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Wu HN, Wang M. Learning Human Behavior in Shared Control: Adaptive Inverse Differential Game Approach. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2024; 54:3705-3715. [PMID: 37027753 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2023.3244559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the collaborative intelligence of a machine, it is important for the machine to understand what behavior a human may adopt to interact with the machine when performing a task in shared control. In this study, an online behavior learning method is proposed for continuous-time linear human-in-the-loop shared control systems by using the system state data only. A two-player nonzero-sum linear quadratic dynamic game paradigm is used for modeling the control interaction between a human operator and an automation that actively compensates for human control action. In this game model, the cost function representing the human behavior is assumed to have an unknown weighting matrix. Here, we want to learn the human behavior or retrieve the weighting matrix by using the system state data only. Accordingly, a new adaptive inverse differential game (IDG) method, which integrates concurrent learning (CL) and linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization, is proposed. First, a CL-based adaptive law and an interactive controller of the automation are developed to estimate the feedback gain matrix of the human online, and second, an LMI optimization problem is solved to determine the weighting matrix of the human cost function. Finally, simulation results on a cooperative shared control driver assistance system are provided to elucidate the feasibility of the developed method.
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Cao S, Luo Z, Quan C. Online Inverse Optimal Control for Time-Varying Cost Weights. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:84. [PMID: 38392130 PMCID: PMC10886916 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inverse optimal control is a method for recovering the cost function used in an optimal control problem in expert demonstrations. Most studies on inverse optimal control have focused on building the unknown cost function through the linear combination of given features with unknown cost weights, which are generally considered to be constant. However, in many real-world applications, the cost weights may vary over time. In this study, we propose an adaptive online inverse optimal control approach based on a neural-network approximation to address the challenge of recovering time-varying cost weights. We conduct a well-posedness analysis of the problem and suggest a condition for the adaptive goal, under which the weights of the neural network generated to achieve this adaptive goal are unique to the corresponding inverse optimal control problem. Furthermore, we propose an updating law for the weights of the neural network to ensure the stability of the convergence of the solutions. Finally, simulation results for an example linear system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The proposed method is applicable to a wide range of problems requiring real-time inverse optimal control calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Changqin Quan
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Lin MC, Tseng VS, Lin CS, Chiu SW, Pan LK, Pan LF. Quantitative Prediction of SYNTAX Score for Cardiovascular Artery Disease Patients via the Inverse Problem Algorithm Technique as Artificial Intelligence Assessment in Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123180. [PMID: 36553187 PMCID: PMC9777487 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative prediction of the SYNTAX score for cardiovascular artery disease patients using the inverse problem algorithm (IPA) technique in artificial intelligence was explored in this study. A 29-term semi-empirical formula was defined according to seven risk factors: (1) age, (2) mean arterial pressure, (3) body surface area, (4) pre-prandial blood glucose, (5) low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, (6) Troponin I, and (7) C-reactive protein. Then, the formula was computed via the STATISTICA 7.0 program to obtain a compromised solution for a 405-patient dataset with a specific loss function [actual-predicted]2 as low as 3.177, whereas 0.0 implies a 100% match between the prediction and observation via "the lower, the better" principle. The IPA technique first created a data matrix [405 × 29] from the included patients' data and then attempted to derive a compromised solution of the column matrix of 29-term coefficients [29 × 1]. The correlation coefficient, r2, of the regression line for the actual versus predicted SYNTAX score was 0.8958, showing a high coincidence among the dataset. The follow-up verification based on another 105 patients' data from the same group also had a high correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.8304. Nevertheless, the verified group's low derived average AT (agreement) (ATavg = 0.308 ± 0.193) also revealed a slight deviation between the theoretical prediction from the STATISTICA 7.0 program and the grades assigned by clinical cardiologists or interventionists. The predicted SYNTAX scores were compared with earlier reported findings based on a single-factor statistical analysis or scanned images obtained by sonography or cardiac catheterization. Cardiologists can obtain the SYNTAX score from the semi-empirical formula for an instant referral before performing a cardiac examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chiung Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 10041, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 40044, Taiwan
| | - Vincent S. Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 10041, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Radiology, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of the Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Shao-Wen Chiu
- Department of Pet Business Management, Taipei University of Marine Technology, Taipei 10001, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kwang Pan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40044, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Fa Pan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40044, Taiwan
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 40044, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Energy Efficiency of Pressure Shock Damper in the Hydraulic Lifting and Leveling Module. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the energy efficiency of pressure shock damping in a hydraulic lifting and leveling (HLL) module of a mobile robotic bricklaying system (RBS). The HLL module includes a servohydraulic actuator (SHA) and a hydraulic shock damper (HSD). The proposed adjustable HSD consists of a hydraulic accumulator circuit (HAC) and proportional damping valve. The frequency characteristics of the impedance and damping efficiency indices were used to evaluate the effectiveness of HSD damping. The dynamic responses of the SHA with and without HSD were analyzed based on a nonlinear state-space model. To control the damping of the pressure shock in the SHA-HSD system, a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller that follows two measurement signals was implemented. The LQG controller was adapted to the specific dynamic requirements of the SHA-HSD control system and nature of the RBS shock loads. The effectiveness of the LQG controller was evaluated during RBS operation under laboratory conditions. The main purpose of this study was to dynamically stabilize a leveled robot base subjected to shock loading during automatic operation of the RBS.
