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Sampieri C, Baldini C, Azam MA, Moccia S, Mattos LS, Vilaseca I, Peretti G, Ioppi A. Artificial Intelligence for Upper Aerodigestive Tract Endoscopy and Laryngoscopy: A Guide for Physicians and State-of-the-Art Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:811-829. [PMID: 37051892 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endoscopic and laryngoscopic examination is paramount for laryngeal, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavity benign lesions and cancer evaluation. Nevertheless, upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) endoscopy is intrinsically operator-dependent and lacks objective quality standards. At present, there has been an increased interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications in this area to support physicians during the examination, thus enhancing diagnostic performances. The relative novelty of this research field poses a challenge both for the reviewers and readers as clinicians often lack a specific technical background. DATA SOURCES Four bibliographic databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. REVIEW METHODS A structured review of the current literature (up to September 2022) was performed. Search terms related to topics of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in UADT endoscopy and laryngoscopy were identified and queried by 3 independent reviewers. Citations of selected studies were also evaluated to ensure comprehensiveness. CONCLUSIONS Forty-one studies were included in the review. AI and computer vision techniques were used to achieve 3 fundamental tasks in this field: classification, detection, and segmentation. All papers were summarized and reviewed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This article comprehensively reviews the latest developments in the application of ML and DL in UADT endoscopy and laryngoscopy, as well as their future clinical implications. The technical basis of AI is also explained, providing guidance for nonexpert readers to allow critical appraisal of the evaluation metrics and the most relevant quality requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Functional Unit of Head and Neck Tumors, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Baldini
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Muhammad Adeel Azam
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Moccia
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, The BioRobotics Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo S Mattos
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabel Vilaseca
- Functional Unit of Head and Neck Tumors, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Head Neck Clínic, Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Genomics and Target Therapies in Solid Tumors Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d́Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Peretti
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ioppi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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