1
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Akella PL, Kumar R. An advanced deep learning method to detect and classify diabetic retinopathy based on color fundus images. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:231-247. [PMID: 37548671 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, we present a computerized system for the analysis and assessment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on retinal fundus photographs. DR is a chronic ophthalmic disease and a major reason for blindness in people with diabetes. Consistent examination and prompt diagnosis are the vital approaches to control DR. METHODS With the aim of enhancing the reliability of DR diagnosis, we utilized the deep learning model called You Only Look Once V3 (YOLO V3) to recognize and classify DR from retinal images. The DR was classified into five major stages: normal, mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative. We evaluated the performance of the YOLO V3 algorithm based on color fundus images. RESULTS We have achieved high precision and sensitivity on the train and test data for the DR classification and mean average precision (mAP) is calculated on DR lesion detection. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the suggested model distinguishes all phases of DR and performs better than existing models in terms of accuracy and implementation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Lakshmi Akella
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Dimapur, Nagaland, India.
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Dimapur, Nagaland, India
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2
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Muchuchuti S, Viriri S. Retinal Disease Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. J Imaging 2023; 9:84. [PMID: 37103235 PMCID: PMC10145952 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people are affected by retinal abnormalities worldwide. Early detection and treatment of these abnormalities could arrest further progression, saving multitudes from avoidable blindness. Manual disease detection is time-consuming, tedious and lacks repeatability. There have been efforts to automate ocular disease detection, riding on the successes of the application of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs) for Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD). These models have performed well, however, there remain challenges owing to the complex nature of retinal lesions. This work reviews the most common retinal pathologies, provides an overview of prevalent imaging modalities and presents a critical evaluation of current deep-learning research for the detection and grading of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, Age-Related Macular Degeneration and multiple retinal diseases. The work concluded that CAD, through deep learning, will increasingly be vital as an assistive technology. As future work, there is a need to explore the potential impact of using ensemble CNN architectures in multiclass, multilabel tasks. Efforts should also be expended on the improvement of model explainability to win the trust of clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serestina Viriri
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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3
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Detecting red-lesions from retinal fundus images using unique morphological features. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3487. [PMID: 36859429 PMCID: PMC9977778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important retinal diseases is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) which can lead to serious damage to vision if remains untreated. Red-lesions are from important demonstrations of DR helping its identification in early stages. The detection and verification of them is helpful in the evaluation of disease severity and progression. In this paper, a novel image processing method is proposed for extracting red-lesions from fundus images. The method works based on finding and extracting the unique morphological features of red-lesions. After quality improvement of images, a pixel-based verification is performed in the proposed method to find the ones which provide a significant intensity change in a curve-like neighborhood. In order to do so, a curve is considered around each pixel and the intensity changes around the curve boundary are considered. The pixels for which it is possible to find such curves in at least two directions are considered as parts of red-lesions. The simplicity of computations, the high accuracy of results, and no need to post-processing operations are the important characteristics of the proposed method endorsing its good performance.
