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S K, Saquib M, Poojary H, Illanad G, Valavan D, M S, Nayak R, Mazumder N, Ghosh C. Skin emitted volatiles analysis for noninvasive diagnosis: the current advances in sample preparation techniques for biomedical application. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12009-12020. [PMID: 38623290 PMCID: PMC11017966 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human skin emits a series of volatile compounds from the skin due to various metabolic processes, microbial activity, and several external factors. Changes in the concentration of skin volatile metabolites indicate many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases. Researchers focused on skin-emitted compounds to gain insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases. In the case of skin volatolomics research, it is noteworthy that sample preparation, sampling protocol, analytical techniques, and comprehensive validation are important for the successful integration of skin metabolic profiles into regular clinical settings. Solid-phase microextraction techniques and polymer-based active sorbent traps were developed to capture the skin-emitted volatile compounds. The primary advantage of these sample preparation techniques is the ability to efficiently and targetedly capture skin metabolites, thus improving the detection of the biomarkers associated with various diseases. In further research, polydimethyl-based patches were utilized for skin research due to their biocompatibility and thermal stability properties. The microextraction sampling tools coupled with high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer provided a potential platform for skin volatolomes, thus emerging as a state-of-the-art analytical technique. Later, technological advancements, including the design of wearable sensors, have enriched skin-based research as it can integrate the information from skin-emitted volatile profiles into a portable platform. However, individual-specific hydration, temperature, and skin conditions can influence variations in skin volatile concentration. Considering the subject-specific skin depth, sampling time standardization, and suitable techniques may improve the skin sampling techniques for the potential discovery of various skin-based marker compounds associated with diseases. Here, we have summarised the current research progress, limitations, and technological advances in skin-based sample preparation techniques for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Harshika Poojary
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Gouri Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University Hubballi Karnataka 580021 India
| | - Divyadarshini Valavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Selvakumar M
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramakrishna Nayak
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
- Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 02115 MA USA
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Abstract
The technological developments of recent times have allowed the use of innovative approaches to support the diagnosis of various diseases. Many of such clinical conditions are often associated with metabolic unbalance, in turn producing an alteration of the gut microbiota even during asymptomatic stages. As such, studies regarding the microbiota composition in biological fluids obtained by humans are continuously growing, and the methodologies for their investigation are rapidly changing, making it less invasive and more affordable. To this extent, Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue tools are gaining importance in the relevant field, making them a useful alternative—or support—to traditional analytical methods. In light of this, the present manuscript seeks to investigate the development and use of such tools in the gut microbiota assessment according to the current literature. Significant gaps are still present, particularly concerning the Electronic Tongue systems, however the current evidence highlights the strong potential such tools own to enter the daily clinical practice, with significant advancement concerning the patients’ acceptability and cost saving for healthcare providers.
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Voss A, Schroeder R, Schulz S, Haueisen J, Vogler S, Horn P, Stallmach A, Reuken P. Detection of Liver Dysfunction Using a Wearable Electronic Nose System Based on Semiconductor Metal Oxide Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020070. [PMID: 35200331 PMCID: PMC8869535 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether liver dysfunction can be generally classified using a wearable electronic nose based on semiconductor metal oxide (MOx) gas sensors, and whether the extent of this dysfunction can be quantified. MOx gas sensors are attractive because of their simplicity, high sensitivity, low cost, and stability. A total of 30 participants were enrolled, 10 of them being healthy controls, 10 with compensated cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated cirrhosis. We used three sensor modules with a total of nine different MOx layers to detect reducible, easily oxidizable, and highly oxidizable gases. The complex data analysis in the time and non-linear dynamics domains is based on the extraction of 10 features from the sensor time series of the extracted breathing gas measurement cycles. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing compensated and decompensated cirrhosis patients from healthy controls was 1.00. Patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis could be separated with a sensitivity of 0.90 (correctly classified decompensated cirrhosis), a specificity of 1.00 (correctly classified compensated cirrhosis), and an accuracy of 0.95. Our wearable, non-invasive system provides a promising tool to detect liver dysfunctions on a functional basis. Therefore, it could provide valuable support in preoperative examinations or for initial diagnosis by the general practitioner, as it provides non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Voss
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3677-69-2861
| | - Rico Schroeder
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- UST Umweltsensortechnik GmbH, 99331 Geratal, Germany
| | - Steffen Schulz
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Jens Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Vogler
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul Horn
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
