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Martin S, Rashidifard C, Norris D, Goncalves A, Vercollone C, Brezinski M. Minimally Invasive Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT) for assessing Pre-OA, a pilot study on technical feasibility. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Goodwin M, Workman J, Thambyah A, Vanholsbeeck F. Impact-induced cartilage damage assessed using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104326. [PMID: 33578298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive determination of structural changes in articular cartilage immediately after impact and rehydration provides insight into the response and recovery of the soft tissue, as well as provides a potential methodology for clinicians to quantify early degenerative changes. In this study, we use polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to examine subtle alterations of the optical properties in healthy and early-stage degenerate articular cartilage immediately after impact loading to identify structurally relevant metrics required for understanding the mechanical factors of osteoarthritic initiation and progression. A custom-designed impact testing rig was used to deliver 0.9 J and 1.4 J impact energies to bovine articular cartilage. A total of 52 (n=26 healthy, n=26 mildly degenerate) cartilage-on-bone samples were imaged before, immediately after, and 3 h after impact. PS-OCT images were analyzed to assess changes relating to surface irregularity, optical attenuation, and birefringence. Mildly degenerate cartilage exhibits a significant change in birefringence following 1.4 J impact energies compared to healthy samples which is believed to be attributable to degenerate cartilage being unable to fully utilise the fluid phase to distribute and dampen the energy. After rehydration, the polarisation-sensitive images appear to 'optically-recover' reducing the reliability of birefringence as an absolute metric. Surface irregularity and optical attenuation encode diagnostically relevant information and may serve as markers to predict the mechanical response of articular cartilage. PS-OCT with its ability to non-invasively image the sub-surface microstructural abnormalities of cartilage presents as an ideal modality for cartilage degeneration assessment and identification of mechanically vulnerable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goodwin
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Joshua Workman
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Frédérique Vanholsbeeck
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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Jin LH, Choi BH, Kim YJ, Oh HJ, Kim BJ, Yin XY, Min BH. Nondestructive Assessment of Glycosaminoglycans in Engineered Cartilages Using Hexabrix-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:311-319. [PMID: 30603556 PMCID: PMC6171677 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very useful to evaluate the content and 3D distribution of extracellular matrix non-destructively in tissue engineering. This study evaluated the feasibility of using micro-computed tomography (µCT) with Hexabrix to measure quantitatively sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of engineered cartilage. Rabbit chondrocytes at passage 2 were used to produce artificial cartilages in polyglycolic acid scaffolds in vitro. Engineered cartilages were incubated with Hexabrix 320 for 20 min and analyzed via µCT scanning. The number of voxels in the 2D and 3D scanning images were counted to estimate the amount of sulfated GAGs. The optimal threshold value for quantification was determined by regression analysis. The 2D µCT images of an engineered cartilage showed positive correlation with the histological image of Safranin-O staining. Quantitative data obtained with the 3D µCT images of 14 engineered cartilages showed strong correlation with sulfated GAGs contents obtained by biochemical analysis (R2 = 0.883, p < 0.001). Repeated exposure of engineered cartilages to Hexabrix 320 and µCT scanning did not significantly affect cell viability, total DNA content, or the total content of sulfated GAGs. We conclude that µCT imaging using Hexabrix 320 provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity to assess the content and 3D distribution of sulfated GAGs in engineered cartilages. It is expected to be a valuable tool to evaluate the quality of engineered cartilage for commercial development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hao Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Present Address: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212 Korea
| | - Young Jick Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
| | - Byoung Ju Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
| | - Xiang Yun Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Korea
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Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review of Technology and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of our joints, manifested by a dynamically increasing degeneration of hyaline articular cartilage (AC). While currently no therapy can reverse this process, the few available treatment options are hampered by the inability of early diagnosis. Loss of cartilage surface, or extracellular matrix (ECM), integrity is considered the earliest sign of OA. Despite the increasing number of imaging modalities surprisingly few imaging biomarkers exist. In this narrative review, recent developments in optical coherence tomography are critically evaluated for their potential to assess different aspects of AC quality as biomarkers of OA. Special attention is paid to imaging surface irregularities, ECM organization and the evaluation of posttraumatic injuries by light-based modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jahr
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University Hospital RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Nicolai Brill
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology , Aachen , Germany , and
| | - Sven Nebelung
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University Hospital RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany .,c Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University Hospital RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Ren P, Li X, Fan F, Cai X, Gong H, Fan Y, Niu H. Ultrasound observation of GAG content of human hip joint cartilage in different old age groups. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:2697-2700. [PMID: 26736848 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we observed the age-related changes of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of human hip joint cartilage based on ultrasound (US). Seventy human hip cartilage-bone samples were collected from hip-fracture patients (ages 51 to 96) and divided into 5 groups (10 years in an age group). They were firstly measured by ultrasound to obtain quantitative acoustic parameters, including the speed of sound (SOS), US amplitude attenuation coefficient (UAA) and normalized broadband US attenuation coefficient (nBUA). Then the samples were stained for GAG with toluidine blue. Results showed SOS, UAA, nBUA decreased by 5.49%, 36.67%, 25.57% from 50-80 age group (p<;0.01), but increased by 0.34%, 1.19%, 5.23% in the 90 age group compared with the 80 age group, respectively. There were linear correlations between SOS and GAG optical density (r=0.825, p<;0.01), as well as UAA and GAG optical density (r=0.708, p <; 0.01). However, nBUA showed less significant linear correlation to GAG optical density (r=0.688, p <; 0.07). In summary, GAG content of hip joint cartilage varied with aging in elderly people and conventional ultrasound can potentially be used to detect the age-related changes of acoustic parameters of human hip joint cartilage.