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4
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Luo X, Wang W, Xu Y, Lai Z, Jin X, Zhang B, Zhang D. A deep convolutional neural network for diabetic retinopathy detection via mining local and long‐range dependence. CAAI TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1049/cit2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Visual Object Detection and Recognition Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Visual Object Detection and Recognition Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Visual Object Detection and Recognition Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen China
| | - Zhihui Lai
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society Shenzhen China
| | - Xiaopeng Jin
- College of Big Data and Internet Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
| | - Bob Zhang
- The Department of Computer and Information Science University of Macau Macao Macau
| | - David Zhang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Shenzhen China
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5
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Guo X, Li X, Lin Q, Li G, Hu X, Che S. Joint grading of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema using an adaptive attention block and semisupervised learning. APPL INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10489-022-04295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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A Novel original feature fusion network for joint diabetic retinopathy and diabetic Macular edema grading. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-08038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Li X, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Li M, Luo H, Yin S. Lesion-attention pyramid network for diabetic retinopathy grading. Artif Intell Med 2022; 126:102259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Basha SS, Ramanaiah KV. Optimal Feature Selection for Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy Using FireFly Migration Operator-Based Monarch Butterfly Optimization. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 50:21-37. [PMID: 36374821 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2022041571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, diabetic retinopathy (DR) needs to be focused with the intention of developing accurate and effective approaches by accomplishing the existing challenges in the traditional models. With this objective, this paper aims to introduce an effective diagnosis system by utilizing retinal fundus images. The implementation of this diagnosis model incorporates 4 stages like (i) preprocessing, (ii) blood vessel segmentation, (iii) feature extraction, as well as (iv) classification. Originally, the median filter as well as contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) help to preprocess the image. Moreover, the Fuzzy C Mean (FCM) thresholding is applied for blood vessel segmentation, which generates stochastic clustering of pixels to obtain enhanced threshold values. Further, feature extraction is accomplished by utilizing gray-level run-length matrix (GLRM), local, and morphological transformation-based features. Furthermore, a deep learning (DL) model known as convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for the diagnosis or classification purpose. As a main novelty, this paper introduces an optimal feature selection as well as classification model. Further, the feature selection is done optimally by FireFly Migration Operator-based Monarch Butterfly Optimization (FM-MBO) which hybridized of the monarch butterfly optimization (MBO) and fire fly (FF) algorithms as the entire adopted extracted features attain higher feature length. Moreover, the proposed FM-MBO algorithm helps for optimizing the count of CNN's convolutional neurons to further improve the performance accuracy. At the end, the enhanced outcomes of the adopted diagnostic scheme are validated via a valuable comparative examination in terms of significant performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shafiulla Basha
- Y.S.R. Engineering College of Yogi Vemana University, Korrapadu Road, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh 516360, India
| | - K Venkata Ramanaiah
- Y.S.R. Engineering College of Yogi Vemana University, Korrapadu Road, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh 516360, India
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9
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Ai Z, Huang X, Fan Y, Feng J, Zeng F, Lu Y. DR-IIXRN : Detection Algorithm of Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Deep Ensemble Learning and Attention Mechanism. Front Neuroinform 2021; 15:778552. [PMID: 35002666 PMCID: PMC8740273 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.778552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common chronic complications of diabetes and the most common blinding eye disease. If not treated in time, it might lead to visual impairment and even blindness in severe cases. Therefore, this article proposes an algorithm for detecting diabetic retinopathy based on deep ensemble learning and attention mechanism. First, image samples were preprocessed and enhanced to obtain high quality image data. Second, in order to improve the adaptability and accuracy of the detection algorithm, we constructed a holistic detection model DR-IIXRN, which consists of Inception V3, InceptionResNet V2, Xception, ResNeXt101, and NASNetLarge. For each base classifier, we modified the network model using transfer learning, fine-tuning, and attention mechanisms to improve its ability to detect DR. Finally, a weighted voting algorithm was used to determine which category (normal, mild, moderate, severe, or proliferative DR) the images belonged to. We also tuned the trained network model on the hospital data, and the real test samples in the hospital also confirmed the advantages of the algorithm in the detection of the diabetic retina. Experiments show that compared with the traditional single network model detection algorithm, the auc, accuracy, and recall rate of the proposed method are improved to 95, 92, and 92%, respectively, which proves the adaptability and correctness of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ai
- Department of Research and Development, Sinopharm Genomics Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Department of Research and Development, Sinopharm Genomics Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanxin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Dazhou Central Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaping Lu
- Department of Research and Development, Sinopharm Genomics Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
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10
