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Maffeis V, Mavreas K, Monti F, Mamais M, Gustavsson T, Chrysina ED, Markovitsi D, Gimisis T, Venturini A. Multiscale time-resolved fluorescence study of a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor combined with quantum chemistry calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7685-7696. [PMID: 30912774 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence study of N1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-N4-[2-acridin-9(10H)-onyl]-cytosine (GLAC), the first fluorescent potent inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), in neutral aqueous solution, is presented herein. Quantum chemistry (TD-DFT) calculations show the existence of several conformers both in the ground and first excited states. They result from rotations of the acridone and cytosine moieties around an NH bridge which may lead to the formation of non-emitting charge-transfer states. The fingerprints of various conformers have been detected by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (fluorescence upconversion and time-correlated single photon counting) and identified using as criteria their energy, polarization and relative population resulting from computations. Such an analysis should contribute to the design of new GP inhibitors with better fluorescence properties, suitable for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Maffeis
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:786-804. [PMID: 27516169 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some success in lowering blood glucose levels, their effect is not always sustained and their use may be associated with undesirable side effects, such as hypoglycaemia. Novel antidiabetic drugs, which may be used in combination with existing therapies, are therefore needed. The potential of specifically targeting the liver to normalize blood glucose levels has not been fully exploited. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, and assess the prospect of therapeutically targeting associated pathways to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Rines
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clint D J Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Liu J, Wang X, Chen YP, Mao LF, Shang J, Sun HB, Zhang LY. Maslinic acid modulates glycogen metabolism by enhancing the insulin signaling pathway and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:259-65. [PMID: 24863350 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the molecular signaling mechanism by which the plant-derived, pentacyclic triterpene maslinic acid (MA) exerts anti-diabetic effects. METHOD HepG2 cells were stimulated with various concentrations of MA. The effects of MA on glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) activity and the cellular glycogen content were measured. Western blot analyses were performed with anti-insulin receptor β (IRβ), protein kinase B (also known as Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) antibodies. Activation status of the insulin pathway was investigated using phospho-IRβ, as well as phospho-Akt, and phospho-GSK3β antibodies. The specific PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin was added to the cells to analyze the Akt expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the effect of MA on IRβ auto-phosphorylation. Furthermore, the effect of MA on glycogen metabolism was investigated in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS The results showed that MA exerts anti-diabetic effects by increasing glycogen content and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase activity in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, MA was shown to induce the phosphorylation level of IRβ-subunit, Akt, and GSK3β. The MA-induced activation of Akt appeared to be specific, since it could be blocked by wortmannin. Finally, MA treatment of mice fed with a high-fat diet reduced the model-associated adiposity and insulin resistance, and increased the accumulated hepatic glycogen content. CONCLUSION The results suggested that maslinic acid modulates glycogen metabolism by enhancing the insulin signaling pathway and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, National Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Juhász L, Varga G, Sztankovics A, Béke F, Docsa T, Kiss-Szikszai A, Gergely P, Kóňa J, Tvaroška I, Somsák L. Structure-Activity Relationships of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor FR258900 and Its Analogues: A Combined Synthetic, Enzyme Kinetics, and Computational Study. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Varga G, Docsa T, Gergely P, Juhász L, Somsák L. Synthesis of tartaric acid analogues of FR258900 and their evaluation as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1789-92. [PMID: 23395662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Di-O-cinnamoylated, -p-coumaroylated, and -feruloylated d-, l- and meso-tartaric acids were synthesized as analogues of the natural product FR258900, a glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitor with in vivo antihyperglycaemic activity. The new compounds inhibited rabbit muscle GP in the low micromolar range, and bound to the allosteric site of the enzyme. The best inhibitor was 2,3-di-O-feruloyl meso-tartaric acid and had Ki values of 2.0μM against AMP (competitive) and 3.36μM against glucose-1-phosphate (non-competitive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Varga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, PO Box 20, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Cheng K, Liu J, Sun H, Xie J. Synthesis of oleanolic acid dimers as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:690-7. [PMID: 20232331 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oleanolic acid was found to be an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase. For further structural modification, we have synthesized several dimers of oleanolic acid by using amide, ester, or triazole linkage with click chemistry. The click chemistry was shown to be the most efficient method for the dimer synthesis. Nearly quantitative yield of triazole-linked dimers was obtained. Biological evaluation of the synthesized dimers as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase has been described. Four of six dimers exhibited inhibitory activity against rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a (RMGPa), with compounds 2 and 7 as the most potent inhibitors, which displayed an IC(50) value (ca. 3 microM) lower than that of oleanolic acid (IC(50)=14 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keguang Cheng
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, UniverSud, 61 av President Wilson, F-94230 Cachan
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Cheng K, Liu J, Sun H, Bokor É, Czifrák K, Kónya B, Tóth M, Docsa T, Gergely P, Somsák L. Tethered derivatives of d-glucose and pentacyclic triterpenes for homo/heterobivalent inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Onda K, Shiraki R, Yonetoku Y, Momose K, Katayama N, Orita M, Yamaguchi T, Ohta M, Tsukamoto SI. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of bis-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acrylamide derivatives as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8627-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wen X, Sun H, Liu J, Cheng K, Zhang P, Zhang L, Hao J, Zhang L, Ni P, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Alexacou KM, Gimisis T, Hayes JM, Oikonomakos NG. Naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystallographic studies. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3540-54. [PMID: 18517260 DOI: 10.1021/jm8000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes, 15 of which were synthesized in this study, were biologically evaluated as inhibitors of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa). From SAR studies, the presence of a sugar moiety in triterpene saponins resulted in a markedly decreased activity ( 7, 18- 20) or no activity ( 21, 22). These saponins, however, might find their value as potential natural prodrugs which are much more water-soluble than their corresponding aglycones. To elucidate the mechanism of GP inhibition, we have determined the crystal structures of the GPb-asiatic acid and GPb-maslinic acid complexes. The X-ray analysis indicates that the inhibitors bind at the allosteric activator site, where the physiological activator AMP binds. Pentacyclic triterpenes represent a promising class of multiple-target antidiabetic agents that exert hypoglycemic effects, at least in part, through GP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Wen
- Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Abstract
Type-2 diabetes is associated with impaired glucose clearance by the liver in the postprandial state, and with elevated glucose production in the post-absorptive state. New targets within the liver are currently being investigated for development of antihyperglycaemic drugs for type-2 diabetes. They include glucokinase, which catalyses the first step in glucose metabolism, the glucagon receptor, and enzymes of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis such as glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase. Preclinical studies with candidate drugs on animal models or cell-based assays suggest that these targets have the potential for pharmacological glycaemic control. Data from clinical studies is awaited. Further work is required for better understanding of the implications of targeting these sites in terms of possible side-effects or tachyphylaxis. The advantage of combined targeting of two or more sites within the liver for minimizing side-effects and tachyphylaxis caused by single-site targeting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranne Agius
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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