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Matcher SJ. What can biophotonics tell us about the 3D microstructure of articular cartilage? Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:143-58. [PMID: 25694964 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissues such as articular cartilage have been the subject of study using novel optical techniques almost since the invention of polarized light microscopy (PLM). Early studies of polarized light micrographs were the main evidential basis for the establishment of quantitative models of articular cartilage collagen structure by Benninghoff and others. Even now, state of the art optical techniques including quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, Raman and optical hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence imaging are providing new insights into articular cartilage structure from the nanoscale through to the mesoscale. New insights are promised by emerging modalities such as optical elastography. This short review highlights some key recent results from modern optical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Matcher
- 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2 INSIGNEO Institute for in-silico medicine, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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Lu Z, Kasaragod D, Matcher SJ. Conical scan polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:752-62. [PMID: 24688811 PMCID: PMC3959841 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new articular cartilage imaging technique with potential for clinical arthroscopic use, by supplementing the variable-incidence-angle polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography method previously developed by us with a conical beam scan protocol. The technique is validated on bovine tendon by comparing experimental data with simulated data generated using the extended Jones matrix calculus. A unique capability of this new optical technique is that it can locate the "brushing direction" of collagen fibers in articular cartilage, which is structural information that extends beyond established methods such as split-line photography or birefringent fast-axis measurement in that it is uniquely defined over the full azimuthal-angle range of (-π, + π). The mapping of this direction over the cartilage surface may offer insights into the optimal design of tissue-engineering scaffolds for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghai Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Deepa Kasaragod
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
- Currently with the Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Stephen J Matcher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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High resolution micro arthrography of hard and soft tissues in a murine model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1011-9. [PMID: 22613702 PMCID: PMC3411931 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent developments on high resolution micro computed tomography (μCT) allow imaging of soft tissues in small animal joints. Nevertheless, μCT images cannot distinguish soft tissues from synovial fluid due to their similar mass density, limiting the 3D assessment of soft tissues volume and thickness. This study aimed to evaluate a lead chromate contrast agent for μCΤ arthrography of rat knee joints ex vivo. DESIGN Intact tibiofemoral rat joints were injected with the contrast agent at different concentrations and imaged using a μCT at 2.7 μm isotropic voxel size. Cartilage thickness was measured using an automated procedure, validated against histological measurements, and analyzed as a function of μCT image resolution. Changes in hard and soft tissues were also analyzed in tibiofemoral joints 4 weeks after surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). RESULTS The contrast agent diffused well throughout the whole knee cavity without penetrating the tissues, therefore providing high contrast at the boundaries between soft tissues and synovial fluid space. Thickness analysis of cartilage demonstrated a high similarity between histology and μ-arthrography approaches (R(2) = 0.90). Four weeks after surgical DMM, the development of osteophytes (Oph) and cartilage ulcerations was recognizable with μCT, as well as a slight increase in trabecular bone porosity, and decrease in trabecular thickness. CONCLUSIONS A lead chromate-based contrast agent allowed discriminating the synovial fluid from soft tissues of intact knee joints, and thus made possible both qualitative and quantitative assessment of hard and soft tissues in both intact and DMM tibiofemoral joints using high resolution μCT.
