1
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Wang Y, Sun X, Yang Q, Guo C. Cucurbitacin IIb attenuates cancer cachexia induced skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating the IL-6/STAT3/FoxO signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3380-3393. [PMID: 37073890 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The main features of cancer cachexia include skeletal muscle atrophy, which can significantly reduce the quality of life of patients. Clinical treatment of cancer cachexia is mainly based on nutritional therapy and physical exercise; medication only improves appetite but does not reverse the symptoms of skeletal muscle wasting. In this work, we systematically studied the underlying molecular mechanisms by which cucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb) ameliorates muscle wasting in cancer cachexia both in vitro and in vivo. CuIIb significantly ameliorated the chief features of cancer cachexia in vivo, alleviating weight loss, food intake, muscle wasting, adipose tissue depletion, and organ weight reductions. In vitro, CuIIb (10 and 20 μM) dose-dependently attenuated conditioned medium (CM)-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that CuIIb prevented the upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase muscle atrophy Fbox protein (MAFbx), myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and myogenin (MyoG) and impacted protein synthesis and degradation. In addition, CuIIb decreased the phosphorylation of Tyr705 in STAT3 by regulating the IL-6/STAT3/FoxO pathway to reduce skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Bi Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Shan Y, Yin Y, Meng X, Sun F, Li H, Li Z. Molecular and biochemical investigations of the anti-fatigue effects of tea polyphenols and fruit extracts of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. on mice with exercise-induced fatigue. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1223411. [PMID: 37416624 PMCID: PMC10319583 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1223411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The molecular mechanisms regulating the therapeutic effects of plant-based ingredients on the exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) remain unclear. The therapeutic effects of both tea polyphenols (TP) and fruit extracts of Lycium ruthenicum (LR) on mouse model of EIF were investigated. Methods: The variations in the fatigue-related biochemical factors, i.e., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in mouse models of EIF treated with TP and LR were determined. The microRNAs involved in the therapeutic effects of TP and LR on the treatment of mice with EIF were identified using the next-generation sequencing technology. Results: Our results revealed that both TP and LR showed evident anti-inflammatory effect and reduced oxidative stress. In comparison with the control groups, the contents of LDH, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-2 were significantly decreased and the contents of SOD were significantly increased in the experimental groups treated with either TP or LR. A total of 23 microRNAs (21 upregulated and 2 downregulated) identified for the first time by the high-throughput RNA sequencing were involved in the molecular response to EIF in mice treated with TP and LR. The regulatory functions of these microRNAs in the pathogenesis of EIF in mice were further explored based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses with a total of over 20,000-30,000 target genes annotated and 44 metabolic pathways enriched in the experimental groups based on GO and KEGG databases, respectively. Conclusion: Our study revealed the therapeutic effects of TP and LR and identified the microRNAs involved in the molecular mechanisms regulating the EIF in mice, providing strong experimental evidence to support further agricultural development of LR as well as the investigations and applications of TP and LR in the treatment of EIF in humans, including the professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Bi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Xianglong Meng
- Department of Burns Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, United States
| | - Hao Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhandong Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
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3
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Wiggs MP, Beaudry AG, Law ML. Cardiac Remodeling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: Functional, Structural, and Metabolic Contributors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121931. [PMID: 35741060 PMCID: PMC9221803 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of progressive weight loss and muscle wasting occurring in many advanced cancer patients. Cachexia significantly impairs quality of life and increases mortality. Cardiac atrophy and dysfunction have been observed in patients with cachexia, which may contribute to cachexia pathophysiology. However, relative to skeletal muscle, little research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in cachexia. Here, we review what is known clinically about the cardiac changes occurring in cachexia, followed by further discussion of underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms contributing to cachexia-induced cardiomyopathy. Impaired cardiac contractility and relaxation may be explained by a complex interplay of significant heart muscle atrophy and metabolic remodeling, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Because cardiac muscle has fundamental differences compared to skeletal muscle, understanding cardiac-specific effects of cachexia may bring light to unique therapeutic targets and ultimately improve clinical management for patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Anna G. Beaudry
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (M.P.W.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Law
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(254)-710-6003
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4
