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Katsaouni N, Aul F, Krischker L, Schmalhofer S, Hedrich L, Schulz MH. Energy efficient convolutional neural networks for arrhythmia detection. ARRAY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.array.2022.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gadhoumi K, Do D, Badilini F, Pelter MM, Hu X. Wavelet leader multifractal analysis of heart rate variability in atrial fibrillation. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51:S83-S87. [PMID: 30177367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate and timely detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes is important in primarily and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and heart-related problems. In this work, heart rate regularity of ECG inter-beat intervals was investigated in episodes of AF and other rhythms using a wavelet leader based multifractal analysis. Our aim was to improve the detectability of AF episodes. METHODS Inter-beat intervals from 25 ECG recordings available in the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database were analysed. Four types of annotated rhythms (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV junctional rhythm, and other rhythms) were available. A wavelet leader based multifractal analysis was applied to 5 min non-overlapping windows of each recording to estimate the multifractal spectrum in each window. The width of the multifractal spectrum was analysed for its discrimination power between rhythm episodes. RESULTS In 10 of 25 recordings, the width of multifractal spectrum was significantly lower in episodes of AF than in other rhythms indicating increased regularity during AF. High classification accuracy (95%) of AF episodes was achieved using a combination of features derived from the multifractal analysis and statistical central moment features. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the regularity of inter-beat intervals was observed during AF episodes by means of multifractal analysis. Multifractal features may be used to improve AF detection accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Gadhoumi
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Duc Do
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Badilini
- Center for Physiologic Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michele M Pelter
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Parvaneh S, Rubin J, Rahman A, Conroy B, Babaeizadeh S. Analyzing single-lead short ECG recordings using dense convolutional neural networks and feature-based post-processing to detect atrial fibrillation. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:084003. [PMID: 30044235 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aad5bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general population is 0.5%-1%. As AF is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia that is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality, its timely diagnosis is clinically desirable. The main aim of this study as our contribution to the PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2017 was to develop an automatic algorithm for classification of normal sinus rhythm (NSR), AF, other rhythm (O), and noise using a short single-channel ECG. Furthermore, the impact of changing labels/annotations on performance of the proposed algorithm was studied in this article. APPROACH The challenge training dataset (8528 ECG recordings) and a complementary dataset (6312 ECG recordings) from other sources were used for algorithm development. Version 3 (v3), which is an updated version of the annotations at the official phase of the challenge (v2), was used in this study. In the proposed algorithm, densely connected convolutional networks were combined with feature-based post-processing after initial signal quality analysis for the classification of ECG recordings. MAIN RESULTS The F1 scores for classification of NSR, AF, and O were 0.91, 0.83, and 0.72, respectively, which led to a F1 of 0.82. There was a small or no performance difference between the top entries in the official phase of the challenge and our proposed method. An increase of 2.5% in F1 score was observed when the same annotations for training and test was used (using v3 annotations) compared to using different annotations (v2 annotations for training and v3 annotations for the test). SIGNIFICANCE Our promising results suggest that the availability of more data with improved labeling along with improvement in signal quality analysis make our algorithm suitable for practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Parvaneh
- Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, United States of America. Authors contributed equally to this work. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. 2 Canal Park, 3rd floor, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Du X, Rao N, Ou F, Xu G, Yin L, Wang G. f-Wave Suppression Method for Improvement of Locating T-Wave Ends in Electrocardiograms during Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 18:262-70. [DOI: 10.1111/anec.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Du
- School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu; China
| | - Nini Rao
- School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu; China
| | - Feng Ou
- School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu; China
| | - Guogong Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu; China
| | - Lixue Yin
- Cardiovascular department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu; China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu; China
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Salinet JL, Madeiro JPV, Cortez PC, Stafford PJ, André Ng G, Schlindwein FS. Analysis of QRS-T subtraction in unipolar atrial fibrillation electrograms. Med Biol Eng Comput 2013; 51:1381-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-013-1071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salinet JL, Oliveira GN, Vanheusden FJ, Comba JLD, Ng GA, Schlindwein FS. Visualizing intracardiac atrial fibrillation electrograms using spectral analysis. Comput Sci Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/mcse.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. Central tendency measure and wavelet transform combined in the non-invasive analysis of atrial fibrillation recordings. Biomed Eng Online 2012; 11:46. [PMID: 22877316 PMCID: PMC3444389 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in the clinical practice, being the subject of intensive research. Methods The present work introduces two different Wavelet Transform (WT) applications to electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings of patients in AF. The first one predicts spontaneous termination of paroxysmal AF (PAF), whereas the second one deals with the prediction of electrical cardioversion (ECV) outcome in persistent AF patients. In both cases, the central tendency measure (CTM) from the first differences scatter plot was applied to the AF wavelet decomposition. In this way, the wavelet coefficients vector CTM associated to the AF frequency scale was used to assess how atrial fibrillatory (f) waves variability can be related to AF events. Results Structural changes into the f waves can be assessed by combining WT and CTM to reflect atrial activity organization variation. This fact can be used to predict organization-related events in AF. To this respect, results in the prediction of PAF termination regarding sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100%, 91.67% and 96%, respectively. On the other hand, for ECV outcome prediction, 82.93% sensitivity, 90.91% specificity and 85.71% accuracy were obtained. Hence, CTM has reached the highest diagnostic ability as a single predictor published to date. Conclusions Results suggest that CTM can be considered as a promising tool to characterize non-invasive AF signals. In this sense, therapeutic interventions for the treatment of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients could be improved, thus, avoiding useless procedures and minimizing risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alcaraz
- Innovation in Bioengineering Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.