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Huang YP, Saarakkala S, Toyras J, Wang LK, Jurvelin JS, Zheng YP. Effects of optical beam angle on quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) in normal and surface degenerated bovine articular cartilage. Phys Med Biol 2010; 56:491-509. [PMID: 21191151 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/2/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a potential approach for diagnosing the early degeneration of cartilage and assessing the quality of its repair. However, a non-perpendicular angle of the incident optical beam with respect to the tissue surface may cause uncertainty to the quantitative analysis, and therefore, significantly affect the reliability of measurement. This non-perpendicularity was systematically investigated in the current study using bovine articular cartilage with and without mechanical degradation. Ten fresh osteochondral disks were quantitatively measured before and after artificially induced surface degradation by mechanical grinding. The following quantitative OCT parameters were determined with a precise control of the surface inclination up to an angle of 10° using a step of 2°: optical reflection coefficient (ORC), variation of surface reflection (VSR) along the surface profile, optical roughness index (ORI) and optical backscattering (OBS). It was found that non-perpendicularity caused systematic changes to all of the parameters. ORC was the most sensitive and OBS the most insensitive to the inclination angle. At the optimal perpendicular angle, all parameters could detect significant changes after surface degradation (p < 0.01), except OBS (p > 0.05). Nonsignificant change of OBS after surface degradation was expected since OBS reflected properties of the internal cartilage tissue and was not affected by the superficial mechanical degradation. As a conclusion, quantitative OCT parameters are diagnostically potential for characterizing the cartilage degeneration. However, efforts through a better controlled operation or corrections based on computational compensation mechanism should be made to minimize the effects of non-perpendicularity of the incident optical beam when clinical use of quantitative OCT is considered for assessing the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Wang SZ, Huang YP, Wang Q, Zheng YP, He YH. Assessment of depth and degeneration dependences of articular cartilage refractive index using optical coherence tomography in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 51:36-47. [PMID: 20067415 DOI: 10.3109/03008200902890161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) with an axial resolution of 15 mum was used to investigate the depth and degeneration dependences of the refractive index (RI) of articular cartilage collected from bovine patellae in vitro. Eighteen disks of articular cartilage with a diameter of 6.35 mm harvested from different patellae were successfully prepared. Each disk was cut into two halves and three horizontal cartilage slices (n = 18 x 2 x 3) with an approximately equal thickness of 0.5 mm were further prepared from each half disk. The cartilage slices were digested by two different enzymes, collagenase and trypsin, to disturb collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, respectively. The samples were submerged in the physiological saline and tested using OCT before and after the enzyme digestion and the RI for each specimen was calculated. The RI of articular cartilage from the superficial to deep regions was 1.361 +/- 0.032 (mean +/- SD), 1.338 +/- 0.036, and 1.371 +/- 0.041 for normal specimens; 1.357 +/- 0.036, 1.331 +/- 0.030, and 1.392 +/- 0.037 for trypsin digested specimens; and 1.361 +/- 0.032, 1.336 +/- 0.048, and 1.376 +/- 0.043 for those treated by collagenase, respectively. Two-factor repeated measure ANOVA revealed that for all the three groups of specimens, the RI in different depths was significantly different (p < 0.05). However, we found that the trypsin and collagenase treatments did not exert a significant effect on the RI (p > 0.05). The results suggested that the depth dependence of articular cartilage should be taken into account when OCT is used for related measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhe Wang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Saarakkala S, Wang SZ, Huang YP, Zheng YP. Quantification of the optical surface reflection and surface roughness of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:6837-52. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/22/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Park J, Kemp NJ, Rylander HG, Milner TE. Complex polarization ratio to determine polarization properties of anisotropic tissue using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:13402-13417. [PMID: 19654746 PMCID: PMC2749477 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.013402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Complex polarization ratio (CPR) in materials with birefringence and biattenuance is shown as a logarithmic spiral in the complex plane. A multi-state Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear fitting algorithm using the CPR trajectory collected by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was developed to determine polarization properties of an anisotropic scattering medium. The Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear fitting algorithm using the CPR trajectory is verified using simulated PS-OCT data with speckle noise. Birefringence and biattenuance of a birefringent film, ex-vivo rodent tail tendon and in-vivo primate retinal nerve fiber layer were determined using measured CPR trajectories and the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear fitting algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesung Park