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Dolly A, Lecomte T, Tabchouri N, Caulet M, Michot N, Anon B, Chautard R, Desvignes Y, Ouaissi M, Fromont-Hankard G, Dumas JF, Servais S. Pectoralis major muscle atrophy is associated with mitochondrial energy wasting in cachectic patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1837-1849. [PMID: 35316572 PMCID: PMC9178397 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by involuntary and pathological weight loss, mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting, resulting in a decrease in patients' quality of life, response to cancer treatments, and survival. Our objective was to investigate skeletal muscle alterations in cachectic cancer patients. METHODS This is a prospective study of patients managed for pancreatic or colorectal cancer with an indication for systemic chemotherapy (METERMUCADIG - NCT02573974). One lumbar CT image was used to determine body composition. Patients were divided into three groups [8 noncachectic (NC), 18 with mild cachexia (MC), and 19 with severe cachexia (SC)] based on the severity of weight loss and muscle mass. For each patient, a pectoralis major muscle biopsy was collected at the time of implantable chamber placement. We used high-resolution oxygraphy to measure mitochondrial muscle oxygen consumption on permeabilized muscle fibres. We also performed optical and electron microscopy analyses, as well as gene and protein expression analyses. RESULTS Forty-five patients were included. Patients were 67% male, aged 67 years (interquartile range, 59-77). Twenty-three (51%) and 22 (49%) patients were managed for pancreatic and colorectal cancer, respectively. Our results show a positive correlation between median myofibres area and skeletal muscle index (P = 0.0007). Cancer cachexia was associated with a decrease in MAFbx protein expression (P < 0.01), a marker of proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption related to energy wasting was significantly increased (SC vs. NC, P = 0.028) and mitochondrial area tended to increase (SC vs. MC, P = 0.056) in SC patients. On the contrary, mitochondria content and networks remain unaltered in cachectic cancer patients. Finally, our results show no dysfunction in lipid storage and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS This clinical protocol brings unique data that provide new insight to mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. We report for the first time an increase in mitochondrial energy wasting in the skeletal muscle of severe cachectic cancer patients. Additional clinical studies are essential to further the exploring and understanding of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Tabchouri
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Morgane Caulet
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Michot
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Benjamin Anon
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romain Chautard
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yoann Desvignes
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
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5
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Exercise Counteracts the Deleterious Effects of Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102512. [PMID: 35626116 PMCID: PMC9139714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training on the major mechanisms related to cancer cachexia (CC). The review also discusses how cancer comorbidities can influence the ability of patients/animals with cancer to perform exercise training and what precautions should be taken when they exercise. The contribution of other factors, such as exercise modality and biological sex, to exercise effectiveness in ameliorating CC are also elaborated in the final sections. We provide meticulous evidence for how advantageous exercise training can be in patients/animals with CC at molecular and cellular levels. Finally, we emphasise what factors should be considered to optimise and personalise an exercise training program in CC. Abstract Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by unintentional loss of body weight and muscle mass in patients with cancer. The major hallmarks associated with CC development and progression include imbalanced protein turnover, inflammatory signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction and satellite cell dysregulation. So far, there is no effective treatment to counteract muscle wasting in patients with CC. Exercise training has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for CC. This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training in CC-related mechanisms as well as how factors such as cancer comorbidities, exercise modality and biological sex can influence exercise effectiveness in CC. Evidence in mice and humans suggests exercise training combats all of the hallmarks of CC. Several exercise modalities induce beneficial adaptations in patients/animals with CC, but concurrent resistance and endurance training is considered the optimal type of exercise. In the case of cancer patients presenting comorbidities, exercise training should be performed only under specific guidelines and precautions to avoid adverse effects. Observational comparison of studies in CC using different biological sex shows exercise-induced adaptations are similar between male and female patients/animals with cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
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6
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Kong L, Chen S, Zeng X, Zhao L, Chen Z. Calpain inhibitors inhibit mitochondrial calpain activity to ameliorate apoptosis of cocultured myoblast. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:226-232. [DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.359797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Abstract
Diverse inflammatory diseases, infections and malignancies are associated with wasting syndromes. In many of these conditions, the standards for diagnosis and treatment are lacking due to our limited understanding of the causative molecular mechanisms. Here, we discuss the complex immunological context of cachexia, a systemic catabolic syndrome that depletes both fat and muscle mass with profound consequences for patient prognosis. We highlight the main cytokine and immune cell-driven pathways that have been linked to weight loss and tissue wasting in the context of cancer-associated and infection-associated cachexia. Moreover, we discuss the potential immunometabolic consequences of cachexia on the basis of newly identified pathways and explore the multilayered area of immunometabolic crosstalk both upstream and downstream of tissue catabolism. Collectively, this Review highlights the intricate relationship of the immune system with cachexia in the context of malignant and infectious diseases.