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Gu Y, Wang X, Pan J, Yong Z, Guo S, Pan T, Jiao Y, Zhou Z. Effective methods of diabetic retinopathy detection based on deep convolutional neural networks. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2021; 16:2177-2187. [PMID: 34606059 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-021-02498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become the leading cause of blindness worldwide. In clinical practice, the detection of DR often takes a lot of time and effort for ophthalmologist. It is necessary to develop an automatic assistant diagnosis method based on medical image analysis techniques. METHODS Firstly, we design a feature enhanced attention module to capture focus lesions and regions. Secondly, we propose a stage sampling strategy to solve the problem of data imbalance on datasets and avoid the CNN ignoring the focus features of samples that account for small parts. Finally, we treat DR detection as a regression task to keep the gradual change characteristics of lesions and output the final classification results through the optimization method on the validation set. RESULTS Extensive experiments are conducted on open-source datasets. Our methods achieve 0.851 quadratic weighted kappa which outperforms first place in the Kaggle DR detection competition based on the EyePACS dataset and get the accuracy of 0.914 in the referable/non-referable task and 0.913 in the normal/abnormal task based on the Messidor dataset. CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose three novel automatic DR detection methods based on deep convolutional neural networks. The results illustrate that our methods can obtain comparable performance compared with previous methods and generate visualization pictures with potential lesions for doctors and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Hangzhou Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 100191, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Zhifan Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shihui Guo
- School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tianze Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yonghong Jiao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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11
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Poonguzhali S, Chakravarthi R. A sensor based intelligent system for classification and assistance of diabetes patients in telemedicine technology. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-189477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the chronic metabolic disorder. Under diabetic condition, blood glucose level should be properly maintained in order to avoid various major diseases. The condition will be worse when it is not controlled at an earlier stage. Even massive heart attack cannot be identified when the patient has been affected by diabetes. Early diagnosis is required for preventing fatal diseases like cardiac problem, asthma, heart attack etc. In the proposed system measurement of glucose level and Prediction/ diagnosis of diabetes is based on the real time low complexity neural network implemented on a wearable device. A larger network is required for the diagnosis which needs to be present far-off in cloud and initiated for diagnosis and classification process of diabetes whenever it is essential. People can be able to manage and monitor the required basic parameters like heart rate, glucose level, lung condition, pressure of blood using the corresponding light weight biosensors in the wearable device designed through telemedicine technology. The quality of the disease diagnosis and Prediction is improved in this way. Using neural network feed forward prediction model in conjugation with back propagation algorithm and given training data, the system predicts whether the patient is prone to diabetes or not. The proposed work was evaluated using physic sensor data from physio net data base and also tested for real time functioning. The Proposed system found to be efficient in accuracy, sensitivity and fast operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S, Poonguzhali
- School of Electrical and Electronics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai
| | - Rekha Chakravarthi
- School of Electrical and Electronics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai
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12
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Jayanthi J, Jayasankar T, Krishnaraj N, Prakash NB, Sagai Francis Britto A, Vinoth Kumar K. An Intelligent Particle Swarm Optimization with Convolutional Neural Network for Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Model. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2021.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of vision loss and it raises a major issue among diabetes people. DR considerably affect the financial condition of the society specially in medicinal sector. Once proper treatment is given to the DR patients, roughly 90% of patients can be saved
from vision loss. So, it is needed to develop a DR classification model for classifying the stages and severity level of DR to offer better treatment. This article develops a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Model called PSO-CNN model
to detect and classify DR from the color fundus images. The proposed PSO-CNN model comprises three stages namely preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Initially, preprocessing is carried out as a noise removal process to discard the noise present in the input image. Then, feature
extraction process using PSO-CNN model is applied to extract the useful subset of features. Finally, the filtered features are given as input to the decision tree (DT) model for classifying the set of DR images. The simulation of the PSO-CNN model takes place using a benchmark DR database
and the experimental outcome stated that the PSO-CNN model has outperformed all the compared methods in a significant way. The outcome of the simulation process indicated that the PSO-CNN model has offered maximum results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jayanthi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - T. Jayasankar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. Krishnaraj
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Tadeaplligudem 534101, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - N. B. Prakash
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Engineering College, K. R. Nagar, Kovilpatti 628503, India
| | - A. Sagai Francis Britto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Palkulam 629401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K. Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul 624622, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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He A, Li T, Li N, Wang K, Fu H. CABNet: Category Attention Block for Imbalanced Diabetic Retinopathy Grading. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:143-153. [PMID: 32915731 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3023463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) grading is challenging due to the presence of intra-class variations, small lesions and imbalanced data distributions. The key for solving fine-grained DR grading is to find more discriminative features corresponding to subtle visual differences, such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages and soft exudates. However, small lesions are quite difficult to identify using traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and an imbalanced DR data distribution will cause the model to pay too much attention to DR grades with more samples, greatly affecting the final grading performance. In this article, we focus on developing an attention module to address these issues. Specifically, for imbalanced DR data distributions, we propose a novel Category Attention Block (CAB), which explores more discriminative region-wise features for each DR grade and treats each category equally. In order to capture more detailed small lesion information, we also propose the Global Attention Block (GAB), which can exploit detailed and class-agnostic global attention feature maps for fundus images. By aggregating the attention blocks with a backbone network, the CABNet is constructed for DR grading. The attention blocks can be applied to a wide range of backbone networks and trained efficiently in an end-to-end manner. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on three publicly available datasets, showing that CABNet produces significant performance improvements for existing state-of-the-art deep architectures with few additional parameters and achieves the state-of-the-art results for DR grading. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/he2016012996/CABnet.