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Xie L, Lin AS, Levenston ME, Guldberg RE. Quantitative assessment of articular cartilage morphology via EPIC-microCT. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:313-20. [PMID: 18789727 PMCID: PMC2683349 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to validate the ability of Equilibrium Partitioning of an Ionic Contrast agent via microcomputed tomography (EPIC-microCT) to nondestructively assess cartilage morphology in the rat model. DESIGN An appropriate contrast agent (Hexabrix) concentration and incubation time for equilibration were determined for reproducible segmentation of femoral articular cartilage from contrast-enhanced microCT scans. Reproducibility was evaluated by triplicate scans of six femora, and the measured articular cartilage thickness was independently compared to thickness determined from needle probe testing and histology. The validated technique was then applied to quantify age-related differences in articular cartilage morphology between 4, 8, and 16-week-old (n=5 each) male Wistar rats. RESULTS A 40% Hexabrix/60% phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution with 30 min incubation was optimal for segmenting cartilage from the underlying bone tissue and other soft tissues in the rat model. High reproducibility was indicated by the low coefficient of variation (1.7-2.5%) in cartilage volume, thickness and surface area. EPIC-microCT evaluation of thickness showed a strong linear relationship and good agreement with both needle probing (r(2)=0.95, slope=0.81, P<0.01, mean difference 11+/-22 microm, n=43) and histology (r(2)=0.99, slope=0.97, P<0.01, mean difference 12+/-10 microm, n=30). Cartilage volume and thickness significantly decreased with age while surface area significantly increased. CONCLUSION EPIC-microCT imaging has the ability to nondestructively evaluate three-dimensional articular cartilage morphology with high precision and accuracy in a small animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Xie
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
| | - Angela S.P. Lin
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
| | - Marc E. Levenston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 233 Durand Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4038
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405,Correspondence to: Robert E. Guldberg, Ph.D., Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, 315 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, 404-894-6589 (P), 404-385-1397 (F),
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Gajre SS, Singh U, Saxena RK, Anand S. Electrical impedance signal analysis in assessing the possibility of non-invasive diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. J Med Eng Technol 2007; 31:288-99. [PMID: 17566932 DOI: 10.1080/03091900600863745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerating disorder that leads to pain, disability and dependence. Although significant numbers of elderly people are affected by this irreversible damage, not many non-invasive methods have been found that can detect onset of OA. The traditional x-ray has the disadvantage of detecting a problem only after many changes have taken place. Others, such as MRI and ultrasound, are either expensive or unsuitable for mass screening and repeated use. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the usefulness of electrical impedance plethysmography (EIP) in non-invasive diagnosis of knee OA. In two experiments on 10 OA knees and eight control knees in groups aged 45 - 65 years (OA group: 62.40 +/- 3.47 years, controls: 53.38 +/- 8.55 years), knee swing (active flexion and extension of leg in sitting position, KS) and normal walking (WN) electrical impedance changes (DeltaZ) around the knee were analysed. The results indicate that there is significant difference in amplitudes of signals. Difference in mean of variances of two groups was significant (p < 0.05) for KS and WN. The difference in the mean rms values was also significant (p < 0.05) for KS and WN. Impedance changes suggest that EIP signal around the knee have the potential for non-invasive diagnosis of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gajre
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Kuo WC, Chou NK, Chou C, Lai CM, Huang HJ, Wang SS, Shyu JJ. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for imaging human atherosclerosis. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:2520-7. [PMID: 17429466 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.002520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) combines the advantages of OCT with image contrast enhancement, which is based on its ability to detect phase retardation and the fast-axis angle. Both PS-OCT images and histopathology have demonstrated similar features that allowed differentiation of atherosclerotic structures (i.e., plaques) from normal tissue. Moreover, the picrosirius polarization method was used to confirm PS-OCT assessment of collagen in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques, and high-frequency (40 MHz) ultrasound images were used to identify calcium in the vessel wall. Our preliminary ex vivo investigation of human aortic specimens indicated that PS-OCT might help to identify atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Palmer AW, Guldberg RE, Levenston ME. Analysis of cartilage matrix fixed charge density and three-dimensional morphology via contrast-enhanced microcomputed tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19255-60. [PMID: 17158799 PMCID: PMC1748213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606406103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small animal models of osteoarthritis are often used for evaluating the efficacy of pharmacologic treatments and cartilage repair strategies, but noninvasive techniques capable of monitoring matrix-level changes are limited by the joint size and the low radiopacity of soft tissues. Here we present a technique for the noninvasive imaging of cartilage at micrometer-level resolution based on detecting the equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast agent via microcomputed tomography. The approach exploits electrochemical interactions between the molecular charges present in the cartilage matrix and an ionic contrast agent, resulting in a nonuniform equilibrium partitioning of the ionic contrast agent reflecting the proteoglycan distribution. In an in vitro model of cartilage degeneration we observed changes in x-ray attenuation magnitude and distribution consistent with biochemical and histological analyses of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and x-ray attenuation was found to be a strong predictor of sulfated glycosaminoglycan density. Equilibration with the contrast agent also permits direct in situ visualization and quantification of cartilage surface morphology. Equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast agent via microcomputed tomography thus provides a powerful approach to quantitatively assess 3D cartilage composition and morphology for studies of cartilage degradation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W. Palmer
