBNC refers to a state where bacteria are metabolically active, but are no longer culturable on routine growth media. It is apparently a unique survival strategy that has been adopted by many microorganisms in response to harsh environmental conditions and the bacterial cells in the VBNC state may regain culturability under favorable conditions. The resuscitation of VBNC cells may well be an important way to cultivate the otherwise uncultured microorganisms in marine environments. Many resuscitation stimuli that promote the restoration of culturability have so far been identified; these include sodium pyruvate, quorum sensing autoinducers, resuscitation-promoting factors Rpfs and YeaZ, and catalase. In this review, we focus on the issues associated with bacterial culturability, the diversity of bacteria entering the VBNC state, mechanisms of induction into the VBNC state, resuscitation factors of VBNC cells and implications of VBNC resuscitation stimuli for cultivating these otherwise uncultured microorganisms. Bringing important microorganisms into culture is still important in the era of high-throughput sequencing as their ecological functions in the marine environment can often only be known through isolation and cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100 China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050 China
| | - Brian Austin
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK
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Li Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Ma D, Rui W. The effects of the recombinant YeaZ of Vibrio harveyi on the resuscitation and growth of soil bacteria in extreme soil environment. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10342. [PMID: 33391864 PMCID: PMC7759134 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous bacteria entered the viable but non-culturable state due to the stresses of dry and salt in soils. YeaZ of Gram-negative bacteria is a resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf) homologous protein could resuscitate bacteria of natural environment in VBNC state. To investigate the promoting effect of YeaZ on the isolation of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria from soil samples in extreme environments, the recombinant YeaZ of Vibrio harveyi was prepared and added to the soil samples from volcanic soil and saline soil in Northwest China. The study has shown that YeaZ can promote the recovery and growth of soil microorganisms, and the number of cultivable bacteria in volcanic and saline soil has increased from 0.17 × 103 and 2.03 × 103 cfu⋅ml−1 to 1.00 × 103 and 5.55 × 103 cfu⋅ml−1, respectively. The 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that YeaZ played an essential role in the increase of composition and diversity of bacteria. A total of 13 bacterial strains were isolated from the volcanic soil samples, which belong to phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Gamma-proteobacteria. Four species, including Ornithinimicrobium kibberense, Agrococcus citreus, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Pseudomonas zhaodongensis were found in the control group, while Micrococcus antarcticus, Kocuria rose, Salinibacterium xinjiangense, Planococcus antarcticus, Ornithinimicrobium kibberense and Pseudomonas zhaodongensis were isolated from the treatment groups (addition of YeaZ). Twenty-one strains were isolated from the saline soil samples, including eight species from the control group and thirteen species from the treatment groups, among which nine species were only found, including Bacillus oceanisediminis, Brevibacillus brevis, Paenibacillus xylanilyticus, Microbacterium maritypicum, B. subtilis, B. alcalophilus, B. niabensis, Oceanimonas doudoroffii and Zobellella taiwanensis. The results suggest that addition of YeaZ to soil samples can promote the recovery of VBNC. This method has the implications for the discovery of VBNC bacteria that have potential environmental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies/College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of life science and engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Ma
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhong Rui
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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Zhao X, Zhong J, Wei C, Lin CW, Ding T. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28421064 PMCID: PMC5378802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field, and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Junliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Chii-Wann Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Li Y, Chen J, Zhao M, Yang Z, Yue L, Zhang X. Promoting resuscitation of viable but nonculturable cells of Vibrio harveyi by a resuscitation-promoting factor-like protein YeaZ. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:338-346. [PMID: 27966258 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate the resuscitation-promoting activities of recombinant YeaZ from Vibrio harveyi SF-1. METHODS AND RESULTS The gene of resuscitation-promoting factor YeaZ was cloned from genomic DNA of V. harveyi SF-1. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified by Ni2+ -affinity chromatography. A yeaZ mutant was constructed by using the suicide plasmid pNQ705 with homologous recombination. Disruption of yeaZ did not affect cell growth significantly in 2216 E broth at 28°C. The wild-type and mutant viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells could be resuscitated by temperature upshift method. In addition, the recombinant YeaZ increased the culturable counts from 1·27 × 104 CFU per ml and 1·99 × 104 CFU per ml to 2·88 × 105 CFU per ml and 4·59 × 105 CFU per ml, respectively. After the VBNC cells of wild-type and mutant cells were maintained at 4°C for 120 days, no resuscitation was obtained by temperature upshift method, but addition of the recombinant YeaZ promoted the resuscitation of the wild-type and mutant cells, with the culturable cell counts of 1·13 × 103 and 1·44 × 103 CFU per ml, respectively. Disruption of yeaZ decreased the virulence of V. harveyi in zebrafish. The lethal dose 50% of the yeaZ null mutant was more than 10-fold higher than that of the wild-type cells. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant YeaZ could efficiently promote resuscitation of the wild-type and mutant cells of V. harveyi from VBNC to culturable state. The protein also promoted resuscitation of the VBNC wild-type and mutant cells, which were maintained at 4°C for 120 days and not recovered by temperature upshift method. Disruption of yeaZ decreased the virulence of V. harveyi in zebrafish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Here, we show clear evidence of a resuscitation-promoting factor YeaZ of V. harveyi and the roles in resuscitation of the VBNC cells and its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Marine Biology, College of marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Z Yang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - L Yue
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Ramamurthy T, Ghosh A, Pazhani GP, Shinoda S. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Public Health 2014; 2:103. [PMID: 25133139 PMCID: PMC4116801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Under stress conditions, many species of bacteria enter into starvation mode of metabolism or a physiologically viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Several human pathogenic bacteria have been reported to enter into the VBNC state under these conditions. The pathogenic VBNC bacteria cannot be grown using conventional culture media, although they continue to retain their viability and express their virulence. Though there have been debates on the VBNC concept in the past, several molecular studies have shown that not only can the VBNC state be induced under in vitro conditions but also that resuscitation from this state is possible under appropriate conditions. The most notable advance in resuscitating VBNC bacteria is the discovery of resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf), which is a bacterial cytokines found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. VBNC state is a survival strategy adopted by the bacteria, which has important implication in several fields, including environmental monitoring, food technology, and infectious disease management; and hence it is important to investigate the association of bacterial pathogens under VBNC state and the water/foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we describe various aspects of VBNC bacteria, which include their proteomic and genetic profiles under the VBNC state, conditions of resuscitation, methods of detection, antibiotic resistance, and observations on Rpf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) , Kolkata , India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) , Kolkata , India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, NICED , Kolkata , India
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Induction, resuscitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of viable but nonculturable Vibrio vulnificus in artificial sea water. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2205-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Structural analysis of the essential resuscitation promoting factor YeaZ suggests a mechanism of nucleotide regulation through dimer reorganization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23245. [PMID: 21858042 PMCID: PMC3157347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yeaZ gene product forms part of the conserved network YjeE/YeaZ/YgjD essential for the survival of many Gram-negative eubacteria. Among other as yet unidentified roles, YeaZ functions as a resuscitation promoting factor required for survival and resuscitation of cells in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to investigate in detail the structure/function relationship of this family of proteins we have performed X-ray crystallographic studies of Vibrio parahaemolyticus YeaZ. The YeaZ structure showed that it has a classic actin-like nucleotide-binding fold. Comparisons of this crystal structure to that of available homologues from E. coli, T. maritima and S. typhimurium revealed two distinctly different modes of dimer formation. In one form, prevalent in the absence of nucleotide, the putative nucleotide-binding site is incomplete, lacking a binding pocket for a nucleotide base. In the second form, residues from the second subunit complete the nucleotide-binding site. This suggests that the two dimer architectures observed in the crystal structures correspond to a free and a nucleotide-bound form of YeaZ. A multiple sequence alignment of YeaZ proteins from different bacteria allowed us to identify a large conserved hydrophobic patch on the protein surface that becomes exposed upon nucleotide-driven dimer re-arrangement. We hypothesize that the transition between two dimer architectures represents the transition between the ‘on’ and ‘off’ states of YeaZ. The effect of this transition is to alternately expose and bury a docking site for the partner protein YgjD. Conclusions/Significance This paper provides the first structural insight into the putative mechanism of nucleotide regulation of YeaZ through dimer reorganization. Our analysis suggests that nucleotide binding to YeaZ may act as a regulator or switch that changes YeaZ shape, allowing it to switch partners between YjeE and YgjD.
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