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Atifeh SM, Davey K, Sadeghi H, Darvizeh R, Darvizeh A. Organic and inorganic equivalent models for analysis of red blood cell mechanical behaviour. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104868. [PMID: 34624833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Experimental investigation into the mechanical response of red blood cells is presently impeded with the main impediments being the micro dimensions involved and ethical issues associated with in vivo testing. The widely employed alternative approach of computational modelling suffers from its own inherent limitations being reliant on precise constitutive and boundary information. Moreover, and somewhat critically, numerical computational models themselves are required to be validated by means of experimentation and hence suffer similar impediments. An alternative experimental approach is examined in this paper involving large-scale equivalent models manufactured principally from inorganic, and to lesser extent organic, materials. Although there presently exists no known method providing the means to investigate the mechanical response of red blood cells using scaled models simultaneously having different dimensions and materials, the present paper aims to develop a scaled framework based on the new finite-similitude theory that has appeared in the recent open literature. Computational models are employed to test the effectiveness of the proposed method, which in principle can provide experimental solution methods to a wide range of practical applications including the design of red-blood cell nanorobots and drug delivery systems. By means of experimentally validated numerical experiments under impact loading it is revealed that although exact prediction is not achieved good accuracy can nevertheless be obtained. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the proposed approach for first time provides a means to relate models at different scales founded on different constitutive equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seid Mohammad Atifeh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, Iran
| | - Keith Davey
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Hamed Sadeghi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, Iran
| | - Rooholamin Darvizeh
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Abolfazl Darvizeh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, Iran
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2
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Qu J, Liu X. Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials. SCANNING 2021; 2021:4426254. [PMID: 34211620 PMCID: PMC8208868 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4426254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials possess exceptional mechanical, electrical, and optical properties which have significantly benefited their diverse applications to a variety of scientific and engineering problems. In order to fully understand their characteristics and further guide their synthesis and device application, the multiphysical properties of these nanomaterials need to be characterized accurately and efficiently. Among various experimental tools for nanomaterial characterization, scanning electron microscopy- (SEM-) based platforms provide merits of high imaging resolution, accuracy and stability, well-controlled testing conditions, and the compatibility with other high-resolution material characterization techniques (e.g., atomic force microscopy), thus, various SEM-enabled techniques have been well developed for characterizing the multiphysical properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize existing SEM-based platforms for nanomaterial multiphysical (mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical) in situ characterization, outline critical experimental challenges for nanomaterial optical characterization in SEM, and discuss potential demands of the SEM-based platforms to characterizing multiphysical properties of the nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntian Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology & Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipments and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Abstract
Nanorobotics, which has long been a fantasy in the realm of science fiction, is now a reality due to the considerable developments in diverse fields including chemistry, materials, physics, information and nanotechnology in the past decades. Not only different prototypes of nanorobots whose sizes are nanoscale are invented for various biomedical applications, but also robotic nanomanipulators which are able to handle nano-objects obtain substantial achievements for applications in biomedicine. The outstanding achievements in nanorobotics have significantly expanded the field of medical robotics and yielded novel insights into the underlying mechanisms guiding life activities, remarkably showing an emerging and promising way for advancing the diagnosis & treatment level in the coming era of personalized precision medicine. In this review, the recent advances in nanorobotics (nanorobots, nanorobotic manipulations) for biomedical applications are summarized from several facets (including molecular machines, nanomotors, DNA nanorobotics, and robotic nanomanipulators), and the future perspectives are also presented.
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Pham DQ, Bryant SJ, Cheeseman S, Huang LZY, Bryant G, Dupont MF, Chapman J, Berndt CC, Vongsvivut JP, Crawford RJ, Truong VK, Ang ASM, Elbourne A. Micro- to nano-scale chemical and mechanical mapping of antimicrobial-resistant fungal biofilms. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19888-19904. [PMID: 32985644 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fungal biofilm refers to the agglomeration of fungal cells surrounded by a polymeric extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is composed primarily of polysaccharides that facilitate strong surface adhesion, proliferation, and cellular protection from the surrounding environment. Biofilms represent the majority of known microbial communities, are ubiquitous, and are found on a multitude of natural and synthetic surfaces. The compositions, and in-turn nanomechanical properties, of fungal biofilms remain poorly understood, because these systems are complex, composed of anisotropic cellular and extracellular material, and importantly are species and environment dependent. Therefore, genomic variation, and/or mutations, as well as environmental and growth factors can change the composition of a fungal cell's biofilm. In this work, we probe the physico-mechanical and biochemical properties of two fungal species, Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), as well as two antifungal resistant sub-species of C. neoformans, fluconazole-resistant C. neoformans (FlucRC. neoformans) and amphotericin B-resistant C. neoformans (AmBRC. neoformans). A new experimental methodology of characterization is proposed, employing a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), instrumented nanoindentation, and Synchrotron ATR-FTIR measurements. This allowed the nano-mechanical and chemical characterisation of each fungal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Quang Pham
- Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Department of Mechanical and Production Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.
