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Wang Y, Yi C, Meng F, Sun X. A Novel Method of Wireless Micro Energy Transmission Based on MEMS Micro Coil. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1997. [PMID: 38004854 PMCID: PMC10672747 DOI: 10.3390/mi14111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on current implantable devices, a battery's rigidity and large size makes it prone to immune rejection and wound incisions. Additionally, it is limited by its finite lifespan, which hinders long-term usage. These limitations greatly restrict the development of implantable medical device systems towards miniaturization and minimally invasive approaches. Consequently, obtaining high-fidelity and stable biological signals from the target tissue area of the organism remains challenging. Therefore, there is a need to develop wireless power transmission technology. In this paper, we propose a wireless micro energy transfer method based on MEMS micro coils for charging implantable devices. Through simulation calculations, we first investigate the influence of coaxial distance, horizontal displacement, and rotation angle between the MEMS micro coil and the transmitting coil on power transmission. Subsequently, we utilize micro nanofabrication technology to create a MEMS micro spiral copper coil with a line width, thickness, and spacing of 50 µm and a total of five turns. Finally, we conduct wireless power transmission tests on the coil. The results show that, when the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are 10 mm apart and the operating frequency is 100 kHz, the power of the wireless power transmission system reaches 45 µW. This power level is sufficient to meet the power supply requirements of implantable pacemakers. Therefore, this technology holds great potential for applications in the field of wireless power transmission for implantable medical devices, including pacemakers and brain neurostimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuecheng Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.M.)
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2
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Selvarajan S, Shim H, Byun E, Kim A, Song SH. Protein redox by a piezoelectric acousto-nanodevice. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12889-12893. [PMID: 37477602 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01523h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein redox is responsible for many crucial biological processes; thus, the ability to modulate the redox proteins through external stimuli presents a unique opportunity to tune the system. In this work, we present an acousto-nanodevice that is capable of oxidizing redox protein under ultrasonic irradiation via surface-engineered barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles with a gold half-coating. Using cytochrome c as the model protein, we demonstrate nanodevice-mediated protein oxidation. BINased on our experimental observations, we reveal that the electron transfer occurs in one direction due to the alternating electrical polarization of BTO under ultrasound. Such unique unidirectional electron transfer is enabled by modulating the work function of the gold surface with respect to the redox center. The new class of ultrasonically powered nano-sized protein redox agents could be a modulator for biological processes with high selectivity and deeper treatment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Selvarajan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
| | - Hyunji Shim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunjeong Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Hossain ANMS, Mohseni P, Lavasani HM. Design and Optimization of Capacitive Links for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1299-1312. [PMID: 36215337 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3213000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of capacitive wireless power transfer (C-WPT) links for biomedical implants, and proposes an algorithmic approach to optimize their design for a theoretically feasible desired power transmission efficiency (PTE). Two C-WPT links, one involving external inductors for parasitic capacitance cancellation, and another without external inductors are presented. An accurate electrical model has been presented for both cases considering the finite conductivity of the body tissue and fringe fields emanated from the metallic plates. Ex-vivo experiments were conducted with beef tissue to demonstrate the viability of the model and the optimization algorithm. The analytical and simulation results show good agreement with the measurement (with real tissue) for both types of links across a wide range of operating frequency, including one with the highest reported frequency (∼14.6 MHz) among tuned links.
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4
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Wu P, Chen P, Xu C, Wang Q, Zhang F, Yang K, Jiang W, Feng J, Luo Z. Ultrasound-driven in vivo electrical stimulation based on biodegradable piezoelectric nanogenerators for enhancing and monitoring the nerve tissue repair. NANO ENERGY 2022; 102:107707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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5
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An ultrasound-induced wireless power supply based on AlN piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16174. [PMID: 36171230 PMCID: PMC9519918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wireless power transfer is one of the enabling technologies for powering implantable biomedical devices. Biocompatibility and CMOS compatibility of wireless power transfer devices are highly desired due to safety and footprint concerns. Toward implantable applications, this paper presents an ultrasound-induced wireless power supply based on AlN piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT). The wireless power supply integrates wireless power transfer, power management and energy storage functions. The PMUT array is used as a passive wireless power receiver, followed by electrical impedance matching networks and a voltage multiplier for efficient power transmission and rectification. The output power intensity of the wireless receiver reaches 7.36 μW/mm2 with an incident ultrasound power below the FDA safety limit. The output power of the wireless power supply reaches 18.8 μW and a 100-μF capacitor is fully charged to 3.19 V after power management, which are sufficient to power many low-power implantable biomedical devices such as for neural electrical stimulation, biosensors and intrabody communication applications. The wireless power supply is implemented in a PCB with a diameter of 1 cm. With biocompatibility and CMOS compatibility of AlN thin film compared to commonly used PZT, the proposed solution paves the way for safer and ultraminiaturized wireless power supplies with further development incorporating all the functions on a monolithic chip in the future.
