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Chincha AAIA, Marone MP, Pia AKR, Freire L, Amorim-Neto DP, Carazzolle MF, Sant'Ana AS. Phenotypic, genotypic, and resistome of mesophilic spore-forming bacteria isolated from pasteurized liquid whole egg. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114215. [PMID: 38609213 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The production of whole-liquid eggs is of significant economic and nutritional importance. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of mesophilic aerobic spore-forming bacteria (n = 200) isolated from pasteurized whole liquid egg and liquid egg yolk. The majority of the isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Bacillus (86 %), followed by Brevibacillus (10 %) and Lysinibacillus (4 %). For the phenotypic characterization, isolates were subjected to various heat shocks, with the most significant reductions observed at 80 °C/30 min and 90 °C/10 min for isolates recovered from raw materials. On the other hand, the decrease was similar for isolates recovered from raw material and final product at 100 °C/5 min and 110 °C/5 min. Genotypic genes related to heat resistance (cdnL, spoVAD, dacB, clpC, dnaK, and yitF/Tn1546) were examined for genotypic characterization. The dnaK gene showed a positive correlation with the highest thermal condition tested (110 °C/5 min), while 100 °C/5 min had the highest number of positively correlated genes (clpC, cdnL, yitF/Tn1546, and spoVAD). Whole Genome Sequencing of four strains revealed genes related to sporulation, structure formation, initiation and regulation, stress response, and DNA repair in vegetative cells. The findings of this study indicate that these mesophilic aerobic spore-forming bacteria may adopt several strategies to persist through the process and reach the final product. As the inactivation of these microorganisms during egg processing is challenging, preventing raw materials contamination and their establishment in processing premises must be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A I A Chincha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina P Marone
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur K R Pia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Freire
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dionisio P Amorim-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center for Computing and Engineering Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Wang C, Ren YY, Han LM, Yi PC, Wang WX, Zhang CY, Chen XZ, Chi MZ, Wang A, Chen W, Hu CM. ApoE Mimetic Peptide COG1410 Kills Mycobacterium smegmatis via Directly Interfering ClpC's ATPase Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:278. [PMID: 38534713 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as alternatives to combat bacterial infections, addressing the urgent global threat of antibiotic resistance. COG1410, a synthetic peptide derived from apolipoprotein E, has exhibited potent antimicrobial properties against various bacterial strains, including Mycobacterium smegmatis. However, our study reveals a previously unknown resistance mechanism developed by M. smegmatis against COG1410 involving ClpC. Upon subjecting M. smegmatis to serial passages in the presence of sub-MIC COG1410, resistance emerged. The comparative genomic analysis identified a point mutation in ClpC (S437P), situated within its middle domain, which led to high resistance to COG1410 without compromising bacterial fitness. Complementation of ClpC in mutant restored bacterial sensitivity. In-depth analyses, including transcriptomic profiling and in vitro assays, uncovered that COG1410 interferes with ClpC at both transcriptional and functional levels. COG1410 not only stimulated the ATPase activity of ClpC but also enhanced the proteolytic activity of Clp protease. SPR analysis confirmed that COG1410 directly binds with ClpC. Surprisingly, the identified S437P mutation did not impact their binding affinity. This study sheds light on a unique resistance mechanism against AMPs in mycobacteria, highlighting the pivotal role of ClpC in this process. Unraveling the interplay between COG1410 and ClpC enriches our understanding of AMP-bacterial interactions, offering potential insights for developing innovative strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yun-Yao Ren
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yi
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Cai-Yun Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Apeng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
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3
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Gangwal A, Kumar N, Sangwan N, Dhasmana N, Dhawan U, Sajid A, Arora G, Singh Y. Giving a signal: how protein phosphorylation helps Bacillus navigate through different life stages. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad044. [PMID: 37533212 PMCID: PMC10465088 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular responses across all domains of life. The antagonistic activities of kinases and phosphatases can orchestrate the life cycle of an organism. The availability of bacterial genome sequences, particularly Bacillus species, followed by proteomics and functional studies have aided in the identification of putative protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and their downstream substrates. Several studies have established the role of phosphorylation in different physiological states of Bacillus species as they pass through various life stages such as sporulation, germination, and biofilm formation. The most common phosphorylation sites in Bacillus proteins are histidine, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, threonine, and arginine residues. Protein phosphorylation can alter protein activity, structural conformation, and protein-protein interactions, ultimately affecting the downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize the knowledge available in the field of Bacillus signaling, with a focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in its physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Gangwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - Nitika Sangwan