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Physical understanding of axonal growth patterns on grooved substrates: groove ridge crossing versus longitudinal alignment. Biodes Manuf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Elbourne A, Chapman J, Gelmi A, Cozzolino D, Crawford RJ, Truong VK. Bacterial-nanostructure interactions: The role of cell elasticity and adhesion forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:192-210. [PMID: 30921674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of single-celled organisms, namely bacteria and fungi, to abiotic surfaces is of great interest to both the scientific and medical communities. This is because the interaction of such cells has important implications in a range of areas, including biofilm formation, biofouling, antimicrobial surface technologies, and bio-nanotechnologies, as well as infection development, control, and mitigation. While central to many biological phenomena, the factors which govern microbial surface attachment are still not fully understood. This lack of understanding is a direct consequence of the complex nature of cell-surface interactions, which can involve both specific and non-specific interactions. For applications involving micro- and nano-structured surfaces, developing an understanding of such phenomenon is further complicated by the diverse nature of surface architectures, surface chemistry, variation in cellular physiology, and the intended technological output. These factors are extremely important to understand in the emerging field of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. The aim of this perspective is to re-frame the discussion surrounding the mechanism of nanostructured-microbial surface interactions. Broadly, the article reviews our current understanding of these phenomena, while highlighting the knowledge gaps surrounding the adhesive forces which govern bacterial-nanostructure interactions and the role of cell membrane rigidity in modulating surface activity. The roles of surface charge, cell rigidity, and cell-surface adhesion force in bacterial-surface adsorption are discussed in detail. Presently, most studies have overlooked these areas, which has left many questions unanswered. Further, this perspective article highlights the numerous experimental issues and misinterpretations which surround current studies of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Xia T, Liu W, Yang L. A review of gradient stiffness hydrogels used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1799-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
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Rad MA, Tijjani AS, Ahmad MR, Auwal SM. Finite Element Analysis of Single Cell Stiffness Measurements Using PZT-Integrated Buckling Nanoneedles. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010014. [PMID: 28025571 PMCID: PMC5298587 DOI: 10.3390/s17010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new technique for real-time single cell stiffness measurement using lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-integrated buckling nanoneedles. The PZT and the buckling part of the nanoneedle have been modelled and validated using the ABAQUS software. The two parts are integrated together to function as a single unit. After calibration, the stiffness, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and sensitivity of the PZT-integrated buckling nanoneedle have been determined to be 0.7100 N·m−1, 123.4700 GPa, 0.3000 and 0.0693 V·m·N−1, respectively. Three Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells have been modelled and validated based on compression tests. The average global stiffness and Young’s modulus of the cells are determined to be 10.8867 ± 0.0094 N·m−1 and 110.7033 ± 0.0081 MPa, respectively. The nanoneedle and the cell have been assembled to measure the local stiffness of the single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells The local stiffness, Young’s modulus and PZT output voltage of the three different size Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined at different environmental conditions. We investigated that, at low temperature the stiffness value is low to adapt to the change in the environmental condition. As a result, Saccharomyces cerevisiae becomes vulnerable to viral and bacterial attacks. Therefore, the proposed technique will serve as a quick and accurate process to diagnose diseases at early stage in a cell for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alsadat Rad
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Auwal Shehu Tijjani
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Shehu Muhammad Auwal
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Shi C, Luu DK, Yang Q, Liu J, Chen J, Ru C, Xie S, Luo J, Ge J, Sun Y. Recent advances in nanorobotic manipulation inside scanning electron microscopes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16024. [PMID: 31057824 PMCID: PMC6444728 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides real-time imaging with nanometer resolution and a large scanning area, which enables the development and integration of robotic nanomanipulation systems inside a vacuum chamber to realize simultaneous imaging and direct interactions with nanoscaled samples. Emerging techniques for nanorobotic manipulation during SEM imaging enable the characterization of nanomaterials and nanostructures and the prototyping/assembly of nanodevices. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advances in nanorobotic manipulation, including the development of nanomanipulation platforms, tools, changeable toolboxes, sensing units, control strategies, electron beam-induced deposition approaches, automation techniques, and nanomanipulation-enabled applications and discoveries. The limitations of the existing technologies and prospects for new technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Devin K Luu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Qinmin Yang