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6
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Van Mulders J, Delabie D, Lecluyse C, Buyle C, Callebaut G, Van der Perre L, De Strycker L. Wireless Power Transfer: Systems, Circuits, Standards, and Use Cases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5573. [PMID: 35898075 PMCID: PMC9371050 DOI: 10.3390/s22155573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wireless power transfer provides a most convenient solution to charge devices remotely and without contacts. R&D has advanced the capabilities, variety, and maturity of solutions greatly in recent years. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art on different technological concepts, including electromagnetic coupled and uncoupled systems and acoustic technologies. Solutions to transfer mW to MW of power, over distances ranging from millimeters to kilometers, and exploiting wave concepts from kHz to THz, are covered. It is an attractive charging option for many existing applications and moreover opens new opportunities. Various technologies are proposed to provide wireless power to these devices. The main challenges reside in the efficiency and range of the transfer. We highlight innovation in beamforming and UV-assisted approaches. Of particular interest for designers is the discussion of implementation and operational aspects, standards, and safety relating to regulations. A high-level catalog of potential applications maps these to adequate technological options for wireless power transfer.
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7
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Yi X, Zheng W, Cao H, Wang S, Feng X, Yang Z. Wireless Power Transmission for Implantable Medical Devices Using Focused Ultrasound and a Miniaturized 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite Receiving Transducer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:3592-3598. [PMID: 34357865 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wireless power transmission (WPT) using ultrasound is a promising way for wirelessly recharging implantable medical devices (IMDs). However, the transmitted power using ultrasound so far is insufficient for driving the existing IMDs. Moreover, the size of the receiving transducer is larger, which is not suitable for implantation. To increase the output power and reduce the size of the implantable receiver, this article presents a method of combining focused ultrasound with a miniaturized 1-3 piezoelectric composite receiving transducer to produce higher electrical power. An analytical fluid-structure interaction model is constructed to fully understand the operating mechanism of the receiving transducer under ultrasonic force. In our experiments, a miniaturized 1-3 piezoelectric composite receiving transducer with a diameter of 3.7 mm was used. The output power generated from the receiving transducer reached 60 mW at a distance of 150 mm. In vitro and in vivo animal experiments proved that the miniaturized transducer could successfully receive focused ultrasonic energy and convert it to electrical power. The method presented and the electrical power that we obtained can provide a valuable reference for wirelessly charging of IMDs.
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8
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Hosur S, Sriramdas R, Karan SK, Liu N, Priya S, Kiani M. A Comprehensive Study on Magnetoelectric Transducers for Wireless Power Transfer Using Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1079-1092. [PMID: 34623276 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3118981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) transducers, comprising of layered magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, are more efficient than inductive coils in converting low-frequency magnetic fields into electric fields, particularly in applications that require miniaturized devices such as biomedical implants. Therefore, ME transducers are an attractive candidate for wireless power transfer (WPT) using low-frequency magnetic fields, which are less harmful to the human body and can penetrate easily through different lossy media. The literature lacks a comprehensive study on the ME transducer as a power receiver in a WPT link. This paper studies the impact of different ME design parameters on the WPT link performance. An accurate analytical model of the ME transducer, operating in the longitudinal-transverse mode, is presented, describing both temporal and spatial deformations. Nine ME transducers with different sizes (ME volume: 5-150 mm3) were fabricated with Galfenol and PZT-5A as magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers, respectively. Through the modeling and measurement of these ME transducers, the effects of the ME transducer dimension, DC bias magnetic field, loading (RL), and operation frequency on the resonance frequency, quality factor, and received power (PL) of the ME transducer are determined. In measurements, a 150 mm3 ME transducer achieved > 10-fold higher PL for a wide RL range of 500 Ω to 1 MΩ at 95.5 kHz, compared to an optimized coil with comparable size and operation frequency.
