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McLeod KE, Butler A, Young JT, Southalan L, Borschmann R, Sturup-Toft S, Dirkzwager A, Dolan K, Acheampong LK, Topp SM, Martin RE, Kinner SA. Global Prison Health Care Governance and Health Equity: A Critical Lack of Evidence. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:303-308. [PMID: 31944844 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The large and growing population of people who experience incarceration makes prison health an essential component of public health and a critical setting for reducing health inequities. People who experience incarceration have a high burden of physical and mental health care needs and have poor health outcomes. Addressing these health disparities requires effective governance and accountability for prison health care services, including delivery of quality care in custody and effective integration with community health services.Despite the importance of prison health care governance, little is known about how prison health services are structured and funded or the methods and processes by which they are held accountable. A number of national and subnational jurisdictions have moved prison health care services under their ministry of health, in alignment with recommendations by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. However, there is a critical lack of evidence on current governance models and an urgent need for evaluation and research, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.Here we discuss why understanding and implementing effective prison health governance models is a critical component of addressing health inequities at the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McLeod
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sunita Sturup-Toft
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Dirkzwager
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Dolan
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lawrence Kofi Acheampong
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Topp
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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McLeod KE, Korchinski M, Young P, Milkovich T, Hemingway C, DeGroot M, Condello LL, Fels L, Buxton JA, Janssen PA, Granger-Brown A, Ramsden V, Buchanan M, Martin RE. Supporting women leaving prison through peer health mentoring: a participatory health research study. CMAJ Open 2020; 8:E1-E8. [PMID: 32071141 PMCID: PMC7028165 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20190106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the transition between prison and community, people are at greatly increased risk for adverse health outcomes. This study describes a peer health mentoring program that supports women in the first 3 days after their release from a provincial correctional facility in British Columbia. METHODS We used a participatory health research framework to develop multimethod processes to describe the Unlocking the Gates Peer Health Mentoring Program. Mentors are women with incarceration experience. Between 2013 and 2018, women released from Alouette Correctional Centre for Women were invited to access the program. All program clients were invited to participate in the surveys and interviews. We analyzed survey and interview data using descriptive analysis for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. RESULTS There were 346 program contacts from 340 women over the study period. For every contact, a telephone interview was conducted. Among the 346 contacts, 173 women met their mentor, of whom 172 (99.4%) completed the intake and consent forms. A total of 105 women (61.0%) completed a program activity feedback survey at the end of the mentoring period. Women identified a range of needed supports during the transition from prison to community, including access to clothing, social assistance, housing and health care. Participants described a mix of emotions surrounding release, including excitement, anxiety, hope, and a wish for understanding and support. Within 3 days of release, 49 participants (46.7%) had accessed a family physician, and 89 (84.8%) had accessed at least 1 community resource. Ninety-eight participants (93.3%) reported that their mentor assisted them in accessing community resources. INTERPRETATION Peer health mentoring provides valuable, multifaceted support in helping women to navigate health and social services and to meet their basic needs. Strengthening health supports during the transition from prison to community is critical to promoting the health and well-being of women leaving prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McLeod
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Mo Korchinski
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Pamela Young
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Tammy Milkovich
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Christine Hemingway
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Michelle DeGroot
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Lara-Lisa Condello
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Lynn Fels
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jane A Buxton
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Patricia A Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Alison Granger-Brown
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Vivian Ramsden
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Marla Buchanan
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- School of Population and Public Health (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Buxton, Janssen, Elwood Martin) and Collaborating Centre for Prison Health and Education (McLeod, Korchinski, Young, Milkovich, Hemingway, Condello, Fels Buxton, Granger-Brown Ramsden, Elwood Martin), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; First Nations Health Authority (DeGroot), BC; Justice Studies (Condello), Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC; Arts Education (Fels), Simon Fraser University; BC Centre for Disease Control (Buxton); Child and Family Research Institute (Janssen), Vancouver, BC; Fielding Graduate University (Granger-Brown), Santa Barbara, Calif.; Department of Academic Family Medicine (Ramsden), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Counselling Psychology Program (Buchanan), Education and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, and Centre for Group Counselling and Trauma (Buchanan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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