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8
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Zhang H, Chi M, Chen L, Sun X, Wan L, Yang Q, Guo C. Daidzein alleviates cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy by regulating Glut4/AMPK/FoxO pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4363-4376. [PMID: 33876509 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is widely used in cancer treatment, but DDP can cause skeletal muscle atrophy and cachexia. This study explored the effect and mechanism of daidzein (DAI) in reducing DDP-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and cachexia in vivo and in vitro. DAI alleviated the weight, food intake, muscle, adipose tissue, kidney weight and forelimb grip of LLC tumour-bearing mice after DDP treatment, and did not affect the antitumour effect of DDP. DAI can reduce the decrease of the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibre-induced by DDP and prevent the change of fibre type proportion. In skeletal muscle, it can inhibit Glut4/AMPK/FoxO pathway, down-regulate the expression of atrogin1 and MuRF1, and inhibit skeletal muscle protein degradation. In DDP treated C2C12 myotubes, DAI could inhibit Glut4/AMPK/FoxO pathway to reduce myotubes atrophy, while AMPK agonist MK-3903 could reverse the protective effect of DAI. These results suggest that DAI can alleviate DDP-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by downregulating the expression of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 through the regulation of Glut4/AMPK/FoxO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyi Chi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Amrute‐Nayak M, Pegoli G, Holler T, Lopez‐Davila AJ, Lanzuolo C, Nayak A. Chemotherapy triggers cachexia by deregulating synergetic function of histone-modifying enzymes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:159-176. [PMID: 33305533 PMCID: PMC7890149 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is the first line of treatment for cancer patients. However, the side effects cause severe muscle atrophy or chemotherapy-induced cachexia. Previously, the NF-κB/MuRF1-dependent pathway was shown to induce chemotherapy-induced cachexia. We hypothesized that acute collateral toxic effects of chemotherapy on muscles might involve other unknown pathways promoting chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy. In this study, we investigated differential effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and probed whether alternative molecular mechanisms lead to cachexia. METHODS We employed mouse satellite stem cell-derived primary muscle cells and mouse C2C12 progenitor cell-derived differentiated myotubes as model systems to test the effect of drugs. The widely used chemotherapeutic drugs, such as daunorubicin (Daun), etoposide (Etop), and cytarabine (Ara-C), were tested. Molecular mechanisms by which drug affects the muscle cell organization at epigenetic, transcriptional, and protein levels were measured by employing chromatin immunoprecipitations, endogenous gene expression profiling, co-immunoprecipitation, complementation assays, and confocal microscopy. Myotube function was examined using the electrical stimulation of myotubes to monitor contractile ability (excitation-contraction coupling) post drug treatment. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapeutic drugs disrupt sarcomere organization and thereby the contractile ability of skeletal muscle cells. The sarcomere disorganization results from severe loss of molecular motor protein MyHC-II upon drug treatment. We identified that drugs impede chromatin targeting of SETD7 histone methyltransferase and disrupt association and synergetic function of SETD7 with p300 histone acetyltransferase. The compromised transcriptional activity of histone methyltransferase and acetyltransferase causes reduced histone acetylation and low occupancy of active RNA polymerase II on MyHC-II, promoting drastic down-regulation of MyHC-II expression (~3.6-fold and ~4.5-fold reduction of MyHC-IId mRNA levels in Daun and Etop treatment, respectively. P < 0.0001). For MyHC-IIa, gene expression was down-regulated by ~2.6-fold and ~4.5-fold in Daun and Etop treatment, respectively (P < 0.0001). Very interestingly, the drugs destabilize SUMO deconjugase SENP3. Reduction in SENP3 protein level leads to deregulation of SETD7-p300 function. Importantly, we identified that SUMO deconjugation independent role of SENP3 regulates SETD7-p300 functional axis. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the drugs critically alter SENP3-dependent synergistic action of histone-modifying enzymes in muscle cells. Collectively, we defined a unique epigenetic mechanism targeted by distinct chemotherapeutic drugs, triggering chemotherapy-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Amrute‐Nayak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell PhysiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Gloria Pegoli
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research CouncilMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare ‘Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’MilanItaly
| | - Tim Holler
- Institute of Molecular and Cell PhysiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Chiara Lanzuolo
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research CouncilMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare ‘Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’MilanItaly