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LIN CHIHSHENG, CHEN YUNGFU, DENG JIE, YANG DENGHO, PAN LUNGFA, PAN LUNGKWANG. A SIX-PARAMETER SEMI-QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF 251 PATIENTS FOR THE ENHANCED TRIGGERED TIMING OF HEAD AND NECK CT ANGIOGRAPHY SCANNING VIA THE INVERSE PROBLEM ALGORITHM. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951942040045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the correlation between triggered timing for head and neck CT angiography (TT CTA) scanning and the average of CT values of both left and right arterial to upper sinuses (LRA/US) reaching a maximal ratio was surveyed and explored using the inverse problem algorithm according to a six-factor semi-quantitative analysis of 251 patients. Six risk factors, namely TT CTA, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), contrast media solution (CMS), given pressure (Pre), and body surface area (BSA) were used to identify a nonlinear first-order regression correlation between projected and actual LRA/US values. The respective 22 terms were derived via the STATISTICA program. In doing so, a customized loss function ([Formula: see text]) was defined according to the total fluctuation between theoretically projected and actual LRA/US values for all 216 patients. Thus, [Formula: see text] individual data points were included in the algorithm to optimize the compromised solution array [[Formula: see text]] of LRA/US values. The results exhibited a close correlation with loss function [Formula: see text], correlation coefficient [Formula: see text], and a 93.13% variance. Another group of 35 patients with similar symptoms was selected to verify the prediction accuracy and exhibited a high coincidence, although the reverse calculation-based correlation between CC CTA and LRA/US was still controversial from a clinical viewpoint. The proposed algorithm is considered quite instrumental in predicting the LRA/US with ischemic stroke symptoms in the CTA examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIH-SHENG LIN
- Department of Radiology, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of the Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - YUNG-FU CHEN
- Department of Dental Technology & Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - JIE DENG
- Department of Radiology, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of the Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - DENG-HO YANG
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed-Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-FA PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
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LIN YAHUI, CHIU SHAOWEN, LIN YINGCHE, LIN CHIENCHUNG, PAN LUNGKWANG. INVERSE PROBLEM ALGORITHM APPLICATION TO SEMI-QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF 272 PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE SYMPTOMS: CAROTID STENOSIS RISK ASSESSMENT FOR FIVE RISK FACTORS. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes the inverse problem algorithm (IPA) with five risk factors applied to the semi-quantitative analysis of carotid stenosis 272 patients with suspected ischemic stroke. The IPA is known to provide a substantiated machine learning-based prediction of the expected outcomes by solving an inverse matrix of variable coefficients. In case of carotid stenosis prediction, such risk factors as patient’s age, mean arterial pressure (MAP), glucose AC, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and C-Reactive protein (CRP) were assessed for the main group of 217 patients. Their results were processed by the STATISTICA program with a customized loss function ([Formula: see text]), yielding the first-order nonlinear semi-empirical formula with 16 terms. The loss function was calculated via the total mismatch between the theoretical predictions and true carotid stenosis cases (%) for all 217 patients. Thus, the carotid stenosis (%) compromised solution array [[Formula: see text]] was optimized using [Formula: see text] individual data points via the proposed algorithm. The results showed a complete regression with loss function [Formula: see text]=2.3543, variance [Formula: see text]=87.46%, and correlation coefficient [Formula: see text]. The reference group of 55 more patients with the same preliminary diagnosis and symptoms was selected to validate the method predictive feasibility, which was found quite satisfactory. The decreasing order of three dominant risk factors was as follows: CRP, glucose AC, and MAP, whereas age and LDL-C weakly influenced the program computation results. The IPA showed a strong convergence by its default characteristic. The reduction of the number of variables in computation deteriorated the prediction accuracy, exhibiting the algorithm’s high sensitivity to the number of variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- YA-HUI LIN