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8
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An Atrioventricular Node Model for Analysis of the Ventricular Response During Atrial Fibrillation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:3386-95. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2166262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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CLIMENT ANDREUM, GUILLEM MARIAS, HUSSER DANIELA, CASTELLS FRANCISCO, MILLET JOSÉ, BOLLMANN ANDREAS. Role of the Atrial Rate as a Factor Modulating Ventricular Response during Atrial Fibrillation. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2010; 33:1510-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alcaraz R, Rieta J. A review on sample entropy applications for the non-invasive analysis of atrial fibrillation electrocardiograms. Biomed Signal Process Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Park J, Lee S, Jeon M. Atrial fibrillation detection by heart rate variability in Poincare plot. Biomed Eng Online 2009; 8:38. [PMID: 20003345 PMCID: PMC2803479 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is one of the prominent causes of stroke, and its risk increases with age. We need to detect AFib correctly as early as possible to avoid medical disaster because it is likely to proceed into a more serious form in short time. If we can make a portable AFib monitoring system, it will be helpful to many old people because we cannot predict when a patient will have a spasm of AFib. METHODS We analyzed heart beat variability from inter-beat intervals obtained by a wavelet-based detector. We made a Poincare plot using the inter-beat intervals. By analyzing the plot, we extracted three feature measures characterizing AFib and non-AFib: the number of clusters, mean stepping increment of inter-beat intervals, and dispersion of the points around a diagonal line in the plot. We divided distribution of the number of clusters into two and calculated mean value of the lower part by k-means clustering method. We classified data whose number of clusters is more than one and less than this mean value as non-AFib data. In the other case, we tried to discriminate AFib from non-AFib using support vector machine with the other feature measures: the mean stepping increment and dispersion of the points in the Poincare plot. RESULTS We found that Poincare plot from non-AFib data showed some pattern, while the plot from AFib data showed irregularly irregular shape. In case of non-AFib data, the definite pattern in the plot manifested itself with some limited number of clusters or closely packed one cluster. In case of AFib data, the number of clusters in the plot was one or too many. We evaluated the accuracy using leave-one-out cross-validation. Mean sensitivity and mean specificity were 91.4% and 92.9% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Because pulse beats of ventricles are less likely to be influenced by baseline wandering and noise, we used the inter-beat intervals to diagnose AFib. We visually displayed regularity of the inter-beat intervals by way of Poincare plot. We tried to design an automated algorithm which did not require any human intervention and any specific threshold, and could be installed in a portable AFib monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Park
- Department of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. The application of nonlinear metrics to assess organization differences in short recordings of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Physiol Meas 2009; 31:115-30. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/1/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Right atrial organization and wavefront analysis in atrial fibrillation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2009; 47:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-009-0540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Llinares R, Igual J. Application of constrained independent component analysis algorithms in electrocardiogram arrhythmias. Artif Intell Med 2009; 47:121-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sample entropy of the main atrial wave predicts spontaneous termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Med Eng Phys 2009; 31:917-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Surface ECG organization analysis to predict paroxysmal atrial fibrillation termination. Comput Biol Med 2009; 39:697-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Time and frequency series combination for non-invasive regularity analysis of atrial fibrillation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2009; 47:687-96. [PMID: 19468772 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-009-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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GUILLEM MARIAS, CLIMENT ANDREUM, CASTELLS FRANCISCO, HUSSER DANIELA, MILLET JOSE, ARYA ARASH, PIORKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER, BOLLMANN ANDREAS. Noninvasive Mapping of Human Atrial Fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20:507-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Climent AM, de la Salud Guillem M, Husser D, Castells F, Millet J, Bollmann A. PoincarÉ Surface Profiles of RR Intervals: A Novel Noninvasive Method for the Evaluation of Preferential AV Nodal Conduction During Atrial Fibrillation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:433-42. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2008.2003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Llinares R, Igual J, Salazar A, Vergara L. Constrained temporal extraction of the atrial rhythm in Atrial Fibrillation episodes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:1159-62. [PMID: 19162870 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of the Atrial Activity from the Ventricular Activity in Atrial Fibrillation episodes is a must for clinical analysis. We follow the semi Blind Source Extraction S-BSE approach to solve the problem. The proposed algorithm modifies the BSE contrast function to satisfy the prior knowledge about the spectral content of the atrial signal. The introduction of this prior allows obtaining a new algorithm with the following advantages: it allows the extraction of only the atrial component and it improves the quality of the recovered atrial signal in terms of spectral concentration as we show in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Llinares
- Department of Communications of the Universidad Politecnica Valencia, Spain.