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Changhai Ru
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Shaorong Xie
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ji Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
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Salleh SH, Hussain HS, Swee TT, Ting CM, Noor AM, Pipatsart S, Ali J, Yupapin PP. Acoustic cardiac signals analysis: a Kalman filter-based approach. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2873-81. [PMID: 22745550 PMCID: PMC3383292 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auscultation of the heart is accompanied by both electrical activity and sound. Heart auscultation provides clues to diagnose many cardiac abnormalities. Unfortunately, detection of relevant symptoms and diagnosis based on heart sound through a stethoscope is difficult. The reason GPs find this difficult is that the heart sounds are of short duration and separated from one another by less than 30 ms. In addition, the cost of false positives constitutes wasted time and emotional anxiety for both patient and GP. Many heart diseases cause changes in heart sound, waveform, and additional murmurs before other signs and symptoms appear. Heart-sound auscultation is the primary test conducted by GPs. These sounds are generated primarily by turbulent flow of blood in the heart. Analysis of heart sounds requires a quiet environment with minimum ambient noise. In order to address such issues, the technique of denoising and estimating the biomedical heart signal is proposed in this investigation. Normally, the performance of the filter naturally depends on prior information related to the statistical properties of the signal and the background noise. This paper proposes Kalman filtering for denoising statistical heart sound. The cycles of heart sounds are certain to follow first-order Gauss–Markov process. These cycles are observed with additional noise for the given measurement. The model is formulated into state-space form to enable use of a Kalman filter to estimate the clean cycles of heart sounds. The estimates obtained by Kalman filtering are optimal in mean squared sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Hussain Salleh
- Department of Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
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Ahmad MR, Nakajima M, Kojima M, Kojima S, Homma M, Fukuda T. Nanofork for single cells adhesion measurement via ESEM-nanomanipulator system. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 11:70-8. [PMID: 22275723 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2011.2179809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, single cells adhesion force was measured using a nanofork. The nanofork was used to pick up a single cell on a line array substrate inside an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The line array substrate was used to provide small gaps between the single cells and the substrate. Therefore, the nanofork could be inserted through these gaps in order to successfully pick up a single cell. Adhesion force was measured during the cell pick-up process from the deflection of the cantilever beam. The nanofork was fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) etching process while the line array substrate was fabricated using nanoimprinting technology. As to investigate the effect of contact area on the strength of the adhesion force, two sizes of gap distance of line array substrate were used, i.e., 1 μm and 2 μm. Results showed that cells attached on the 1 μm gap line array substrate required more force to be released as compared to the cells attached on the 1 μm gap line array substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad
- Dept. of Mechatronics and Robotics, Institute of Ibnu Sina, Universiti TeknologiMalaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
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Shen Y, Ahmad MR, Nakajima M, Kojima S, Homma M, Fukuda T. Evaluation of the single yeast cell's adhesion to ITO substrates with various surface energies via ESEM nanorobotic manipulation system. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 10:217-24. [PMID: 22249767 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2011.2177099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface adhesion force is important for cell activities and the development of bio materials. In this paper, a method for in situ single cell (W303) adhesion force measurement was proposed based on nanorobotic manipulation system inside an environment scanning electron microscope (ESEM). An end effector was fabricated from a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever by focused ion beam (FIB) etching. The spring constant of it was calibrated by nanomanipulation approach. Three kinds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ITO plates were prepared by using VUV-irradiation and OTS coating techniques. The shear adhesion strength of the single yeast cell to each substrate was measured based on the deflection of the end effector. The results demonstrated that the cell adhesion force was larger under the wet condition in the ESEM environment than in the aqueous condition. It also showed that the cell adhesion force to hydrophilic surface was larger than that to the hydrophobic surface. Studies of single cell's adhesion on various plate surfaces and environments could give new insights into the tissue engineering and biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Shen
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Mercadé-Prieto R, Zhang Z. Mechanical characterization of microspheres – capsules, cells and beads: a review. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:277-85. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.646331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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