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Tozlu BH, Şimşek C, Aydemir O, Karavelioglu Y. A High performance electronic nose system for the recognition of myocardial infarction and coronary artery diseases. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Voss HGJ, Mendes Júnior JJA, Farinelli ME, Stevan SL. A Prototype to Detect the Alcohol Content of Beers Based on an Electronic Nose. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112646. [PMID: 31212701 PMCID: PMC6603620 DOI: 10.3390/s19112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of new microbreweries in the Brazilian market, there is a need to construct equipment to quickly and accurately identify the alcohol content in beverages, together with a reduced marketing cost. Towards this purpose, the electronic noses prove to be the most suitable equipment for this situation. In this work, a prototype was developed to detect the concentration of ethanol in a high spectrum of beers presents in the market. It was used cheap and easy-to-acquire 13 gas sensors made with a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS). Samples with 15 predetermined alcohol contents were used for the training and construction of the models. For validation, seven different commercial beverages were used. The correlation (R2) of 0.888 for the MLR (RMSE = 0.45) and the error of 5.47% for the ELM (RMSE = 0.33) demonstrate that the equipment can be an effective tool for detecting the levels of alcohol contained in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henike Guilherme Jordan Voss
- Graduate Program in Applied Computing (PPGCA), State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa (PR) 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - José Jair Alves Mendes Júnior
- Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology of Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba (PR) 80230-901, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Eduardo Farinelli
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology of Parana (UTFPR), Ponta Grossa (PR) 84016-210, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Luiz Stevan
- Graduate Program in Applied Computing (PPGCA), State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa (PR) 84030-900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Federal University of Technology of Parana (UTFPR), Ponta Grossa (PR) 84016-210, Brazil.
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Cuypers W, Lieberzeit PA. Combining Two Selection Principles: Sensor Arrays Based on Both Biomimetic Recognition and Chemometrics. Front Chem 2018; 6:268. [PMID: 30128311 PMCID: PMC6088186 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic noses mimic smell and taste senses by using sensor arrays to assess complex samples and to simultaneously detect multiple analytes. In most cases, the sensors forming such arrays are not highly selective. Selectivity is attained by pattern recognition/chemometric data treatment of the response pattern. However, especially when aiming at quantifying analytes rather than qualitatively detecting them, it makes sense to implement chemical recognition via receptor layers, leading to increased selectivity of individual sensors. This review focuses on existing sensor arrays developed based on biomimetic approaches to maximize chemical selectivity. Such sensor arrays for instance use molecularly imprint polymers (MIPs) in both e-noses and e-tongues, for example, to characterize headspace gas compositions or to detect protein profiles. Other array types employ entire cells, proteins, and peptides, as well as aptamers, respectively, in multisensor systems. There are two main reasons for combining chemoselectivity and chemometrics: First, this combined approach increases the analytical quality of quantitative data. Second, the approach helps in gaining a deeper understanding of the olfactory processes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Cuypers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter A Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lorwongtragool P, Sowade E, Watthanawisuth N, Baumann RR, Kerdcharoen T. A novel wearable electronic nose for healthcare based on flexible printed chemical sensor array. SENSORS 2014; 14:19700-12. [PMID: 25340447 PMCID: PMC4239868 DOI: 10.3390/s141019700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel wearable electronic nose for armpit odor analysis is proposed by using a low-cost chemical sensor array integrated in a ZigBee wireless communication system. We report the development of a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polymer sensor array based on inkjet printing technology. With this technique both composite-like layer and actual composite film of CNTs/polymer were prepared as sensing layers for the chemical sensor array. The sensor array can response to a variety of complex odors and is installed in a prototype of wearable e-nose for monitoring the axillary odor released from human body. The wearable e-nose allows the classification of different armpit odors and the amount of the volatiles released as a function of level of skin hygiene upon different activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Lorwongtragool
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Enrico Sowade
- Department of Digital Printing and Imaging Technology, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany.
| | - Natthapol Watthanawisuth
- Nanoelectronic and MEMS Lab National Electronic and Computer Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Reinhard R Baumann
- Department of Digital Printing and Imaging Technology, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany.
| | - Teerakiat Kerdcharoen
- Department of Physics and NANOTEC's Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Broza YY, Zuri L, Haick H. Combined volatolomics for monitoring of human body chemistry. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4611. [PMID: 24714440 PMCID: PMC3980217 DOI: 10.1038/srep04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising approach for non-invasive, fast and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. Here, we present a new methodology for profiling the body chemistry by using the volatile fraction of molecules in various body fluids. Using mass spectrometry and cross-reactive nanomaterial-based sensors array, we demonstrate that simultaneous VOC detection from breath and skin would provide complementary, non-correlated information of the body's volatile metabolites profile. Eventually with further wide population validation studies, such a methodology could provide more accurate monitoring of pathological changes compared to the information provided by a single body fluid. The qualitative and quantitative methods presented here offers a variety of options for novel mapping of the metabolic properties of complex organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Liat Zuri
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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