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McGehee K, Saito K, Kwaria D, Minamikawa H, Norikane Y. Releasing a bound molecular spring with light: a visible light-triggered photosalient effect tied to polymorphism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6834-6843. [PMID: 38328882 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04691e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a study on the solid state properties of trans tetra-ortho-bromo azobenzene (4Br-Azo). Two distinct crystal polymorphs were identified: the α-phase and β-phase. Notably, only the β-phase exhibited an extraordinary photosalient effect (jumping/breaking) upon exposure to a wide range of visible light. Powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the β-phase is metastable and can transition to the α-phase when subjected to specific stimuli like heat and light. Furthermore, single crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations highlighted the significance of a highly strained conformer in the β-phase, showing that the metastability of the phase potentially arises from relieving this strain. This metastability leads to a light induced phase transition, which appears to be the cause of the photosalient effect in these crystals. Interestingly the polymorphism at the core of 4Br-Azo's dynamic behavior is based on different arrangements of halogen based intermolecular interactions. It is possible that continued study on combining visible light capturing chromophores with halogen interaction-based polymorphism will lead to the discovery of even more visible light controlled dynamic crystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan McGehee
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Saito
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Dennis Kwaria
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Minamikawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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2
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Bhandary S, Beliš M, Kaczmarek AM, Van Hecke K. Photomechanical Motions in Organoboron-Based Phosphorescent Molecular Crystals Driven by a Crystal-State [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22051-22058. [PMID: 36417296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescent molecular crystals integrated with the ability to transform light energy into macroscopic mechanical motions are a promising choice of materials for both actuating and photonic devices. However, such dynamic photomechanical effects, based on molecular organoboron compounds as well as phosphorescent crystalline materials, are not yet known. Here we present an intriguing example of photomechanical molecular single crystals of a newly synthesized organoboron containing Lewis acid-base molecular adduct (BN1, substituted triphenylboroxine and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene) having a capsule shape molecular geometry. The single crystals of BN1 under UV light exhibit controllable rapid bending-shape recovery, delamination, violent splitting-jumping, and expanding features. The detailed structural investigation by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the photosalient behavior of the BN1 single crystals is driven by a crystal-to-crystal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, supported by four donor-acceptor type B←N bonds. The instant photomechanical reaction in the BN1 crystals occurs under UV on account of sudden release of stress associated with the strained molecular geometry, significant solid-state molecular movements (supramolecular change), and cleavage of half intermolecular B←N linkages to result in a complete photodimerized single-crystalline product via the existence of two other intermediate photoproducts. In addition, the BN1 crystals display short-lived room temperature phosphorescence, and the photodynamic events are accompanied by the enhancement of their phosphorescence intensity to yield the photoproduct. Interestingly, the molecular crystals of the final photoproduct polymerize at ambient conditions when recrystallized from the solution forming a 2D supramolecular crystalline polymer stabilized by the retention of all B←N coordination modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marek Beliš
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna M Kaczmarek
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Rath BB, Vittal JJ. Photoreactive Crystals Exhibiting [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction and Dynamic Effects. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1445-1455. [PMID: 35499483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusConducting a reaction in the solid state eliminates the usage of solvents. If such reactions are conducted in a single-crystal to single-crystal (SCSC) fashion, then structural characterization by single-crystal X-ray crystallography (SCXRD) techniques provides unequivocal structural details. Although topochemical principles govern, getting single crystals at the end of a SCSC reaction purely depends on the experimental skills of the researchers. SCSC reactions are common among solid-state [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions (hereafter "photoreaction") after the classical work of Schmidt and co-workers in 1960s. Synthons and tectons in the crystal engineering box can be exploited to bring the functional groups into the required alignment and packing to achieve the desired chemical reactivities and physical properties, respectively. Bringing a pair of alkenes closer together in the organic molecules provides an effective starting point to achieve the goal of crystal engineering.Further, understanding and controlling photoreactivity in the solid state provide a gateway to designing new advanced materials, for example, making cycloreversible optical storage materials, photosalient and photomechanical materials, highly crystalline or even single-crystalline organic polymers, covalent organic framework structures, and organic polymers incorporated inside metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Photoreactions often proceed in a SCSC manner due to the limited movements of the closely disposed reactive functional groups in the crystals. Thus, these photoreactions yield not only quantitative photoproducts but also regio- and stereospecificity, which are otherwise inaccessible by solution syntheses.The traditional definition of crystals being hard, rigid, and brittle is no longer valid ever since the mechanically responsive crystals were discovered. These dynamic crystals undergo various movements like curling, jumping, hopping, popping, splitting, and wiggling, when exposed to light (called "photosalient effect") or heat (called "thermosalient" effect). These crystals generate new methods of transforming light and heat energy into mechanical work. Recently, photosalient