| | - Arnab Nayak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell PhysiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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10
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Lim S, Brown JL, Washington TA, Greene NP. Development and progression of cancer cachexia: Perspectives from bench to bedside. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:177-185. [PMID: 34447946 PMCID: PMC8386816 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss, reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%-30% of cancer-associated deaths. Understanding underlying mechanisms for the development of CC are crucial to advance therapies to treat CC and improve cancer outcomes. CC is a multi-organ syndrome that results in extensive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting; however, CC can impair other organs such as the liver, heart, brain, and bone as well. A considerable amount of CC research focuses on changes that occur within the muscle, but cancer-related impairments in other organ systems are understudied. Furthermore, metabolic changes in organ systems other than muscle may contribute to CC. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address degenerative mechanisms which occur during CC from a whole-body perspective. Outlining the information known about metabolic changes that occur in response to cancer is necessary to develop and enhance therapies to treat CC. As much of the current evidences in CC are from pre-clinical models we should note the majority of the data reviewed here are from preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jacob L. Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tyrone A. Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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11
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Zhang H, Chi M, Chen L, Sun X, Wan L, Yang Q, Guo C. Linalool Prevents Cisplatin Induced Muscle Atrophy by Regulating IGF-1/Akt/FoxO Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:598166. [PMID: 33390985 PMCID: PMC7774296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is an important feature of cancer cachexia, which can be induced by chemotherapy, and affects the survival and quality of life of cancer patients seriously. No specific drugs for cancer cachexia have been applied in clinical practice. This study explored the therapeutic effect of linalool (LIN) on cisplatin (DDP) induced skeletal muscle atrophy. In vivo, LIN can improve skeletal muscle weight loss, anorexia, muscle strength decline and other cachexia symptoms caused by cisplatin treatment in a Lewis lung cancer tumor bearing mouse model, and cause no adverse effects on the anti-tumour effect. LIN treatment decreased the expression of muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and Atrogin1(MAFbx) in muscle, and the activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/protein kinase B (Akt)/forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway was observed. In vitro, LIN alleviated DDP induced C2C12 myotube atrophy, and IGF-1 receptor inhibitor Picropodophyllin (PIC), which had no adverse effect on C2C12 myotube cells, could reverse the protective effect of LIN. These results indicate that LIN down-regulates the expression of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 through the IGF-1/Akt/FoxO pathway, alleviating DDP-induced muscle atrophy and improving cachexia symptoms. LIN has the potential to be developed as a drug against cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyi Chi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Long X, Zhao B, Lu W, Chen X, Yang X, Huang J, Zhang Y, An S, Qin Y, Xing Z, Shen Y, Wu H, Qi Y. The Critical Roles of the SUMO-Specific Protease SENP3 in Human Diseases and Clinical Implications. Front Physiol 2020; 11:558220. [PMID: 33192553 PMCID: PMC7662461 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.558220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) proteins has been shown to regulate a variety of functions of proteins, including protein stability, chromatin organization, transcription, DNA repair, subcellular localization, protein–protein interactions, and protein homeostasis. SENP (sentrin/SUMO-specific protease) regulates precursor processing and deconjugation of SUMO to control cellular mechanisms. SENP3, which is one of the SENP family members, deconjugates target proteins to alter protein modification. The effect of modification via SUMO and SENP3 is crucial to maintain the balance of SUMOylation and guarantee normal protein function and cellular activities. SENP3 acts as an oxidative stress-responsive molecule under physiological conditions. Under pathological conditions, if the SUMOylation process of proteins is affected by variations in SENP3 levels, it will cause a cellular reaction and ultimately lead to abnormal cellular activities and the occurrence and development of human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In this review, we summarized the most recent advances concerning the critical roles of SENP3 in normal physiological and pathological conditions as well as the potential clinical implications in various diseases. Targeting SENP3 alone or in combination with current therapies might provide powerful targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Long
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jifang Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siming An