- College of Nursing, Central Taiwan, University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - SHAO-WEN CHIU
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Healthcare Technology Business Division, Healthcare Department, International Integrated Systems, Inc., Taipei 103, Taiwan, ROC
| | - YING-CHE LIN
- Neurology Department, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - CHIEN-CHUNG LIN
- College of Nursing, Central Taiwan, University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Orthopedic Department, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
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Quantifying trunk neuromuscular control using seated balancing and stability threshold. J Biomech 2020; 112:110038. [PMID: 32961424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Performance during seated balancing is often used to assess trunk neuromuscular control, including evaluating impairments in back pain populations. Balancing in less challenging environments allows for flexibility in control, which may not depend on health status but instead may reflect personal preferences. To make assessment less ambiguous, trunk neuromuscular control should be maximally challenged. Thirty-four healthy subjects balanced on a robotic seat capable of adjusting rotational stiffness. Subjects balanced while rotational stiffness was gradually reduced. The rotational stiffness at which subjects could no longer maintain balance, defined as critical stiffness (kCrit), was used to quantify the subjects' trunk neuromuscular control. A higher kCrit reflects poorer control, as subjects require a more stable base to balance. Subjects were tested on three days separated by 24 hours to assess test-retest reliability. Anthropometric (height and weight) and demographic (age and sex) influences on kCrit and its reliability were assessed. Height and age did not affect kCrit; whereas, being heavier (p < 0.001) and female (p = 0.042) significantly increased kCrit. Reliability was also affected by anthropometric and demographic factors, highlighting the potential problem of inflated reliability estimates from non-control related attributes. kCrit measurements appear reliable even after removing anthropometric and demographic influences, with adjusted correlations of 0.612 (95%CI: 0.433-0.766) versus unadjusted correlations of 0.880 (95%CI: 0.797-0.932). Besides assessment, trainers and therapists prescribing exercise could use the seated balance task and kCrit to precisely set difficulty level to a percentage of the subject's stability threshold to optimize improvements in trunk neuromuscular control and spine health.
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Sharp JA, Browning AP, Mapder T, Baker CM, Burrage K, Simpson MJ. Designing combination therapies using multiple optimal controls. J Theor Biol 2020; 497:110277. [PMID: 32294472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Strategic management of populations of interacting biological species routinely requires interventions combining multiple treatments or therapies. This is important in key research areas such as ecology, epidemiology, wound healing and oncology. Despite the well developed theory and techniques for determining single optimal controls, there is limited practical guidance supporting implementation of combination therapies. In this work we use optimal control theory to calculate optimal strategies for applying combination therapies to a model of acute myeloid leukaemia. We present a versatile framework to systematically explore the trade-offs that arise in designing combination therapy protocols using optimal control. We consider various combinations of continuous and bang-bang (discrete) controls, and we investigate how the control dynamics interact and respond to changes in the weighting and form of the pay-off characterising optimality. We demonstrate that the optimal controls respond non-linearly to treatment strength and control parameters, due to the interactions between species. We discuss challenges in appropriately characterising optimality in a multiple control setting and provide practical guidance for applying multiple optimal controls. Code used in this work to implement multiple optimal controls is available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Sharp
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia.