behavior during the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction under UV light has been frequently observed. With the emergence of the field of "crystal adaptronics", dynamic photoreactive crystals have emerged as smart actuating materials.This Account aims to provide an overview of the development in this area, since it has garnered much attention among solid state chemists. While presenting selected examples of important strategies, we try to illustrate the intentions and concepts behind the methods developed, which will help in a rational approach for the fabrication of advanced solid state materials. Apart from topochemical transformations, the important roles played by weak interactions, guest solvents, and mechanical grinding have been highlighted in several classes of compounds to show structural transformations that defy the expected outcomes. Overall, the progress of [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction in solid state materials has been discussed from UV induced structural transformations to the development of smart actuating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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4
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Chen YR, Jia MZ, Pan JQ, Tan B, Zhang J. Photomechanical behavior triggered by [2 + 2] cycloaddition and photochromism of a pyridinium-functionalized coordination complex. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6157-6161. [PMID: 35380565 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced bending behavior triggered by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a photoactive complex has been successfully achieved, accompanied by photochromic and fluorescence changes that provide convenience for long-distance observation of photomechanical motion. The key design feature is based on the introduction of flexible methylene groups and cation-π interactions. Moreover, the potential application in photomechanical devices was reflected by bending and supporting force experiments on the complex composite film, which is of increasing importance especially in soft actuators and robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Meng-Ze Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Qi Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
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5
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Wu JW, Long BF, Wang MF, Young DJ, Hu FL, Mi Y, Lang JP. Tunable photosalient behaviours within coordination polymers via functional molecular prearrangements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2674-2677. [PMID: 35107453 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four Cd(II)/diene coordination polymers (CPs) with similar 1D chain motifs exhibit different photosalient (PS) behaviours in response to UV light. The [2+2] photoreaction between the CC groups within these CPs results in diverse PS behaviours of their crystals with different CC pair arrangements. The interesting PS behaviours of these CPs can be applied in design and fabrication of advanced photoactuating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Bing-Fan Long
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Meng-Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China. .,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Fei-Long Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Yan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Ye Y, Hao H, Xie C. Photomechanical crystalline materials: new developments, property tuning and applications. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This highlight gives an overview of the mechanism development, property tuning and application exploration of photomechanical crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuang Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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7
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Khan S, Akhtaruzzaman, Medishetty R, Ekka A, Mir MH. Mechanical Motion in Crystals Triggered by Solid State Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2806-2816. [PMID: 34355513 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some special crystals respond to light by jumping, scattering or bursting just like popping of popcorn kernels on a hot surface. This rare phenomenon is called the photosalient (PS) effect. Molecular level control over the arrangement of light-responsive molecules in microscopic crystals for macroscale deformation or mechanical motion offers the possibility of using light to control smart material structures across the length scales. Photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition has recently emerged as a promising route to obtain photoswitchable structures and a wide variety of frameworks, but such reaction in crystals leading to macroscopic mechanical motion is relatively less explored. Study of chemistry of such novel soft crystals for the generation of smart materials is an imperative task. This minireview highlights recent advances in solid-state [2+2] cycloaddition in crystals to induce macroscale mechanical motion and thereby transduction of light into kinetic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | - Akhtaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | | | - Akansha Ekka
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
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8
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Kato K, Seki T, Ito H. (9-Isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) Complexes Exhibiting Two Modes of Crystal Jumps by Different Structure Change Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10849-10856. [PMID: 33886301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of single crystals exhibiting salient effects by different structure change mechanisms are reported. The crystals of newly prepared aryl(9-isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) complexes jump in response to two different external stimuli: ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cooling. The photosalient effect is triggered by photodimerization reaction of the anthracene moieties under photoirradiation. By contrast, the thermosalient effect is caused by anisotropic thermal contraction upon cooling without a chemical structure change. By taking advantage of the multiple-jump feature, we also show sequential jumps of crystals by cooling and then UV irradiation for demonstration of the programmed motion of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kato
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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9