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Richter U, Stridh M, Bollmann A, Husser D, Sörnmo L. Spatial characteristics of atrial fibrillation electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol 2008; 41:165-72. [PMID: 18328340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigates spatial properties of atrial fibrillation (AF) by analyzing vectorcardiogram loops synthesized from 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). METHODS After atrial signal extraction, spatial properties are characterized through analysis of successive, fixed-length signal segments and expressed in loop orientation, that is, azimuth and elevation, as well as in loop morphology, that is, planarity and planar geometry. It is hypothesized that more organized AF, expressed by a lower AF frequency, is associated with decreased variability in loop morphology. Atrial fibrillation frequency is determined using spectral analysis. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with chronic AF were analyzed using 60-second ECG recordings. Loop orientation was similar when determined from either entire 60- or 1-second segments. For 1-second segments, the correlation between AF frequency and the parameters planarity and planar geometry were 0.608 (P < .001) and 0.543 (P < .005), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of AF organization based on AF frequency and spatial characteristics from the ECG is possible. The results suggested a relatively weak coupling between loop morphology and AF frequency when determined from the surface ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Richter
- Signal Processing Group, Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. Wavelet bidomain sample entropy analysis to predict spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation. Physiol Meas 2008; 29:65-80. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/1/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mainardi L, Sörnmo L, Cerutti S. Understanding Atrial Fibrillation: The Signal Processing Contribution, Part II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2200/s00153ed1v01y200809bme025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. Non-linear organization analysis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:1957-60. [PMID: 18002367 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4352701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common supraventricular arrhythmia with episodes that, in the first stages of the disease, may terminate spontaneously. This fact is referred as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The analysis of its termination or maintenance could avoid unnecessary therapy and contribute to take the appropriate decisions on its management. The aim of this work is to study if an AF episode terminates spontaneously or not by analyzing the increase of atrial activity (AA) organization prior to AF termination. The organization varies as a consequence of the decrease in the number of reentries into the atrial tissue. The analysis was carried out noninvasively through the use of surface electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Sample entropy was selected as non-linear organization index. It was observed that noise and ventricular residues degrade AA organization estimation performance, therefore the use of selective filtering to get the main atrial wave (MAW) was necessary. Using the MAW organization analysis, that is the signal produced by the main reentry wandering the atrial tissue, 46 out of 50 of the terminating and non-terminating analyzed AF episodes were correctly classified (92%). The obtained outcomes allow to conclude that the dominant atrial frequency, and therefore, the main atrial reentry, contains the most relevant information about spontaneous AF termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alcaraz
- Innovation in Bioengeeniering Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071, Cuenca, Spain.
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Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. Wavelet bidomain regularity analysis to predict spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:1838-41. [PMID: 18002338 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4352672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Therefore, the ability to predict if an AF episode terminates spontaneously or not is a challenging clinical problem. This work presents a robust AF prediction methodology carried out by estimating, through regularity indexes, the atrial activity (AA) organization increase prior to AF termination. This regularity variation appears as a consequence of the decrease in the number of reentries into the atrial tissue. AA was obtained from surface ECG recordings using an average QRST template cancellation technique. Wavelet transform (WT) was used in a bidomain way (time and frequency) in order to improve organization estimation. Thereafter, a more robust and reliable classification process for terminating and non-terminating AF episodes was developed making use of two different wavelet decomposition strategies. Finally, the atrial activity organization both in time and wavelet domains (bidomain) was estimated. Trougth the application of this strategy, 96% of the terminating and non-terminating analyzed AF episodes were correctly classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alcaraz
- Innovation in Bioengeeniering Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 16071, Cuenca, Spain.
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