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9
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Kopyl S, Surmenev R, Surmeneva M, Fetisov Y, Kholkin A. Magnetoelectric effect: principles and applications in biology and medicine- a review. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100149. [PMID: 34746734 PMCID: PMC8554634 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) effect experimentally discovered about 60 years ago remains one of the promising research fields with the main applications in microelectronics and sensors. However, its applications to biology and medicine are still in their infancy. For the diagnosis and treatment of diseases at the intracellular level, it is necessary to develop a maximally non-invasive way of local stimulation of individual neurons, navigation, and distribution of biomolecules in damaged cells with relatively high efficiency and adequate spatial and temporal resolution. Recently developed ME materials (composites), which combine elastically coupled piezoelectric (PE) and magnetostrictive (MS) phases, have been shown to yield very strong ME effects even at room temperature. This makes them a promising toolbox for solving many problems of modern medicine. The main ME materials, processing technologies, as well as most prospective biomedical applications will be overviewed, and modern trends in using ME materials for future therapies, wireless power transfer, and optogenetics will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kopyl
- Department of Physics & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R. Surmenev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials Research & Development Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M. Surmeneva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials Research & Development Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Y. Fetisov
- Research & Education Centre ‘Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices’, MIREA – Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Kholkin
- Department of Physics & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials Research & Development Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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10
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Turner BL, Senevirathne S, Kilgour K, McArt D, Biggs M, Menegatti S, Daniele MA. Ultrasound-Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100986. [PMID: 34235886 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-powered implants (UPIs) represent cutting edge power sources for implantable medical devices (IMDs), as their powering strategy allows for extended functional lifetime, decreased size, increased implant depth, and improved biocompatibility. IMDs are limited by their reliance on batteries. While batteries proved a stable power supply, batteries feature relatively large sizes, limited life spans, and toxic material compositions. Accordingly, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) strategies are attracting increasing attention by researchers as alternative reliable power sources. Piezoelectric energy scavenging has shown promise for low power applications. However, energy scavenging devices need be located near sources of movement, and the power stream may suffer from occasional interruptions. WPT overcomes such challenges by more stable, on-demand power to IMDs. Among the various forms of WPT, ultrasound powering offers distinct advantages such as low tissue-mediated attenuation, a higher approved safe dose (720 mW cm-2 ), and improved efficiency at smaller device sizes. This study presents and discusses the state-of-the-art in UPIs by reviewing piezoelectric materials and harvesting devices including lead-based inorganic, lead-free inorganic, and organic polymers. A comparative discussion is also presented of the functional material properties, architecture, and performance metrics, together with an overview of the applications where UPIs are being deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Seedevi Senevirathne
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Katie Kilgour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Darragh McArt
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University 97 Lisburn Rd Belfast BT9 7AE UK
| | - Manus Biggs
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices National University of Ireland Newcastle Road Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Michael A. Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University 890 Oval Dr. Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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11
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Fu H, Rao J, Harb MS, Theodossiades S. Ultrasonic wireless power links for battery-free condition monitoring in metallic enclosures. ULTRASONICS 2021; 114:106395. [PMID: 33756220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presented a novel ultrasonic wireless power link (UWPL) to provide power supply for embedded condition monitoring of enclosed metallic structures, where recharging or replacing batteries can be problematic. Two piezoelectric transducers are adopted to establish the wireless power links, within which one transducer is used to generate ultrasonic waves and the other is to receive the transferred ultrasonic energy and to energize the associated embedded condition monitoring units. A power management solution is established to regulate the receiver output into a constant voltage suitable for sensing application. A theoretical model was established to understand the UWPL dynamics and to analyze the energy budget balance between the UWPL and the sensing power demands. A finite element model was built to validate the proposed idea. The UWPL was then experimentally implemented using two piezoelectric transducers and tested in aluminium plates with different thickness. A power management sub-system was developed and tested for sensing applications. An output power of 1.73 mW was obtained on a 1.5 kΩ resister with the input voltage of 15 V at 42.6 kHz through a 6 mm-thick aluminium plate. Sufficient power can be transferred over a large distance via metallic structures, showing the capability in implementing battery-free condition monitoring of enclosed metallic structures, such as petroleum pipelines, engines, and aluminium airframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Fu
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Jing Rao
- Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Mohammad S Harb
- Laboratory of Smart Structures and Structural Integrity, Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Stephanos Theodossiades
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
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12
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Hossain ANMS, Erfani R, Mohseni P, Lavasani HM. On the Non-idealities of a Capacitive Link for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:314-325. [PMID: 33784624 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3069842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the performance of a resonant capacitive wireless power transfer (C-WPT) link for biomedical implants in the presence of non-idealities. The study emphasizes on finding an accurate electrical model of a practical C-WPT link, which can be used to investigate the performance of the link under different practical/non-ideal scenarios. A sound knowledge about these non-idealities is crucial for device optimization. For the first time, a circuit model has been presented and analyzed, which is applicable to a practical C-WPT link undergoing plate mismatch, flexion, tissue contraction, and stretching. Our model considers the finite conductivity of the body tissue and fringe fields formed by capacitor plates. Analytical and HFSSTM simulation results have been presented for different non-idealities, and are in good agreement. Additionally, we show a procedure to interpolate non-ideal case results. The study shows that plate misalignment (causing reduction in parallel plate overlap area) and skin tissue contraction (while muscle grows) are the most detrimental individual factors to the link performance. We recorded ∼32% and ∼14% power transfer efficiency decrease due to these two worst-case scenarios, respectively for a C-WPT link comprising of two pairs of 400 mm2 parallel plates (12 cm edge-to-edge separation) coated with 63.5 µm thick Kapton layer and aligned around a 3 mm tissue at 20 MHz.