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common fundus disease that leads to irreversible blindness, which plagues the working-age population. Automatic medical imaging diagnosis provides a non-invasive method to assist ophthalmologists in timely screening of suspected DR cases, which prevents its further deterioration. However, the state-of-the-art deep-learning-based methods generally have a large amount of model parameters, which makes large-scale clinical deployment a time-consuming task. Moreover, the severity of DR is associated with lesions, and it is difficult for the model to focus on these regions. In this paper, we propose a novel deep-learning technique for grading DR with only image-level supervision. Specifically, we first customize the model with the help of self-knowledge distillation to achieve a trade-off between model performance and time complexity. Secondly, CAM-Attention is used to allow the network to focus on discriminative zone, e.g., microaneurysms, soft/hard exudates, etc.. Considering that directly attaching a classifier after the Side branch will disrupt the hierarchical nature of convolutional neural networks, a Mimicking Module is employed that allows the Side branch to actively mimic the main branch structure. Extensive experiments are conducted on two benchmark datasets, with an AUC of 0.965 and an accuracy of 92.9% for the Messidor dataset and 67.96% accuracy achieved for the challenging IDRID dataset, which demonstrates the superior performance of our proposed method.
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Li X, Hu X, Yu L, Zhu L, Fu CW, Heng PA. CANet: Cross-Disease Attention Network for Joint Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Grading. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1483-1493. [PMID: 31714219 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2951844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are the leading causes of permanent blindness in the working-age population. Automatic grading of DR and DME helps ophthalmologists design tailored treatments to patients, thus is of vital importance in the clinical practice. However, prior works either grade DR or DME, and ignore the correlation between DR and its complication, i.e., DME. Moreover, the location information, e.g., macula and soft hard exhaust annotations, are widely used as a prior for grading. Such annotations are costly to obtain, hence it is desirable to develop automatic grading methods with only image-level supervision. In this article, we present a novel cross-disease attention network (CANet) to jointly grade DR and DME by exploring the internal relationship between the diseases with only image-level supervision. Our key contributions include the disease-specific attention module to selectively learn useful features for individual diseases, and the disease-dependent attention module to further capture the internal relationship between the two diseases. We integrate these two attention modules in a deep network to produce disease-specific and disease-dependent features, and to maximize the overall performance jointly for grading DR and DME. We evaluate our network on two public benchmark datasets, i.e., ISBI 2018 IDRiD challenge dataset and Messidor dataset. Our method achieves the best result on the ISBI 2018 IDRiD challenge dataset and outperforms other methods on the Messidor dataset. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/xmengli999/CANet.