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengcao Xing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Mañas-García L, Penedo-Vázquez A, López-Postigo A, Deschrevel J, Durán X, Barreiro E. Prolonged Immobilization Exacerbates the Loss of Muscle Mass and Function Induced by Cancer-Associated Cachexia through Enhanced Proteolysis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8167. [PMID: 33142912 PMCID: PMC7663403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that in mice with lung cancer (LC)-induced cachexia, periods of immobilization of the hindlimb (7 and 15 days) may further aggravate the process of muscle mass loss and function. Mice were divided into seven groups (n = 10/group): (1) non-immobilized control mice, (2) 7-day unloaded mice (7-day I), (3) 15-day unloaded mice (15-day I), (4) 21-day LC-cachexia group (LC 21-days), (5) 30-day LC-cachexia group (LC 30-days), (6) 21-day LC-cachexia group besides 7 days of unloading (LC 21-days + 7-day I), (7) 30-day LC-cachexia group besides 15 days of unloading (LC 30-days + 15-day I). Physiological parameters, body weight, muscle and tumor weights, phenotype and morphometry, muscle damage (including troponin I), proteolytic and autophagy markers, and muscle regeneration markers were identified in gastrocnemius muscle. In LC-induced cachexia mice exposed to hindlimb unloading, gastrocnemius weight, limb strength, fast-twitch myofiber cross-sectional area, and muscle regeneration markers significantly decreased, while tumor weight and area, muscle damage (troponin), and proteolytic and autophagy markers increased. In gastrocnemius of cancer-cachectic mice exposed to unloading, severe muscle atrophy and impaired function was observed along with increased muscle proteolysis and autophagy, muscle damage, and impaired muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mañas-García
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Penedo-Vázquez
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián López-Postigo
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorieke Deschrevel
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Respiratory diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department Chrometa, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Durán
- Scientific and Technical Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Investigating the Effects of Fertilized Egg Yolk Extract on Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Nayak A, Amrute-Nayak M. SUMO system - a key regulator in sarcomere organization. FEBS J 2020; 287:2176-2190. [PMID: 32096922 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles constitute roughly 40% of human body mass. Muscles are specialized tissues that generate force to drive movements through ATP-driven cyclic interactions between the protein filaments, namely actin and myosin filaments. The filaments are organized in an intricate structure called the 'sarcomere', which is a fundamental contractile unit of striated skeletal and cardiac muscle, hosting a fine assembly of macromolecular protein complexes. The micrometer-sized sarcomere units are arranged in a reiterated array within myofibrils of muscle cells. The precise spatial organization of sarcomere is tightly controlled by several molecular mechanisms, indispensable for its force-generating function. Disorganized sarcomeres, either due to erroneous molecular signaling or due to mutations in the sarcomeric proteins, lead to human diseases such as cardiomyopathies and muscle atrophic conditions prevalent in cachexia. Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the sarcomeric proteins serve a critical role in sarcomere formation (sarcomerogenesis), as well as in the steady-state maintenance of sarcomeres. PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation provide cells with a swift and reversible means to adapt to an altered molecular and therefore cellular environment. Over the past years, SUMOylation has emerged as a crucial modification with implications for different aspects of cell function, including organizing higher-order protein assemblies. In this review, we highlight the fundamentals of the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) pathway and its link specifically to the mechanisms of sarcomere assembly. Furthermore, we discuss recent studies connecting the SUMO pathway-modulated protein homeostasis with sarcomere organization and muscle-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Nayak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mamta Amrute-Nayak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Wnt7a Counteracts Cancer Cachexia. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:134-146. [PMID: 32055677 PMCID: PMC7005483 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic disease so far lacking effective therapy, and it accounts for approximately one third of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. The extracellular ligand Wnt7a has a dual function in skeletal muscle, inducing the anabolic AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in myofibers and driving muscle stem cell expansion in skeletal muscle, making it a promising candidate for treatment of muscle wasting diseases. In murine and human myotubes, Wnt7a activates the anabolic AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby preventing cachexia-induced atrophy with a single application being sufficient to prevent atrophy independently of the tumor cell type causing cachexia. Addition of Wnt7a also improved activation and differentiation of muscle stem cells in cancer cachexia, a condition under which skeletal muscle regeneration is severely impaired due to stalled muscle stem cell differentiation. Finally, we show that Wnt7a prevents cancer cachexia in an in vivo mouse model based on C26 colon carcinoma cells. Wnt7a has a dual role in cachectic skeletal muscle; that is, it effectively counteracts muscle wasting through activation of the anabolic AKT/mTOR pathway and, furthermore, reverts the loss of muscle stem cell functionality due to cancer cachexia, making Wnt7a a promising candidate for an ameliorative treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Suryadevara V, Willis MS. Walk the Line: The Role of Ubiquitin in Regulating Transcription in Myocytes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:327-340. [PMID: 31389777 PMCID: PMC6863375 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00055.