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13
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Campbell R, Shim H, Choi J, Park M, Byun E, Islam S, Song SH, Kim A. Implantable Cisplatin Synthesis Microdevice for Regional Chemotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001582. [PMID: 33326178 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin, the first platinum chemotherapy agent to obtain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1978, is widely used for a number of cancers. However, the painful side effects stemming from systemic delivery are the inevitable limitation of cisplatin. A possible solution is regional chemotherapy using various drug delivery systems, which reduces the systemic toxicity and increases drug accumulation in the tumor. In this paper, a rice-grain sized, ultrasonically powered, and implantable microdevice that can synthesize cisplatin in situ is presented. The microdevice produces 0.7 mg of cisplatin within 1 h under ultrasonic irradiation (400 mW cm-2 ). The effect of the microdevice-synthesized cisplatin is evaluated using in vitro murine breast cancer cells and ex vivo liver tissue. The results suggest that cytotoxic activities of the microdevice-mediated cisplatin delivery are significantly higher in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Overall, the proposed cisplatin synthesis microdevice represents a strong alternative treatment option for regional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Campbell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Hyunji Shim
- Department of Electronics Engineering Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Republic of Korea
| | - Je Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Moonchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Eunjeong Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Republic of Korea
| | - Sayemul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Electronics Engineering Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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Abstract
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.
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15
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Son H, Byun E, Yoon YJ, Nam J, Song SH, Yoon C. Untethered Actuation of Hybrid Hydrogel Gripper via Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1766-1772. [PMID: 35653680 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that exhibit reversible volume changes in response to stimulus cues such as heat, pH, and light have been utilized in soft robotics, microfluidics, electronics, and biomedical surgical tools. While the development of the soft robotics has widely expanded, most external triggering systems still have limited utilities due to the low selectivity. We present a hybrid gripper capable of undergoing preprogrammed shape transformation utilizing ultrasound energy on-off processes as the external triggering system, which can be utilized in invisible and nonselective environments. Furthermore, we describe the magnetic locomotion of the soft gripper enabled by the introduction of iron oxide (Fe2O3) ferrogel. By integrating these dual ultrasonic and magnetic control systems, we demonstrate the soft gripper could actively and safely perform pick-and-place tasks on a biological salmon roe in the aqueous maze environment. We expect that this study can provide the groundwork for the further important advances to the creation of ultrasound-responsive shape programmable and multifunctional smart soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyo Son
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - Eunjeong Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - JuHong Nam
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
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16
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Barbruni GL, Ros PM, Demarchi D, Carrara S, Ghezzi D. Miniaturised Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Neurostimulation: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1160-1178. [PMID: 33201828 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In neurostimulation, wireless power transfer is an efficient technology to overcome several limitations affecting medical devices currently used in clinical practice. Several methods were developed over the years for wireless power transfer. In this review article, we report and discuss the three most relevant methodologies for extremely miniaturised implantable neurostimulators: ultrasound coupling, inductive coupling and capacitive coupling. For each powering method, the discussion starts describing the physical working principle. In particular, we focus on the challenges given by the miniaturisation of the implanted integrated circuits and the related ad-hoc solutions for wireless power transfer. Then, we present recent developments and progresses in wireless power transfer for biomedical applications. Last, we compare each technique based on key performance indicators to highlight the most relevant and innovative solutions suitable for neurostimulation, with the gaze turned towards miniaturisation.
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17
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Ghanbari MM, Muller R. Optimizing Volumetric Efficiency and Backscatter Communication in Biosensing Ultrasonic Implants. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1381-1392. [PMID: 33095711 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3033488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic backscatter communication has gained popularity in recent years with the advent of deep-tissue sub-mm scale biosensing implants in which piezoceramic (piezo) resonators are used as acoustic antennas. Miniaturization is a key design goal for such implants to reduce tissue displacement and enable minimally invasive implantation techniques. Here, we provide a systematic design approach for the implant piezo geometry and operation frequency to minimize the overall volume of the implant. Optimal geometry of the implant piezo for backscatter communication is discussed and contrasted with that of power harvesting. A critical design aspect of an ultrasonic backscatter communication link is the response of the piezo acoustic reflection coefficient Γ with respect to the variable shunt impedance, ZE, of the implant uplink modulator. Due to the complexity of the piezo governing equations and multi-domain, electro-acoustical nature of the piezo, Γ(ZE) has often been characterized numerically and the implant uplink modulator has been designed empirically resulting in sub-optimal performance in terms of data rate and linearity. Here, we present a SPICE friendly end-to-end equivalent circuit model of the channel as a piezo-IC co-simulation tool that incorporates inherent path losses present in a typical ultrasonic backscatter channel. To provide further insight into the channel response, we present experimentally validated closed form expressions for Γ(ZE) under various boundary conditions. These expressions couple Γ to the commonly used Thevenin equivalent circuit model of the piezo, facilitating systematic design and synthesis of ultrasonic backscatter uplink modulators.