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Rath BB, Gallo G, Dinnebier RE, Vittal JJ. Reversible Thermosalience in a One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Preceded by Anisotropic Thermal Expansion and the Shape Memory Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2088-2096. [PMID: 33476147 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermally responsive crystals hold great potential for their use as actuating materials by acting as energy transducers to convert heat energy to mechanical work. Control over defined phase transition temperature with rapid reconfiguration is of great advantage for actuation. The thermosalient (TS) effect is a rarely observed phenomenon in coordination polymers (CPs), let alone the reversibility of thermosalience in CPs. Herein, we report the reversible TS effect in a one-dimensional CP due to the martensitic phase transition during both heating and cooling cycles. The TS effect was preceded by anisotropic thermal expansion showing high expansion coefficients. In addition, the nonmolecular crystals show reversible contraction and recovery during multiple heating-cooling cycles due to the self-restorative shape memory effect. The reversible actuation of the CP could be repeated for 20 heating-cooling cycles in differential scanning calorimetry experiments, suggesting its great potential as a multicyclic actuator. Such thermal responsive behavior is unique in metal-organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianpiero Gallo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jagadese J Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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10
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Abstract
Dynamic macroscopic behaviour of single crystals of coordination polymers when subjected to light, heat, and mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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11
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Rath BB, Vittal JJ. Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction in a Photosalient One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer of Pb(II). J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20117-20123. [PMID: 33175523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In a remarkable example, we report a one-dimensional coordination polymer (CP) of Pb(II) showing photosalient (PS) properties triggered by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of olefinic ligands, which is seldom observed in CPs. Macroscopic rod-shaped crystals show various photomechanical effects such as jumping, splitting, rolling, and breaking upon UV illumination. In this rare example, we could determine the solid-state structure of the 100% dimerized product and three intermediate structures, even after the shattering of crystals into small pieces. Detailed mechanistic investigation from the single-crystal data indicates that the strain generated in the unit cell due to anisotropic expansion played a bigger role for the PS effects. Nucleated growth of the photoproduct crystal created different domains inside the single crystal, which multiplied the already developed stress leading to the photomechanical movements. This example falls in the gray area of a clean single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation and violent PS effect. Such photochemical behavior has never been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadese J Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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12
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Yadava K, Gallo G, Bette S, Mulijanto CE, Karothu DP, Park IH, Medishetty R, Naumov P, Dinnebier RE, Vittal JJ. Extraordinary anisotropic thermal expansion in photosalient crystals. IUCRJ 2020; 7:83-89. [PMID: 31949907 PMCID: PMC6949593 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519014581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although a plethora of metal complexes have been characterized, those having multifunctional properties are very rare. This article reports three isotypical complexes, namely [Cu(benzoate)L 2], where L = 4-styryl-pyridine (4spy) (1), 2'-fluoro-4-styryl-pyridine (2F-4spy) (2) and 3'-fluoro-4-styryl-pyridine (3F-4spy) (3), which show photosalient behavior (photoinduced crystal mobility) while they undergo [2+2] cyclo-addition. These crystals also exhibit anisotropic thermal expansion when heated from room temperature to 200°C. The overall thermal expansion of the crystals is impressive, with the largest volumetric thermal expansion coefficients for 1, 2 and 3 of 241.8, 233.1 and 285.7 × 10-6 K-1, respectively, values that are comparable to only a handful of other reported materials known to undergo colossal thermal expansion. As a result of the expansion, their single crystals occasionally move by rolling. Altogether, these materials exhibit unusual and hitherto untapped solid-state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Yadava
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S8-05-03, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Gianpiero Gallo
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Caroline Evania Mulijanto
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S8-05-03, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | | | - In-Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S8-05-03, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Raghavender Medishetty
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S8-05-03, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S8-05-03, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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13
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Yadava K, Qin X, Liu X, Vittal JJ. Straight, bendable and bent organic crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14749-14752. [PMID: 31754669 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
trans-4-Phenylazobenzoic acid (pab) crystallized in three different morphologies: long rod-like crystals, bendable long thin crystals, and bent crystals. Of them, the bent crystals were obtained by recrystallizing after subjecting pab to UV-irradiation in solution. A small amount of cis-form in the bent crystals is responsible for the bent nature, while the elastic bending of thin platy crystals can be understood from the crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Yadava
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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14
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Kamo Y, Nagaya I, Sugino R, Hagiwara H. Jumping Crystals of Stacked Planar Cobalt Complexes: Thermosalient Effect Promoted by Hydrogen-bonded Lattice Solvent Release. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Iori Nagaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryoma Sugino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hagiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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15
