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Tagliaro I, Musile G, Caricato P, Dorizzi RM, Tagliaro F, Antonini C. Chitosan Film Sensor for Ammonia Detection in Microdiffusion Analytical Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4238. [PMID: 37959918 PMCID: PMC10650627 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan films have attracted increased attention in the field of sensors because of chitosan's unique chemico-physical properties, including high adsorption capacity, filmability and transparency. A chitosan film sensor was developed through the dispersion of an ammonia specific reagent (Nessler's reagent) into a chitosan film matrix. The chitosan film sensor was characterized to assess the film's properties by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A gas diffusion device was prepared with the chitosan film sensor, enabling the collection and detection of ammonia vapor from biological samples. The chitosan film sensor color change was correlated with the ammonia concentration in samples of human serum and artificial urine. This method enabled facile ammonia detection and concentration measurement, making the sensor useful not only in clinical laboratories, but also for point-of-care devices and wherever there is limited access to modern laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Musile
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Paolo Caricato
- Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety G5, Food Hygiene, Feed and Fraud 03/104, 1049 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Romolo M. Dorizzi
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy;
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Mo M, Fu B, Hota P, Cay-Durgun P, Wang R, Cheng EH, Wiktor P, Tsow F, Thomas L, Lind ML, Forzani E. Threshold-Responsive Colorimetric Sensing System for the Continuous Monitoring of Gases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3496. [PMID: 37050555 PMCID: PMC10098906 DOI: 10.3390/s23073496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensors are widely used because of their inherent advantages including accuracy, rapid response, ease-of-use, and low costs; however, they usually lack reusability, which precludes the continuous use of a single sensor. We have developed a threshold-responsive colorimetric system that enables repeated analyte measurements by a single colorimetric sensor. The threshold responsive algorithm automatically adjusts the sensor exposure time to the analyte and measurement frequency according to the sensor response. The system registers the colorimetric sensor signal change rate, prevents the colorimetric sensor from reaching saturation, and allows the sensor to fully regenerate before the next measurement is started. The system also addresses issues common to colorimetric sensors, including the response time and range of detection. We demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of this novel system, using colorimetric sensors for ammonia and carbon dioxide gases for continuous monitoring of up to (at least) 60 detection cycles without signs of analytical performance degradation of the sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Mo
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Bo Fu
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Piyush Hota
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Pinar Cay-Durgun
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ran Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Edward H. Cheng
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Peter Wiktor
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Francis Tsow
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Leslie Thomas
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mary Laura Lind
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Erica Forzani
- Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Wang D, Qian L, Zhang F, Mallires K, Tipparaju VV, Yu J, Forzani E, Jia C, Yang Q, Tao N, Xian X. Multiplexed Chemical Sensing CMOS Imager. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3335-3342. [PMID: 36269087 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized and multiplexed chemical sensing technology is urgently needed to empower mobile devices and robots for various new applications such as mobile health and Internet of Things. Here, we show that a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imager can be turned into a multiplexed colorimetric sensing chip by coating micron-scale sensing spots on the CMOS imager surface. Each sensing spot contains nanocomposites of colorimetric sensing probes and silica nanoparticles that enhance sensing signals by several orders of magnitude. The sensitivity is spot-size-invariant, and high-performance gas sensing can be achieved on sensing spots as small as ∼10 μm. This great scalability combined with millions of pixels of a CMOS imager offers a promising platform for highly integrated chemical sensors. To prove its compatibility with mobile electronics, we have built a smartphone accessory based on this chemical CMOS sensor and demonstrated that personal health management can be achieved through the detection of gaseous biomarkers and pollutants. We anticipate that this new platform will pave the way for the widespread application of chemical sensing in mobile electronics and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China.,Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Libin Qian
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kyle Mallires
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Vishal Varun Tipparaju
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Erica Forzani
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Changku Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaojun Xian
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041355. [PMID: 35214262 PMCID: PMC8963031 DOI: 10.3390/s22041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO2 production, VCO2 (mL/min), and/or O2 consumption, VO2 (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO2 from a room’s ambient CO2 concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO2 measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m2), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO2 and λ for CO2 accumulation was observed (p < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m3 sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO2 without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (y = 1.06x, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56).