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16
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Porwal P, Pachade S, Kokare M, Deshmukh G, Son J, Bae W, Liu L, Wang J, Liu X, Gao L, Wu T, Xiao J, Wang F, Yin B, Wang Y, Danala G, He L, Choi YH, Lee YC, Jung SH, Li Z, Sui X, Wu J, Li X, Zhou T, Toth J, Baran A, Kori A, Chennamsetty SS, Safwan M, Alex V, Lyu X, Cheng L, Chu Q, Li P, Ji X, Zhang S, Shen Y, Dai L, Saha O, Sathish R, Melo T, Araújo T, Harangi B, Sheng B, Fang R, Sheet D, Hajdu A, Zheng Y, Mendonça AM, Zhang S, Campilho A, Zheng B, Shen D, Giancardo L, Quellec G, Mériaudeau F. IDRiD: Diabetic Retinopathy - Segmentation and Grading Challenge. Med Image Anal 2019; 59:101561. [PMID: 31671320 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2019.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of avoidable vision loss, predominantly affecting the working-age population across the globe. Screening for DR, coupled with timely consultation and treatment, is a globally trusted policy to avoid vision loss. However, implementation of DR screening programs is challenging due to the scarcity of medical professionals able to screen a growing global diabetic population at risk for DR. Computer-aided disease diagnosis in retinal image analysis could provide a sustainable approach for such large-scale screening effort. The recent scientific advances in computing capacity and machine learning approaches provide an avenue for biomedical scientists to reach this goal. Aiming to advance the state-of-the-art in automatic DR diagnosis, a grand challenge on "Diabetic Retinopathy - Segmentation and Grading" was organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI - 2018). In this paper, we report the set-up and results of this challenge that is primarily based on Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD). There were three principal sub-challenges: lesion segmentation, disease severity grading, and localization of retinal landmarks and segmentation. These multiple tasks in this challenge allow to test the generalizability of algorithms, and this is what makes it different from existing ones. It received a positive response from the scientific community with 148 submissions from 495 registrations effectively entered in this challenge. This paper outlines the challenge, its organization, the dataset used, evaluation methods and results of top-performing participating solutions. The top-performing approaches utilized a blend of clinical information, data augmentation, and an ensemble of models. These findings have the potential to enable new developments in retinal image analysis and image-based DR screening in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Porwal
- Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, India; School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
| | - Samiksha Pachade
- Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, India; School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Manesh Kokare
- Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, India
| | | | | | | | - Lihong Liu
- Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, China
| | | | - Xinhui Liu
- Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, China
| | | | - TianBo Wu
- Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd, China
| | | | | | - Yunzhi Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gopichandh Danala
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Linsheng He
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yoon Ho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Chan Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
| | - Xiaodan Sui
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- Cleerly Inc., New York, United States
| | | | - Ting Zhou
- University at Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Janos Toth
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Informatics 4002 Debrecen, POB 400, Hungary
| | - Agnes Baran
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Informatics 4002 Debrecen, POB 400, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Xingzheng Lyu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Machine Learning for Bioimage Analysis Group, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Li Cheng
- Machine Learning for Bioimage Analysis Group, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Qinhao Chu
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Li
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Ji
- Beijing Shanggong Medical Technology Co., Ltd., China
| | - Sanyuan Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Shen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Ling Dai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | | | | | - Tânia Melo
- INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Araújo
- INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Balazs Harangi
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Informatics 4002 Debrecen, POB 400, Hungary
| | - Bin Sheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Ruogu Fang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | | | - Andras Hajdu
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Informatics 4002 Debrecen, POB 400, Hungary
| | - Yuanjie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, China
| | - Ana Maria Mendonça
- INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
| | - Aurélio Campilho
- INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Luca Giancardo
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | | | - Fabrice Mériaudeau
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia; ImViA/IFTIM, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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17
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Yan Q, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Zhou K, Frangi A, Liu J. Automated retinal lesion detection via image saliency analysis. Med Phys 2019; 46:4531-4544. [PMID: 31381173 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The detection of abnormalities such as lesions or leakage from retinal images is an important health informatics task for automated early diagnosis of diabetic and malarial retinopathy or other eye diseases, in order to prevent blindness and common systematic conditions. In this work, we propose a novel retinal lesion detection method by adapting the concepts of saliency. METHODS Retinal images are first segmented as superpixels, two new saliency feature representations: uniqueness and compactness, are then derived to represent the superpixels. The pixel level saliency is then estimated from these superpixel saliency values via a bilateral filter. These extracted saliency features form a matrix for low-rank analysis to achieve saliency detection. The precise contour of a lesion is finally extracted from the generated saliency map after removing confounding structures such as blood vessels, the optic disk, and the fovea. The main novelty of this method is that it is an effective tool for detecting different abnormalities at the pixel level from different modalities of retinal images, without the need to tune parameters. RESULTS To evaluate its effectiveness, we have applied our method to seven public datasets of diabetic and malarial retinopathy with four different types of lesions: exudate, hemorrhage, microaneurysms, and leakage. The evaluation was undertaken at the pixel level, lesion level, or image level according to ground truth availability in these datasets. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art ones in applicability, effectiveness, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China