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Yadava K, Vittal JJ. Solid‐State Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Mn
II
Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:10394-10399. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Yadava
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3, Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3, Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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16
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Commins P, Karothu DP, Naumov P. Is a Bent Crystal Still a Single Crystal? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10052-10060. [PMID: 30762922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mention of the word "crystal" invokes images of minerals, gems, and rocks, all of which are inevitably solid, hard, and durable entities with well-defined smooth faces and straight edges. With the discovery in the first half of the 20th century that many molecular crystals are soft and can be deformed in a similar way as rubber or plastic, this perception is changing, and both the concept and formal definition of what a crystal is may require reinterpretation. The seemingly naïve question posed in the title of this Minireview does not have a simple answer. Here, we discuss how the effects of the elastic and plastic deformation of molecular crystals on the diffraction signature give primary evidence of their degree of crystallinity. In most cases, the definition of a crystal holds for both elastically and plastically deformed crystals and, unless there is significant or complete physical separation of the crystal during the deformation, they can safely be considered (deformed) single crystals with a high concentration of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 10 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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17
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Commins P, Karothu DP, Naumov P. Ist ein gebogener Kristall immer noch ein Einkristall? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
| | - Durga Prasad Karothu
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced StudyHarvard University 10 Garden St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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18
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Seki T, Mashimo T, Ito H. Anisotropic strain release in a thermosalient crystal: correlation between the microscopic orientation of molecular rearrangements and the macroscopic mechanical motion. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4185-4191. [PMID: 31057747 PMCID: PMC6471989 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the salient effect of the crystal of gold complex that bridges the gap between macroscopic mechanical movements (i.e., jump) and microscopic changes of the crystal structure.
The salient effect, which refers to a jumping phenomenon of organic and organometallic molecular crystals typically triggered by phase transitions in response to external stimuli, has been investigated intensively in the last five years. A challenging topic in this research area is the question of how to characterize the release of microscopic strain accumulated during phase transitions, which generates macroscopic mechanical motion. Herein, we describe the thermosalient effect of the triphenylethenyl gold 4-chlorophenyl isocyanide complex 1, which jumps reversibly at approximately –100 °C upon cooling at 50 °C min–1 and heating at 30 °C min–1. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements and differential scanning calorimetric analyses of 1 suggest the occurrence of a thermal phase transition at this temperature. Detailed structural analyses indicate that anisotropic changes to the molecular arrangement occur in 1, whereby the crystallographic a axis contracts upon cooling while the b axis expands. Simultaneously, macroscopic changes of the crystal dimensions occur. This is observed as bending, i.e., as an inclination of the crystal edges, and in the form of splitting, which occurs in a perpendicular direction to the major crystal axis. This study thus bridges the gap between macroscopic mechanical responses that are observed in high-speed photographic images and microscopic changes of the crystal structure, which are evaluated by X-ray diffraction measurements with face indexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan . ;
| | - Takaki Mashimo
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan . ;
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan . ; .,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
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19
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Zaczek AJ, Catalano L, Naumov P, Korter TM. Mapping the polymorphic transformation gateway vibration in crystalline 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1332-1341. [PMID: 30809348 PMCID: PMC6354909 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03897j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A single lattice vibration at 15.5 cm–1 serves as a gateway for the polymorphic conversion of thermosalient 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene crystals.
The thermosalient behavior of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene (TBB) is related to a temperature-induced polymorphic structural change. The mechanism behind the phase transition has been investigated in this work using low-frequency (10–250 cm–1) Raman spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory simulations. Careful adjustments of the probing laser power permitted thermal control of the polymorph populations and enabled high-quality Raman vibrational spectra to be obtained for both the β (low temperature) and γ (high temperature) forms of TBB. Numerous well-defined vibrational features appear in the Raman spectra of both polymorphs which could be assigned to specific motions of the solid-state TBB molecules. It was discovered that the lowest-frequency vibration at 15.5 cm–1 in β-TBB at 291 K is a rotational mode that functions as a gateway for inducing the polymorphic phase transition to γ-TBB, and serves as the initiating step in the storage of mechanical strain for subsequent macroscopic release. Computationally mapping the potential energy surface along this vibrational coordinate reveals that the two TBB polymorphs are separated by a 2.40 kJ mol–1 barrier and that γ-TBB exhibits an enhanced cohesion energy that stabilizes its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Zaczek
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244-4100 , USA .
| | - Luca Catalano
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188 , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188 , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Korter
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244-4100 , USA .