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18
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Nelson BD, Karipott SS, Wang Y, Ong KG. Wireless Technologies for Implantable Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4604. [PMID: 32824365 PMCID: PMC7474418 DOI: 10.3390/s20164604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Wireless technologies are incorporated in implantable devices since at least the 1950s. With remote data collection and control of implantable devices, these wireless technologies help researchers and clinicians to better understand diseases and to improve medical treatments. Today, wireless technologies are still more commonly used for research, with limited applications in a number of clinical implantable devices. Recent development and standardization of wireless technologies present a good opportunity for their wider use in other types of implantable devices, which will significantly improve the outcomes of many diseases or injuries. This review briefly describes some common wireless technologies and modern advancements, as well as their strengths and suitability for use in implantable medical devices. The applications of these wireless technologies in treatments of orthopedic and cardiovascular injuries and disorders are described. This review then concludes with a discussion on the technical challenges and potential solutions of implementing wireless technologies in implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D. Nelson
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (B.D.N.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Salil Sidharthan Karipott
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (B.D.N.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Yvonne Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
| | - Keat Ghee Ong
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (B.D.N.); (S.S.K.)
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19
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Park M, Islam S, Kim H, Korostoff J, Blatz MB, Hwang G, Kim A. Human Oral Motion-Powered Smart Dental Implant (SDI) for In Situ Ambulatory Photo-biomodulation Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000658. [PMID: 32613767 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implant disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding a dental implant. However, current preventative methods are insufficient due to the limited bioactivity on the dental implant and poor patient compliance. Recently, photo-biomodulation (PBM) therapy that can recover and regenerate peri-implant soft tissue has attracted considerable attention in dentistry. In this paper, a seamless human oral motion-powered dental implant system (called Smart Dental Implant or SDI) is presented as an ambulatory PBM therapy modality. SDI allows the in situ light delivery, which is enabled by the energy harvesting from dynamic human oral motions (chewing and brushing) via an engineered piezoelectric dental crown, an associated circuit, and micro light emitting diodes (LEDs). The SDI also offers adequate mechanical strength as the clinical standards. Using primary human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) as a model host organism and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as a model inflammatory stimulus, effective SDI-mediated PBM therapy is demonstrated. A new class of dental implants could be an ambulatory PBM therapy platform for the prevention of peri-implant disease without patient dependency, warranting long-lasting dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTemple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Sayemul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTemple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Hye‐Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive and Restorative SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jonathan Korostoff
- Department of PeriodonticsSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Markus B. Blatz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative SciencesSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision DentistrySchool of Dental MedicineSchool of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTemple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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20
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Rathod VT. A Review of Acoustic Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4051. [PMID: 32708159 PMCID: PMC7411934 DOI: 10.3390/s20144051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of waves between the piezoelectric generators, detectors, and propagating media is challenging due to mismatch in the acoustic properties. The mismatch leads to the reverberation of waves within the transducer, heating, low signal-to-noise ratio, and signal distortion. Acoustic impedance matching increases the coupling largely. This article presents standard methods to match the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers with the surrounding wave propagation media. Acoustic matching methods utilizing active and passive materials have been discussed. Special materials such as nanocomposites, metamaterials, and metasurfaces as emerging materials have been presented. Emphasis is placed throughout the article to differentiate the difference between electric and acoustic impedance matching and the relation between the two. Comparison of various techniques is made with the discussion on capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Acoustic impedance matching for specific and uncommon applications has also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek T Rathod
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Khan SR, Pavuluri SK, Cummins G, Desmulliez MPY. Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3487. [PMID: 32575663 PMCID: PMC7349694 DOI: 10.3390/s20123487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeque Reza Khan
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
| | - Sumanth Kumar Pavuluri
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
| | - Gerard Cummins
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Marc P. Y. Desmulliez
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
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22
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Allam A, Sabra KG, Erturk A. Aspect Ratio-Dependent Dynamics of Piezoelectric Transducers in Wireless Acoustic Power Transfer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:984-996. [PMID: 31899420 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic power transfer (APT) for wireless electronic components has received growing attention as a viable approach to deliver power to remotely located small electronic devices. The design of an efficient APT system requires accurate models to describe its individual components as well as the interaction between them. Most of the analytical models available to represent the bulk piezoelectric transducers used in APT are limited to either thin rod or thin plate transducers. However, transducers with moderate aspect ratios are often used, especially at the receiver end. In this work, in addition to reviewing standard theories, models based on the Rayleigh and Bishop rod theories are developed to analyze transducers [transmitter (TX) or receiver (RX)] with various aspect ratios. Results from these models are compared with experimental data and finite-element analysis to determine the range of aspect ratios in which they are valid. In addition, fluid loading effects on the predictions of all models are investigated, and the generated pressure fields by the transducers with different aspect ratios are compared. The resulting models are used to analyze the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of the transducer when operated as a TX or an RX in an APT setting.