| | - Yitian Zhao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China
| | - Yalin Zheng
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China.,Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Yonghuai Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Kang Zhou
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China.,School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Alejandro Frangi
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China.,School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, S2 9JT, UK
| | - Jiang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi, 315399, China.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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Pires R, Avila S, Wainer J, Valle E, Abramoff MD, Rocha A. A data-driven approach to referable diabetic retinopathy detection. Artif Intell Med 2019; 96:93-106. [PMID: 31164214 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prior art on automated screening of diabetic retinopathy and direct referral decision shows promising performance; yet most methods build upon complex hand-crafted features whose performance often fails to generalize. OBJECTIVE We investigate data-driven approaches that extract powerful abstract representations directly from retinal images to provide a reliable referable diabetic retinopathy detector. METHODS We gradually build the solution based on convolutional neural networks, adding data augmentation, multi-resolution training, robust feature-extraction augmentation, and a patient-basis analysis, testing the effectiveness of each improvement. RESULTS The proposed method achieved an area under the ROC curve of 98.2% (95% CI: 97.4-98.9%) under a strict cross-dataset protocol designed to test the ability to generalize - training on the Kaggle competition dataset and testing using the Messidor-2 dataset. With a 5 × 2-fold cross-validation protocol, similar results are achieved for Messidor-2 and DR2 datasets, reducing the classification error by over 44% when compared to most published studies in existing literature. CONCLUSION Additional boost strategies can improve performance substantially, but it is important to evaluate whether the additional (computation- and implementation-) complexity of each improvement is worth its benefits. We also corroborate that novel families of data-driven methods are the state of the art for diabetic retinopathy screening. SIGNIFICANCE By learning powerful discriminative patterns directly from available training retinal images, it is possible to perform referral diagnostics without detecting individual lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pires
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Avila
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Jacques Wainer
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Valle
- School of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Michael D Abramoff
- Stephen R. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; IDx LLC, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Anderson Rocha
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil.
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19
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Shamsudeen FM, Raju G. An objective function based technique for devignetting fundus imagery using MST. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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20
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S K S, P A. A Machine Learning Ensemble Classifier for Early Prediction of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Med Syst 2017; 41:201. [PMID: 29124453 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-017-0853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The main complication of diabetes is Diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vascular disease and it leads to the blindness. Regular screening for early DR disease detection is considered as an intensive labor and resource oriented task. Therefore, automatic detection of DR diseases is performed only by using the computational technique is the great solution. An automatic method is more reliable to determine the presence of an abnormality in Fundus images (FI) but, the classification process is poorly performed. Recently, few research works have been designed for analyzing texture discrimination capacity in FI to distinguish the healthy images. However, the feature extraction (FE) process was not performed well, due to the high dimensionality. Therefore, to identify retinal features for DR disease diagnosis and early detection using Machine Learning and Ensemble Classification method, called, Machine Learning Bagging Ensemble Classifier (ML-BEC) is designed. The ML-BEC method comprises of two stages. The first stage in ML-BEC method comprises extraction of the candidate objects from Retinal Images (RI). The candidate objects or the features for DR disease diagnosis include blood vessels, optic nerve, neural tissue, neuroretinal rim, optic disc size, thickness and variance. These features are initially extracted by applying Machine Learning technique called, t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE). Besides, t-SNE generates a probability distribution across high-dimensional images where the images are separated into similar and dissimilar pairs. Then, t-SNE describes a similar probability distribution across the points in the low-dimensional map. This lessens the Kullback-Leibler divergence among two distributions regarding the locations of the points on the map. The second stage comprises of application of ensemble classifiers to the extracted features for providing accurate analysis of digital FI using machine learning. In this stage, an automatic detection of DR screening system using Bagging Ensemble Classifier (BEC) is investigated. With the help of voting the process in ML-BEC, bagging minimizes the error due to variance of the base classifier. With the publicly available retinal image databases, our classifier is trained with 25% of RI. Results show that the ensemble classifier can achieve better classification accuracy (CA) than single classification models. Empirical experiments suggest that the machine learning-based ensemble classifier is efficient for further reducing DR classification time (CT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram S K
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India.
| | - Alli P
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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