| | - Alexander P Browning
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia
| | - Tarunendu Mapder
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia
| | - Christopher M Baker
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Burrage
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK (Visiting Professor)
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
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LIN YAHUI, HSIAO KAIYU, CHANG YUTENG, KITTIPAYAK SAMRIT, PAN LUNGFA, PAN LUNGKWANG. ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE BLOOD CONCENTRATION READINGS FROM CLINICAL DATA ON PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE DISEASES AFTER DIGOXIN INTAKE: A PROJECTION BASED ON THE INVERSE PROBLEM ALGORITHM. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941940061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a projection of effective blood concentration (EBC) readings of digoxin is made using the inverse problem algorithm based on clinical data for patients with heart failure diseases. Seven factors, including body surface area (BSA), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) ion readings, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were compiled with nonlinear regression fit to develop a projection function having 29 terms obtained from an inverse problem algorithm via the default function run in STATISTICA. Accordingly, data collected from the clinical 168 heart failure patients were normalized to be included in same domain range ([Formula: see text]1 to +1), and then calculated by the specific algorithm to optimize the numerical solution to evaluate EBC readings of digoxin. The evaluated first-order regression fit owned an optimal loss function ([Formula: see text]) coupled with correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] = 0.892 and variance of 89.20%. Furthermore, 45 patients having similar clinical syndromes were also adopted to verify the projection and implied with high agreement. The BUN factor dominated the projection and defined as the most significant coefficient in the analysis, and K ion, MAP, BSA, and Mg ion factors exhibited minor contributions to the projection. The repeated trials to lower number of factors from seven to a smaller number (namely 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1) for simplifying method but resulting with unaccepted outcomes, with high loss function values and low linearity. However, the algorithm held its accuracy to handle the verified data that were out of the original bounds. The proposed algorithm demonstrated a useful analysis to handle the drug administration in pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- YA-HUI LIN
- College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - KAI-YU HSIAO
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Bachelorship of Medical Science in School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - YU-TENG CHANG
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
- Ph.D. Program of Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC
| | - SAMRIT KITTIPAYAK
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - LUNG-FA PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
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Ramadan A, Choi J, Radcliffe CJ, Popovich JM, Reeves NP. Inferring Control Intent during Seated Balance using Inverse Model Predictive Control. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2019; 4:224-230. [PMID: 33102698 DOI: 10.1109/lra.2018.2886407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) are suggested to follow a protective coping strategy. Therefore, rehabilitation of these patients requires estimating their motor control strategies (the control intent). In this letter, we present an approach that infers the control intent by solving an inverse Model Predictive Control (iMPC) problem. The standard Model Predictive Control (MPC) structure includes constraints, therefore, it allows us to model the physiological constraints of motor control. We devised an iMPC algorithm to solve iMPC problems with experimentally collected output trajectories. We used experimental data of one healthy subject during a seated balance test that used a physical Human-Robot Interaction (pHRI). Results show that the estimated MPC weights reflected the task instructions given to the subject and yielded an acceptable goodness of fit. The iMPC solution suggests that the subject's control intent was dominated by minimizing the squared sum of a combination of the upper-body and lower-body angles and velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ramadan
- Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jongeun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Clark J Radcliffe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and the MSU Center for Orthopedic Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John M Popovich
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties and the MSU Center for Orthopedic Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, MI, USA
| | - N Peter Reeves
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties and the MSU Center for Orthopedic Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, MI, USA
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Optimal control of acute myeloid leukaemia. J Theor Biol 2019; 470:30-42. [PMID: 30853393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a blood cancer affecting haematopoietic stem cells. AML is routinely treated with chemotherapy, and so it is of great interest to develop optimal chemotherapy treatment strategies. In this work, we incorporate an immune response into a stem cell model of AML, since we find that previous models lacking an immune response are inappropriate for deriving optimal control strategies. Using optimal control theory, we produce continuous controls and bang-bang controls, corresponding to a range of objectives and parameter choices. Through example calculations, we provide a practical approach to applying optimal control using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. In particular, we describe and explore factors that have a profound influence on numerical convergence. We find that the convergence behaviour is sensitive to the method of control updating, the nature of the control, and to the relative weighting of terms in the objective function. All codes we use to implement optimal control are made available.
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14
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Energy scaling of targeted optimal control of complex networks. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15145. [PMID: 28436417 PMCID: PMC5413984 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that the control energy required to control a dynamical complex network is prohibitively large when there are only a few control inputs. Most methods to reduce the control energy have focused on where, in the network, to place additional control inputs. Here, in contrast, we show that by controlling the states of a subset of the nodes of a network, rather than the state of every node, while holding the number of control signals constant, the required energy to control a portion of the network can be reduced substantially. The energy requirements exponentially decay with the number of target nodes, suggesting that large networks can be controlled by a relatively small number of inputs as long as the target set is appropriately sized. We validate our conclusions in model and real networks to arrive at an energy scaling law to better design control objectives regardless of system size, energy restrictions, state restrictions, input node choices and target node choices. The energy required to control a dynamical complex network can be prohibitively large when there are only a few control inputs. Here the authors demonstrate that if only a subset of the network is targeted the energy requirements decrease exponentially.
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