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Cheng J, Yan J, Guo J, Guo J. A low-cost compact blood enzyme analyzer based on optical sensing for point-of-care liver function testing. Analyst 2022; 147:4510-4516. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is the most sensitive indicator of liver function; therefore, in clinical practice, its detection has diagnostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jiasheng Yan
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Kalidoss R, Umapathy S, Rani Thirunavukkarasu U. A breathalyzer for the assessment of chronic kidney disease patients’ breathprint: Breath flow dynamic simulation on the measurement chamber and experimental investigation. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Urine and stone analysis for the investigation of the renal stone former: a consensus conference. Urolithiasis 2020; 49:1-16. [PMID: 33048172 PMCID: PMC7867533 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Consensus Group deliberated on a number of questions concerning urine and stone analysis over a period of months, and then met to develop consensus. The Group concluded that analyses of urine and stones should be routine in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary stone diseases. At present, the 24-h urine is the most useful type of urine collection, and accepted methods for analysis are described. Patient education is also important for obtaining a proper urine sample. Graphical methods for reporting urine analysis results can be helpful both for the physician and for educating the patient as to proper dietary changes that could be beneficial. Proper analysis of stones is also essential for diagnosis and management of patients. The Consensus Group also agreed that research has shown that evaluation of urinary crystals could be very valuable, but the Group also recognizes that existing methods for assessment of crystalluria do not allow this to be part of stone treatment in many places.
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Ammonia Gas Sensors: Comparison of Solid-State and Optical Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High precision and fast measurement of gas concentrations is important for both understanding and monitoring various phenomena, from industrial and environmental to medical and scientific applications. This article deals with the recent progress in ammonia detection using in-situ solid-state and optical methods. Due to the continuous progress in material engineering and optoelectronic technologies, these methods are among the most perceptive because of their advantages in a specific application. We present the basics of each technique, their performance limits, and the possibility of further development. The practical implementations of representative examples are described in detail. Finally, we present a performance comparison of selected practical application, accumulating data reported over the preceding decade, and conclude from this comparison.
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Mallires KR, Wang D, Wiktor P, Tao N. A Microdroplet-Based Colorimetric Sensing Platform on a CMOS Imager Chip. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9362-9369. [PMID: 32501669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in mobile chemical sensors is on the rise, but significant challenges have restricted widespread adoption into commercial devices. To be useful these sensors need to have a predictable response, easy calibration, and be integrable with existing technology, preferably fitting on a single chip. With respect to integration, the CMOS imager makes an attractive template for an optoelectronic sensing platform. Demand for smartphones with cameras has driven down the price and size of CMOS imagers over the past decade. The low cost and accessibility of these powerful tools motivated us to print chemical sensing elements directly on the surface of the photodiode array. These printed colorimetric microdroplets are composed of a nonvolatile solvent so they remain in a uniform and homogeneous solution phase, an ideal medium for chemical interactions and optical measurements. By imaging microdroplets on the CMOS imager surface we eliminated the need for lenses, dramatically scaling down the size of the sensing platform to a single chip. We believe the technique is generalizable to many colorimetric formulations, and as an example we detected gaseous ammonia with Cu(II). Limits of detection as low as 27 ppb and sensor-to-sensor variation of less than 10% across multiple printed arrays demonstrated the high sensitivity and repeatability of this approach. Sensors generated this way could share a single calibration, greatly reducing the complexity of incorporating chemical sensors into mobile devices. Additional testing showed the sensor can be reused and has good selectivity; sensitivity and dynamic range can be tuned by controlling droplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Mallires
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Peter Wiktor
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Nongjian Tao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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