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23
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Kim A, Lee SK, Parupudi T, Rahimi R, Song SH, Park MC, Islam S, Zhou J, Majumdar AK, Park JS, Yoo JM, Ziaie B. An Ultrasonically Powered Implantable Microprobe for Electrolytic Ablation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1510. [PMID: 32001732 PMCID: PMC6992771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytic ablation (EA) is a promising nonthermal tumor ablation technique that destroys malignant cells through induction of a locoregional pH change. EA is typically performed by inserting needle electrodes inside the tumor followed by application of direct current (DC), thus inducing electrolysis and creating localized pH changes around the electrodes. In this paper, we report an ultrasonically powered implantable EA microprobe that may increase the clinical relevance of EA by allowing wireless control over device operation (capability to remotely turn the device on and off) and providing flexibility in treatment options (easier to administer fractionated doses over a longer period). The wireless EA microprobe consists of a millimeter-sized piezoelectric ultrasonic receiver, a rectifier circuit, and a pair of platinum electrodes (overall size is 9 × 3 × 2 mm3). Once implanted through a minimally invasive procedure, the microprobe can stay within a solid tumor and be repeatedly used as needed. Ultrasonic power allows for efficient power delivery to mm-scale devices implanted deep within soft tissues of the body. The microprobe is capable of producing a direct current of 90 µA at a voltage of 5 V across the electrodes under low-intensity ultrasound (~200 mW/cm2). The DC power creates acidic (pH < 2) and alkaline (pH > 12.9) regions around the anode and the cathode, respectively. The pH change, measured using tissue-mimicking agarose gel, extends to 0.8 cm3 in volume within an hour at an expansion rate of 0.5 mm3/min. The microprobe-mediated EA ablative capability is demonstrated in vitro in cancer cells and ex vivo in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - S K Lee
- Jubilee Biotechnology LLC, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - T Parupudi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Rahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - S H Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M C Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - S Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - J Zhou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - A K Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - J S Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J M Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - B Ziaie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Rupp T, Truong BD, Williams S, Roundy S. Magnetoelectric Transducer Designs for Use as Wireless Power Receivers in Wearable and Implantable Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030512. [PMID: 30744044 PMCID: PMC6384833 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As the size of biomedical implants and wearable devices becomes smaller, the need for methods to deliver power at higher power densities is growing. The most common method to wirelessly deliver power, inductively coupled coils, suffers from poor power density for very small-sized receiving coils. An alternative strategy is to transmit power wirelessly to magnetoelectric (ME) or mechano-magnetoelectric (MME) receivers, which can operate efficiently at much smaller sizes for a given frequency. This work studies the effectiveness of ME and MME transducers as wireless power receivers for biomedical implants of very small (<2 mm3) size. The comparative study clearly demonstrates that under existing safety standards, the ME architecture is able to generate a significantly higher power density than the MME architecture. Analytical models for both types of transducers are developed and validated using centimeter scale devices. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards were applied to the lumped elements models which were then used to optimize device dimensions within a 2 mm3 volume. An optimized ME device can produce 21.3 mW/mm3 and 31.3 μW/mm3 under the IEEE and ICNIRP standards, respectively, which are extremely attractive for a wide range of biomedical implants and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrel Rupp
- Space Dynamics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Binh Duc Truong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Shane Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Shad Roundy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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25
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Kim A, Zhou J, Samaddar S, Song SH, Elzey BD, Thompson DH, Ziaie B. An Implantable Ultrasonically-Powered Micro-Light-Source (µLight) for Photodynamic Therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1395. [PMID: 30718792 PMCID: PMC6362227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment modality that can selectively target unresectable tumors through optical activation of cytotoxic agents, thus reducing many side effects associated with systemic administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, limited light penetration into most biological tissues have so far prevented its widespread adoption beyond dermatology and a few other oncological applications in which a fiber optic can be threaded to the desired locations via an endoscopic approach (e.g., bladder). In this paper, we introduce an ultrasonically powered implantable microlight source, μLight, which enables in-situ localized light delivery to deep-seated solid tumors. Ultrasonic powering allows for small receiver form factor (mm-scale) and power transfer deep into the tissue (several centimeters). The implants consist of piezoelectric transducers measuring 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 and 2 × 4 × 2 mm3 with surface-mounted miniature red and blue LEDs. When energized with 185 mW/cm2 of transmitted acoustic power at 720 kHz, μLight can generate 0.048 to 6.5 mW/cm2 of optical power (depending on size of the piezoelectric element and light wavelength spectrum). This allows powering multiple receivers to a distance of 10 cm at therapeutic light output levels (a delivery of 20-40 J/cm2 light radiation dose in 1-2 hours). In vitro tests show that HeLa cells irradiated with μLights undergo a 70% decrease in average cell viability as compared to the control group. In vivo tests in mice implanted with 4T1-induced tumors (breast cancer) show light delivery capability at therapeutic dose levels. Overall, results indicate implanting multiple µLights and operating them for 1-2 hours can achieve cytotoxicity levels comparable to the clinically reported cases using external light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shayak Samaddar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bennet D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Babak Ziaie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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26