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marc E. Levenston
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Room 2312, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405. E-mail:
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Kemp NJ, Park J, Zaatari HN, Rylander HG, Milner TE. Fibre orientation contrast for depth-resolved identification of structural interfaces in birefringent tissue. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:3759-67. [PMID: 16861779 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/15/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of polarimetric sensitivity into optical coherence tomography can provide additional image contrast when structures of interest are optically anisotropic (e.g., fibrous tissue). We present a generalized technique based on polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to detect changes in depth-resolved fibre orientation and thus increase image contrast in multiple-layered birefringent tissues. A high contrast B-scan image of collagen fibre orientation is shown for a porcine intervertebral disc cartilage specimen that exhibited low backscattering intensity contrast. Interfaces in the annulus fibrosus identified using depth-resolved fibre orientation allowed quantification of lamellae thickness. Moreover, the technique detects changes in fibre orientation without intense processing needed to effectively quantify tissue retardation and diattenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate J Kemp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0800, Austin, TX 78712-1084, USA.
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Adams SB, Herz PR, Stamper DL, Roberts MJ, Bourquin S, Patel NA, Schneider K, Martin SD, Shortkroff S, Fujimoto JG, Brezinski ME. High-resolution imaging of progressive articular cartilage degeneration. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:708-15. [PMID: 16514626 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and verify a new technique for monitoring the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) by combining a rat model with the imaging modality optical coherence tomography (OCT). Time-sequential, in vivo, OCT imaging was performed on the left femoral condyles of 12 Wistar rats following sodium-iodoacetic acid-induced OA progression. The right femoral condyles (untreated) were also imaged and served as controls. Imaging was performed on days 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 with an OCT system capable of acquiring images at four frames per second and an axial resolution of 5 microm. Progressive changes were analyzed using an OA scoring system. OCT successfully identified progressive cartilage degeneration as well as alteration of the cartilage/bone interface. Significant changes to both of these structures were observed in the sodium-iodoacetic acid-injected condyles. Structural changes detected with OCT were confirmed histologically. OCT in combination with a well-known model used in arthritis research represents a powerful tool for following degenerative joint disease progression in a given animal by detecting changes to the cartilage/bone interface and articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Adams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Li X, Martin S, Pitris C, Ghanta R, Stamper DL, Harman M, Fujimoto JG, Brezinski ME. High-resolution optical coherence tomographic imaging of osteoarthritic cartilage during open knee surgery. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R318-23. [PMID: 15743479 PMCID: PMC1065329 DOI: 10.1186/ar1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the first real-time imaging in vivo of human cartilage in normal and osteoarthritic knee joints at a resolution of micrometers, using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This recently developed high-resolution imaging technology is analogous to B-mode ultrasound except that it uses infrared light rather than sound. Real-time imaging with 11-microm resolution at four frames per second was performed on six patients using a portable OCT system with a handheld imaging probe during open knee surgery. Tissue registration was achieved by marking sites before imaging, and then histologic processing was performed. Structural changes including cartilage thinning, fissures, and fibrillations were observed at a resolution substantially higher than is achieved with any current clinical imaging technology. The structural features detected with OCT were evident in the corresponding histology. In addition to changes in architectural morphology, changes in the birefringent or the polarization properties of the articular cartilage were observed with OCT, suggesting collagen disorganization, an early indicator of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, this study supports the hypothesis that polarization-sensitive OCT may allow osteoarthritis to be diagnosed before cartilage thinning. This study illustrates that OCT, which can eventually be developed for use in offices or through an arthroscope, has considerable potential for assessing early osteoarthritic cartilage and monitoring therapeutic effects for cartilage repair with resolution in real time on a scale of micrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Martin
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Costas Pitris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ravi Ghanta
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debra L Stamper
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Harman
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark E Brezinski
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
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