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20
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Brock AJ, Whittaker JJ, Powell JA, Pfrunder MC, Grosjean A, Parsons S, McMurtrie JC, Clegg JK. Elastically Flexible Crystals have Disparate Mechanisms of Molecular Movement Induced by Strain and Heat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11325-11328. [PMID: 29998602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elastically flexible crystals form an emerging class of materials that exhibit a range of notable properties. The mechanism of thermal expansion in flexible crystals of bis(acetylacetonato)copper(II) is compared with the mechanism of molecular motion induced by bending and it is demonstrated that the two mechanisms are distinct. Upon bending, individual molecules within the crystal structure reversibly rotate, while thermal expansion results predominantly in an increase in intermolecular separations with only minor changes to molecular orientation through rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Brock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jacob J Whittaker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua A Powell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael C Pfrunder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - John C McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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21
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Brock AJ, Whittaker JJ, Powell JA, Pfrunder MC, Grosjean A, Parsons S, McMurtrie JC, Clegg JK. Elastically Flexible Crystals have Disparate Mechanisms of Molecular Movement Induced by Strain and Heat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. Brock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jacob J. Whittaker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Joshua A. Powell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michael C. Pfrunder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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22
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Zorina-Tikhonova EN, Chistyakov AS, Kiskin MA, Sidorov AA, Dorovatovskii PV, Zubavichus YV, Voronova ED, Godovikov IA, Korlyukov AA, Eremenko IL, Vologzhanina AV. Exploitation of knowledge databases in the synthesis of zinc(II) malonates with photo-sensitive and photo-insensitive N, N'-containing linkers. IUCRJ 2018; 5:293-303. [PMID: 29755745 PMCID: PMC5929375 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated solid-state reactions are known to affect the physical properties of coordination polymers, such as fluorescence and sorption behaviour, and also afford extraordinary architectures (e.g. three-periodic structures with polyorganic ligands). However, the construction of novel photo-sensitive coordination polymers requires an understanding of the factors which govern the mutual disposition of reactive fragments. A series of zinc(II) malonate complexes with 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and its photo-insensitive analogues has been synthesized for the purpose of systematic analysis of their underlying nets and mutual disposition of N-donor ligands. The application of a big data-set analysis for the prediction of a variety of possible complex compositions, coordination environments and networks for a four-component system has been demonstrated for the first time. Seven of the nine compounds possess one of the highly probable topologies for their underlying nets; in addition, two novel closely related four-coordinated networks were obtained. Complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane form isoreticular compounds more readily than those with 4,4'-bipyridine and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene. The effects of the precursor, either zinc(II) nitrate or zinc(II) acetate, on the composition and dimensionality of the resulting architecture are discussed. For three of the four novel complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene, the single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions were carried out. UV irradiation of these crystals afforded either the 0D→1D or the 3D→3D transformations, with and without network changes. One of the two 3D→3D transformations was accompanied by solvent (H2O) cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina N. Zorina-Tikhonova
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr S. Chistyakov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A. Kiskin
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei A. Sidorov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Dorovatovskii
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Yan V. Zubavichus
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia D. Voronova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A. Godovikov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L. Eremenko
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V. Vologzhanina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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23
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Vittal JJ, Quah HS. Photochemical reactions of metal complexes in the solid state. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:7120-7140. [PMID: 28540960 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective focusses on the solid-state reactivity and structural transformation driven by photochemical methods in discrete metal complexes, organometallic compounds, metallo-macrocycles and cages. Changes in the metal-metal bond distances, racemization of chiral centres, fusion of cages, formation of coordination polymers, expected [2 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition products, unusual phenyl-olefin dimerization, and linkage isomerization of -SO2, -NO & -NO2 ligands cause the structural transformations. Of these, [2 + 2] photo-cycloaddition reactions have been widely studied and the photoreactions are made possible by various supramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds, metallophilic, ππ and C-Hπ interactions, ligand design and metallic clips to bring the reactive functional groups closely into correct orientation close to the transition state. These photoreactions are often accompanied by crystal bending, mechanical motion, and changes in the magnetic and photoluminescence properties. In several cases, the single crystals have been preserved at the end of the reactions, which are known as single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadese J Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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24
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Abstract
Crystal engineering, which was considered to be crystal structure engineering, is now transforming into crystal property engineering. The same or similar crystal structures could have different properties while different crystal structures could have similar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam R. Desiraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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25
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Shibuya Y, Itoh Y, Aida T. Jumping Crystals of Pyrene Tweezers: Crystal-to-Crystal Transition Involvingπ/π-to-CH/πAssembly Mode Switching. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:811-815. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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