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An ultrasonically controlled switching system for power management in implantable devices. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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Ibrahim A, Meng M, Kiani M. A Comprehensive Comparative Study on Inductive and Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission to Biomedical Implants. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2018; 18:3813-3826. [PMID: 30344453 PMCID: PMC6192045 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2018.2812420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between inductive coupling and ultrasound for wireless power transmission (WPT) to biomedical implants. Several sets of inductive and ultrasonic links for different powering distances (d 12) and receiver dimensions have been optimized, and their key parameters, including power transmission efficiency (PTE) and power delivered to the load (PDL) within safety constraints, have been compared to find out which method is optimal for any given condition. Two design procedures have been presented for maximizing the PTE of inductive and ultrasonic links by finding the optimal geometry for the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils and ultrasonic transducers as well as the optimal operation frequency (fp ). Our simulation and measurement results showed that the ultrasonic link transcends the inductive link in PTE and somewhat in PDL for a small Rx of 1.1 mm3 (diameter of 1.2 mm), particularly when the Rx was deeply implanted inside the tissue (d 12 ≥ 10 mm). However, for a larger 20 mm3 Rx (diameter of 5 mm), the inductive link achieved higher PTE and PDL, particularly at shorter distances (d 12 < 30 mm). The optimal loading condition is shown to be quite different in inductive and ultrasonic links. Despite higher performance for small Rx and large d 12, the ultrasonic link is more sensitive to Rx misalignments and orientations. This led us to propose a new design procedure based on the worst-case misalignment scenario. The simulation results have been validated by measurements. The inductive and ultrasonic links, operating at 30 MHz and 1.1 MHz, achieved measured PTEs of 0.05% and 0.65% for the 1.1 mm3 Rx located 30 mm inside tissue and oil environments with optimal load resistances of 295 Ω and 3.8 kΩ, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- Electrical Engineering Department at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Miao Meng
- Electrical Engineering Department at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mehdi Kiani
- Electrical Engineering Department at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Wirdatmadja SA, Barros MT, Koucheryavy Y, Jornet JM, Balasubramaniam S. Wireless Optogenetic Nanonetworks for Brain Stimulation: Device Model and Charging Protocols. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2018; 16:859-872. [PMID: 29364130 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2781150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous research efforts have been dedicated toward developing efficient implantable devices for brain stimulation. However, there are limitations and challenges with the current technologies. They include neuron population stimulation instead of single neuron level, the size, the biocompatibility, and the device lifetime reliability in the patient's brain. We have recently proposed the concept of wireless optogenetic nanonetworking devices (WiOptND) that could address the problem of long term deployment, and at the same time target single neuron stimulation utilizing ultrasonic as a mode for energy harvesting. In addition, a number of charging protocols are also proposed, in order to minimize the quantity of energy required for charging, while ensuring minimum number of neural spike misfirings. These protocols include the simple charge and fire, which requires the full knowledge of the raster plots of neuron firing patterns, and the predictive sliding detection window, and its variant Markov-chain based time-delay patterns, which minimizes the need for full knowledge of neural spiking patterns as well as number of ultrasound charging frequencies. Simulation results exhibit a drop for the stimulation ratio of ~ 25% and more stable trend in its efficiency ratio (standard deviation of ~0.5%) for the Markov-chain based time-delay patterns protocol compared with the baseline change and fire. The results show the feasibility of utilizing WiOptND for long-term implants in the brain, and a new direction toward precise stimulation of neurons in the cortical microcolumn of the brain cortex.
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29
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Kiani M. Optimal resonance configuration for ultrasonic wireless power transmission to millimeter-sized biomedical implants. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:1934-1937. [PMID: 28268706 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve efficient wireless power transmission (WPT) to biomedical implants with millimeter (mm) dimensions, ultrasonic WPT links have recently been proposed. Operating both transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) ultrasonic transducers at their resonance frequency (fr) is key in improving power transmission efficiency (PTE). In this paper, different resonance configurations for Tx and Rx transducers, including series and parallel resonance, have been studied to help the designers of ultrasonic WPT links to choose the optimal resonance configuration for Tx and Rx that maximizes PTE. The geometries for disk-shaped transducers of four different sets of links, operating at series-series, series-parallel, parallel-series, and parallel-parallel resonance configurations in Tx and Rx, have been found through finite-element method (FEM) simulation tools for operation at fr of 1.4 MHz. Our simulation results suggest that operating the Tx transducer with parallel resonance increases PTE, while the resonance configuration of the mm-sized Rx transducer highly depends on the load resistance, Rl. For applications that involve large Rl in the order of tens of kΩ, a parallel resonance for a mm-sized Rx leads to higher PTE, while series resonance is preferred for Rl in the order of several kΩ and below.