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome offers novel targets for potential therapies with their specific activities and tissue localization. Recently, the expansion of our understanding of how ubiquitin ligases (E3s) specifically regulate transcription has demonstrated their roles in skeletal muscle, complementing their roles in protein quality control and protein degradation. This review focuses on skeletal muscle E3s that regulate transcription factors critical to myogenesis and the maintenance of skeletal muscle wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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18
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Nayak A, Lopez-Davila AJ, Kefalakes E, Holler T, Kraft T, Amrute-Nayak M. Regulation of SETD7 Methyltransferase by SENP3 Is Crucial for Sarcomere Organization and Cachexia. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2725-2736.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Lautaoja JH, Lalowski M, Nissinen TA, Hentilä J, Shi Y, Ritvos O, Cheng S, Hulmi JJ. Muscle and serum metabolomes are dysregulated in colon-26 tumor-bearing mice despite amelioration of cachexia with activin receptor type 2B ligand blockade. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E852-E865. [PMID: 30860875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00526.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia reduces survival, which has been attenuated by blocking the activin receptor type 2B (ACVR2B) ligands in mice. The purpose of this study was to unravel the underlying physiology and novel cachexia biomarkers by use of the colon-26 (C26) carcinoma model of cancer cachexia. Male BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with C26 cancer cells or vehicle control. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with vehicle (C26+PBS) or soluble ACVR2B either before (C26+sACVR/b) or before and after (C26+sACVR/c) tumor formation. Skeletal muscle and serum metabolomics analysis was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cancer altered various biologically functional groups representing 1) amino acids, 2) energy sources, and 3) nucleotide-related intermediates. Muscle metabolomics revealed increased content of free phenylalanine in cancer that strongly correlated with the loss of body mass within the last 2 days of the experiment. This correlation was also detected in serum. Decreased ribosomal RNA content and phosphorylation of a marker of pyrimidine synthesis revealed changes in nucleotide metabolism in cancer. Overall, the effect of the experimental C26 cancer predominated over blocking ACVR2B ligands in both muscle and serum. However, the level of methyl phosphate, which was decreased in muscle in cancer, was restored by sACVR2B-Fc treatment. In conclusion, experimental cancer affected muscle and blood metabolomes mostly independently of blocking ACVR2B ligands. Of the affected metabolites, we have identified free phenylalanine as a promising biomarker of muscle atrophy or cachexia. Finally, the decreased capacity for pyrimidine nucleotide and protein synthesis in tumor-bearing mice opens up new avenues in cachexia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juulia H Lautaoja
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, HiLIFE, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tuuli A Nissinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jaakko Hentilä
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Yi Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang District, Shanghai , China
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sulin Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang District, Shanghai , China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Department of Physical Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang District, Shanghai , China
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Abstract
Cachexia is a systemic condition that occurs during many neoplastic diseases, such as cancer. Cachexia in cancer is characterized by loss of body weight and muscle and by adipose tissue wasting and systemic inflammation. Cancer cachexia is often associated with anorexia and increased energy expenditure. Even though the cachectic condition severely affects skeletal muscle, a tissue that accounts for ~40% of total body weight, it represents a multi-organ syndrome that involves tissues and organs such as white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, bone, brain, liver, gut and heart. Indeed, evidence suggests that non-muscle tissues and organs, as well as tumour tissues, secrete soluble factors that act on skeletal muscle to promote wasting. In addition, muscle tissue also releases various factors that can interact with the metabolism of other tissues during cancer. In this Review, we examine the effect of non-muscle tissues and inter-tissue communication in cancer cachexia and discuss studies aimed at developing novel therapeutic strategies for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Muscle regeneration is disrupted by cancer cachexia without loss of muscle stem cell potential. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205467. [PMID: 30300394 PMCID: PMC6177180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a severe, debilitating condition characterized by progressive body wasting associated with remarkable loss of skeletal muscle weight. It has been reported that cancer cachexia disturbs the regenerative ability of skeletal muscle, but the cellular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we investigated the skeletal muscle regenerative process in mouse colon-26 (C26) tumor cell-bearing mice as a C26 cancer cachexia model. Although the proliferation and differentiation abilities of muscle stem cells derived from the C26 tumor cell-bearing mice were sustained in vitro, the proliferation and differentiation were severely impaired in the cachexic mice. The numbers of both macrophages and mesenchymal progenitors, which are critical players in muscle regeneration, were reduced in the cancer cachexic mice, indicating that the skeletal muscle regeneration process was disrupted by cancer cachexia. Furthermore, the number of infiltrated neutrophils was also reduced in cancer cachexia mice 24 hours after muscle injury, and the expression of critical chemokines for muscle regeneration was reduced in cancer cachexia model mice compared to control mice. Collectively, although the ability to regeneration of MuSCs was retained, cancer cachexia disturbed skeletal muscle regenerative ability by inhibiting the orchestrated muscle regeneration processes.
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van der Ende M, Grefte S, Plas R, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Keijer J, van Norren K. Mitochondrial dynamics in cancer-induced cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:137-150. [PMID: 30059724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced cachexia has a negative impact on quality of life and adversely affects therapeutic outcomes and survival rates. It is characterized by, often severe, loss of muscle, with or without loss of fat mass. Insight in the pathophysiology of this complex metabolic syndrome and direct treatment options are still limited, which creates a research demand. Results from recent studies point towards a significant involvement of muscle mitochondrial networks. However, data are scattered and a comprehensive overview is lacking. This paper aims to fill existing knowledge gaps by integrating published data sets on muscle protein or gene expression from cancer-induced cachexia animal models. To this end, a database was compiled from 94 research papers, comprising 11 different rodent models. This was combined with four genome-wide transcriptome datasets of cancer-induced cachexia rodent models. Analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion, fission, ATP production and mitochondrial density is decreased, while that of genes involved ROS detoxification and mitophagy is increased. Our results underline the relevance of including post-translational modifications of key proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning in future studies on cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Ende
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Plas
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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24
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Pini V, Morgan JE, Muntoni F, O’Neill HC. Genome Editing and Muscle Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Tool for Muscular Dystrophies. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:137-148. [PMID: 28616376 PMCID: PMC5445179 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Muscular dystrophies are a group of severe degenerative disorders characterized by muscle fiber degeneration and death. Therapies designed to restore muscle homeostasis and to replace dying fibers are being experimented, but none of those in clinical trials are suitable to permanently address individual gene mutation. The purpose of this review is to discuss genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which enable direct sequence alteration and could potentially be adopted to correct the genetic defect leading to muscle impairment. Recent Findings Recent findings show that advances in gene therapy, when combined with traditional viral vector-based approaches, are bringing the field of regenerative medicine closer to precision-based medicine. Summary The use of such programmable nucleases is proving beneficial for the creation of more accurate in vitro and in vivo disease models. Several gene and cell-therapy studies have been performed on satellite cells, the primary skeletal muscle stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. However, these have mainly been based on artificial replacement or augmentation of the missing protein. Satellite cells are a particularly appealing target to address these innovative technologies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pini
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Helen C. O’Neill
- Embryology, IVF and Reproductive Genetics Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
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