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Mridha MF, Das SC, Kabir MM, Lima AA, Islam MR, Watanobe Y. Brain-Computer Interface: Advancement and Challenges. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175746. [PMID: 34502636 PMCID: PMC8433803 DOI: 10.3390/s21175746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is an advanced and multidisciplinary active research domain based on neuroscience, signal processing, biomedical sensors, hardware, etc. Since the last decades, several groundbreaking research has been conducted in this domain. Still, no comprehensive review that covers the BCI domain completely has been conducted yet. Hence, a comprehensive overview of the BCI domain is presented in this study. This study covers several applications of BCI and upholds the significance of this domain. Then, each element of BCI systems, including techniques, datasets, feature extraction methods, evaluation measurement matrices, existing BCI algorithms, and classifiers, are explained concisely. In addition, a brief overview of the technologies or hardware, mostly sensors used in BCI, is appended. Finally, the paper investigates several unsolved challenges of the BCI and explains them with possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Mridha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; (M.F.M.); (S.C.D.); (M.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Sujoy Chandra Das
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; (M.F.M.); (S.C.D.); (M.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Kabir
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; (M.F.M.); (S.C.D.); (M.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Aklima Akter Lima
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh; (M.F.M.); (S.C.D.); (M.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - Yutaka Watanobe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan;
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Jennum P, Christensen JA, Zoetmulder M. Neurophysiological basis of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: informing future drug development. Nat Sci Sleep 2016; 8:107-20. [PMID: 27186147 PMCID: PMC4847600 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s99240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by a history of recurrent nocturnal dream enactment behavior and loss of skeletal muscle atonia and increased phasic muscle activity during REM sleep: REM sleep without atonia. RBD and associated comorbidities have recently been identified as one of the most specific and potentially sensitive risk factors for later development of any of the alpha-synucleinopathies: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Several other sleep-related abnormalities have recently been identified in patients with RBD/Parkinson's disease who experience abnormalities in sleep electroencephalographic frequencies, sleep-wake transitions, wake and sleep stability, occurrence and morphology of sleep spindles, and electrooculography measures. These findings suggest a gradual involvement of the brainstem and other structures, which is in line with the gradual involvement known in these disorders. We propose that these findings may help identify biomarkers of individuals at high risk of subsequent conversion to parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Jennum
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Ae Christensen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marielle Zoetmulder
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Christensen JAE, Nikolic M, Warby SC, Koch H, Zoetmulder M, Frandsen R, Moghadam KK, Sorensen HBD, Mignot E, Jennum PJ. Sleep spindle alterations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:233. [PMID: 25983685 PMCID: PMC4416460 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify changes of sleep spindles (SS) in the EEG of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Five sleep experts manually identified SS at a central scalp location (C3-A2) in 15 PD and 15 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Each SS was given a confidence score, and by using a group consensus rule, 901 SS were identified and characterized by their (1) duration, (2) oscillation frequency, (3) maximum peak-to-peak amplitude, (4) percent-to-peak amplitude, and (5) density. Between-group comparisons were made for all SS characteristics computed, and significant changes for PD patients vs. control subjects were found for duration, oscillation frequency, maximum peak-to-peak amplitude and density. Specifically, SS density was lower, duration was longer, oscillation frequency slower and maximum peak-to-peak amplitude higher in patients vs. controls. We also computed inter-expert reliability in SS scoring and found a significantly lower reliability in scoring definite SS in patients when compared to controls. How neurodegeneration in PD could influence SS characteristics is discussed. We also note that the SS morphological changes observed here may affect automatic detection of SS in patients with PD or other neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A E Christensen
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark ; Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark ; Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Miki Nikolic
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Simon C Warby
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Sacré-Coeur Hospital of Montréal, University of Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Henriette Koch
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark ; Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark ; Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Marielle Zoetmulder
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark ; Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Frandsen
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Keivan K Moghadam
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Helge B D Sorensen
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Poul J Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark ; Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Koch H, Christensen JAE, Frandsen R, Arvastson L, Christensen SR, Sorensen HBD, Jennum P. Classification of iRBD and Parkinson's patients using a general data-driven sleep staging model built on EEG. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:4275-4278. [PMID: 24110677 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sleep analysis is an important diagnostic tool for sleep disorders. However, the current manual sleep scoring is time-consuming as it is a crude discretization in time and stages. This study changes Esbroeck and Westover's [1] latent sleep staging model into a global model. The proposed data-driven method trained a topic mixture model on 10 control subjects and was applied on 10 other control subjects, 10 iRBD patients and 10 Parkinson's patients. In that way 30 topic mixture diagrams were obtained from which features reflecting distinct sleep architectures between control subjects and patients were extracted. Two features calculated on basis of two latent sleep states classified subjects as "control" or "patient" by a simple clustering algorithm. The mean sleep staging accuracy compared to classical AASM scoring was 72.4% for control subjects and a clustering of the derived features resulted in a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 80 %. This study demonstrates that frequency analysis of sleep EEG can be used for data-driven global sleep classification and that topic features separates iRBD and Parkinson's patients from control subjects.
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