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30
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Meng M, Kiani M. Design and Optimization of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission Links for Millimeter-Sized Biomedical Implants. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:98-107. [PMID: 27662684 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2016.2583783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been recently proposed as an alternative modality for efficient wireless power transmission (WPT) to biomedical implants with millimeter (mm) dimensions. This paper presents the theory and design methodology of ultrasonic WPT links that involve mm-sized receivers (Rx). For given load (RL) and powering distance (d), the optimal geometries of transmitter (Tx) and Rx ultrasonic transducers, including their diameter and thickness, as well as the optimal operation frequency (fc) are found through a recursive design procedure to maximize the power transmission efficiency (PTE). First, a range of realistic fcs is found based on the Rx thickness constrain. For a chosen fc within the range, the diameter and thickness of the Rx transducer are then swept together to maximize PTE. Then, the diameter and thickness of the Tx transducer are optimized to maximize PTE. Finally, this procedure is repeated for different fcs to find the optimal fc and its corresponding transducer geometries that maximize PTE. A design example of ultrasonic link has been presented and optimized for WPT to a 1 mm3 implant, including a disk-shaped piezoelectric transducer on a silicon die. In simulations, a PTE of 2.11% at fc of 1.8 MHz was achieved for RL of 2.5 [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. In order to validate our simulations, an ultrasonic link was optimized for a 1 mm3 piezoelectric transducer mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB), which led to simulated and measured PTEs of 0.65% and 0.66% at fc of 1.1 MHz for RL of 2.5 [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text], respectively.
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31
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Low Power Design for Future Wearable and Implantable Devices. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea6040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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The Simulation of the Recharging Method Based on Solar Radiation for an Implantable Biosensor. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091468. [PMID: 27626422 PMCID: PMC5038746 DOI: 10.3390/s16091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method of recharging implantable biosensors based on solar radiation is proposed. Firstly, the models of the proposed method are developed. Secondly, the recharging processes based on solar radiation are simulated using Monte Carlo (MC) method and the energy distributions of sunlight within the different layers of human skin have been achieved and discussed. Finally, the simulation results are verified experimentally, which indicates that the proposed method will contribute to achieve a low-cost, convenient and safe method for recharging implantable biosensors.
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Cao N, Song SH, Maleki T, Shaffer M, Stantz KM, Cao M, Kao C, Mendonca MS, Ziaie B, Ko SC. Radiosensitizing Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts by an Implantable Micro-Oxygen Generator. Radiat Res 2016; 185:431-7. [PMID: 27002539 DOI: 10.1667/rr14149.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, little progress has been made to improve the extremely low survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients. Extreme hypoxia observed in pancreatic tumors contributes to the aggressive and metastatic characteristics of this tumor and can reduce the effectiveness of conventional radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In an attempt to reduce hypoxia-induced obstacles to effective radiation treatment, we used a novel device, the implantable micro-oxygen generator (IMOG), for in situ tumor oxygenation. After subcutaneous implantation of human pancreatic xenograft tumors in athymic rats, the IMOG was wirelessly powered by ultrasonic waves, producing 30 μA of direct current (at 2.5 V), which was then utilized to electrolyze water and produce oxygen within the tumor. Significant oxygen production by the IMOG was observed and corroborated using the NeoFox oxygen sensor dynamically. To test the radiosensitization effect of the newly generated oxygen, the human pancreatic xenograft tumors were subcutaneously implanted in nude mice with either a functional or inactivated IMOG device. The tumors in the mice were then exposed to ultrasonic power for 10 min, followed by a single fraction of 5 Gy radiation, and tumor growth was monitored thereafter. The 5 Gy irradiated tumors containing the functional IMOG exhibited tumor growth inhibition equivalent to that of 7 Gy irradiated tumors that did not contain an IMOG. Our study confirmed that an activated IMOG is able to produce sufficient oxygen to radiosensitize pancreatic tumors, enhancing response to single-dose radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cao
- Schools of a Health Sciences.,d Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Departments of
| | | | - Teimour Maleki
- c Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | | | - Minsong Cao
- f Radiation Oncology and.,h Radiation Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Chinghai Kao
- g Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Song-Chu Ko
- f Radiation Oncology and.,i Radiation Oncology, IU Health Arnett Hospital, Lafayette, Indiana
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