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Ahlawat S, Kanaujia BK, Rambabu K, Peter I, Matekovits L. Circularly polarized differential intra-oral antenna design validation and characterization for tongue drive system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9935. [PMID: 37336931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Assistive devices are becoming increasingly popular for physically disabled persons suffering tetraplegia and spinal cord injuries. Intraoral tongue drive system (iTDS) is one of the most feasible and non-invasive assistive technology (AT), which utilises the transferring and inferring of user intentions through different tongue gestures. Wireless transferring is of prime importance and requires a suitable design of the intra-oral antenna. In this paper, a compact circularly polarized differential intra-oral antenna is designed, and its performance is analysed within heterogeneous multilayer mouth and head models. It works at 2.4 GHz in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The footprint of the differential antenna prototype is 0.271 λg [Formula: see text] 0.271 λg [Formula: see text] 0.015 λg. It is achieved using two pairs of spiral segments loaded in diagonal form near the edges of the central rotated square slot and a high dielectric constant substrate. Its spiral-slotted geometry further provides the desired swirling and miniaturization at the desired frequency band for both mouth scenarios. Additionally, corner triangular slits on the radiating patch assist in tuning the axial ratio (< 3 dB) in the desired ISM band. To validate the performance of the proposed in-mouth antenna, the measurement was carried out using the minced pork and the saline solution for closed and opened mouth cases, respectively. The measured - 10 dB impedance bandwidth and peak gain values in the minced pork are from 2.28 to 2.53 GHz (10.39%) and - 18.17 dBi, respectively, and in the saline solution, are from 2.3 to 2.54 GHz (9.92%) and - 15.47 dBi, respectively. Further, the specific absorption rate (SAR) is estimated, and the data communication link is computed with and without a balun loss. This confirms that the proposed differential intraoral antenna can establish direct interfacing at the RF front end of the intraoral tongue drive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Ahlawat
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Binod Kumar Kanaujia
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Dr. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, India
| | - Karumudi Rambabu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Ildiko Peter
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139, Târgu-Mureş, Romania.
| | - Ladislau Matekovits
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Department of Measurements and Optical Electronics, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300223, Timisoara, Romania
- Instituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, National Research Council of Italy, 10129, Turin, Italy
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Soltani N, ElAnsary M, Xu J, Filho JS, Genov R. Safety-Optimized Inductive Powering of Implantable Medical Devices: Tutorial and Comprehensive Design Guide. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1354-1367. [PMID: 34748500 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3125618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A tutorial and comprehensive guide are presented for the design of planar spiral inductors with maximum energy delivery in biomedical implants. Rather than maximizing power transfer efficiency (PTE), the ratio of the received power to the square of the magnetic flux density is maximized in this technique. This ensures that the highest power is delivered for a given level of safe electromagnetic radiation, as measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the tissue. By using quasi-static field approximations, the maximum deliverable power under SAR constraints is embedded in a lumped-element model of a 2-coil inductive link, from which planar coil geometries are derived. To compare the proposed methodology with the conventional approach that maximizes PTE, the results of both techniques are compared for three examples of state-of-the-art designs. It is demonstrated that the presented technique increases the maximum deliverable power while operating at a given level of non-ionizing radiation by factors of 8×, 410×, and 560× as compared to the three existing designs, and maintaining moderate link efficiencies of 12%, 23%, and 12%, respectively.
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Kong F, Zada M, Yoo H, Ghovanloo M. Adaptive Matching Transmitter With Dual-Band Antenna for Intraoral Tongue Drive System. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:1279-1288. [PMID: 30605083 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2866960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The intraoral Tongue Drive System (iTDS) is a wireless assistive technology that detects users' voluntary tongue gestures, and converts them to user-defined commands, enabling them to access computers and navigate powered wheelchairs. In this paper, we presented a transmitter (Tx) with adaptive matching and three bands (27, 433, and 915 MHz) to create a robust wireless link between iTDS and an external receiver (Rx) by addressing the effects of external RF interference and impedance variations of the Tx antenna in the dynamic mouth environment. The upper two Tx bands share a dual-band antenna, while the lower band drives a coil. The Tx antenna is simulated in a simplified human mouth model in HFSS as well as a real human head model. The adaptive triple-band Tx chip was fabricated in a 0.35-μm 4P2M standard CMOS process. The Tx chip and antenna have been characterized in a human subject as part of an iTDS prototype under open-and closed-mouth scenarios, which present the peak gain of -24.4 and -15.63 dBi at 433 and 915 MHz, respectively. Two adaptive matching networks for these bands compensate variations of the Tx antenna impedance via a feedback mechanism. The measured S11 tuning range of the proposed network can cover up to 60 and 75 jΩ at 433 and 915 MHz, respectively.
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Yang J, Wang H, Lv Z, Wang H. Design of Miniaturized Dual-Band Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16070983. [PMID: 27355954 PMCID: PMC4970034 DOI: 10.3390/s16070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless local area network (WLAN) is a technology that combines computer network with wireless communication technology. The 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands in the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band can be used in the WLAN environment. Because of the development of wireless communication technology and the use of the frequency bands without the need for authorization, the application of WLAN is becoming more and more extensive. As the key part of the WLAN system, the antenna must also be adapted to the development of WLAN communication technology. This paper designs two new dual-frequency microstrip antennas with the use of electromagnetic simulation software—High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The two antennas adopt ordinary FR4 material as a dielectric substrate, with the advantages of low cost and small size. The first antenna adopts microstrip line feeding, and the antenna radiation patch is composed of a folded T-shaped radiating dipole which reduces the antenna size, and two symmetrical rectangular patches located on both sides of the T-shaped radiating patch. The second antenna is a microstrip patch antenna fed by coaxial line, and the size of the antenna is diminished by opening a stepped groove on the two edges of the patch and a folded slot inside the patch. Simulation experiments prove that the two designed antennas have a higher gain and a favourable transmission characteristic in the working frequency range, which is in accordance with the requirements of WLAN communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Yang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Huanling Wang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhihan Lv
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Engineering Jacksonville University 2800 University Blvd N, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA.
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Bocan KN, Sejdić E. Adaptive Transcutaneous Power Transfer to Implantable Devices: A State of the Art Review. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16030393. [PMID: 26999154 PMCID: PMC4813968 DOI: 10.3390/s16030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless energy transfer is a broad research area that has recently become applicable to implantable medical devices. Wireless powering of and communication with implanted devices is possible through wireless transcutaneous energy transfer. However, designing wireless transcutaneous systems is complicated due to the variability of the environment. The focus of this review is on strategies to sense and adapt to environmental variations in wireless transcutaneous systems. Adaptive systems provide the ability to maintain performance in the face of both unpredictability (variation from expected parameters) and variability (changes over time). Current strategies in adaptive (or tunable) systems include sensing relevant metrics to evaluate the function of the system in its environment and adjusting control parameters according to sensed values through the use of tunable components. Some challenges of applying adaptive designs to implantable devices are challenges common to all implantable devices, including size and power reduction on the implant, efficiency of power transfer and safety related to energy absorption in tissue. Challenges specifically associated with adaptation include choosing relevant and accessible parameters to sense and adjust, minimizing the tuning time and complexity of control, utilizing feedback from the implanted device and coordinating adaptation at the transmitter and receiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N Bocan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Ervin Sejdić
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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