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Neha Dhasmana
- School of Medicine, New York University, 550 First Avenue New York-10016, New York, United States
| | - Uma Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Gunjan Arora
- 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Faculty of Science, Delhi- 110007, India
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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4
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Zhang Q, Lyu S. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of Bacillus pumilus responses to acid stress and quorum sensing in a vitamin C fermentation system. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1131000. [PMID: 37025640 PMCID: PMC10070982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial consortia play a key role in human health, bioenergy, and food manufacturing due to their strong stability, robustness and versatility. One of the microbial consortia consisting of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus megaterium for the production of the vitamin C precursor, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG), has been widely used for large-scale industrial production. To further investigate the cell-cell communication in microbial consortia, a microbial consortium consisting of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus pumilus was constructed and the differences in protein expression at different fermentation time points (18 h and 40 h) were analyzed by iTRAQ-based proteomics. The results indicated that B. pumilus was subjected to acid shocks in the coculture fermentation system and responded to it. In addition, the quorum sensing system existed in the coculture fermentation system, and B. pumilus could secrete quorum-quenching lactonase (YtnP) to inhibit the signaling pathway of K. vulgare. This study offers valuable guidance for further studies of synthetic microbial consortia.
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5
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Role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase PrpN in the life cycle of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010729. [PMID: 35913993 PMCID: PMC9371265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation at serine/threonine residues is one of the most common protein modifications, widely observed in all kingdoms of life. The catalysts controlling this modification are specific serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases that modulate various cellular pathways ranging from growth to cellular death. Genome sequencing and various omics studies have led to the identification of numerous serine/threonine kinases and cognate phosphatases, yet the physiological relevance of many of these proteins remain enigmatic. In Bacillus anthracis, only one ser/thr phosphatase, PrpC, has been functionally characterized; it was reported to be non-essential for bacterial growth and survival. In the present study, we characterized another ser/thr phosphatase (PrpN) of B. anthracis by various structural and functional approaches. To examine its physiological relevance in B. anthracis, a null mutant strain of prpN was generated and shown to have defects in sporulation and reduced synthesis of toxins (PA and LF) and the toxin activator protein AtxA. We also identified CodY, a global transcriptional regulator, as a target of PrpN and ser/thr kinase PrkC. CodY phosphorylation strongly controlled its binding to the promoter region of atxA, as shown using phosphomimetic and phosphoablative mutants. In nutshell, the present study reports phosphorylation-mediated regulation of CodY activity in the context of anthrax toxin synthesis in B. anthracis by a previously uncharacterized ser/thr protein phosphatase–PrpN. Reversible protein phosphorylation at specific ser/thr residues causes conformational changes in the protein structure, thereby modulating its cellular activity. In B. anthracis, though the role of ser/thr phosphorylation is implicated in various cellular pathways including pathogenesis, till date only one STP (PrpC) has been functionally characterized. This manuscript reports functional characterization of another STP (PrpN) in B. anthracis and with the aid of a null mutant strain (BAS ΔprpN) we provide important insight regarding the role of PrpN in the life cycle of B. anthracis. We have also identified the global transcriptional regulator, CodY as a target of PrpN and PrkC, and for the first time showed the physiological relevance of CodY phosphorylation status in the regulation of anthrax toxin synthesis.
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6
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Hajdusits B, Suskiewicz MJ, Hundt N, Meinhart A, Kurzbauer R, Leodolter J, Kukura P, Clausen T. McsB forms a gated kinase chamber to mark aberrant bacterial proteins for degradation. eLife 2021; 10:63505. [PMID: 34328418 PMCID: PMC8370763 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, the McsB protein arginine kinase is central to protein quality control, labeling aberrant molecules for degradation by the ClpCP protease. Despite its importance for stress response and pathogenicity, it is still elusive how the bacterial degradation labeling is regulated. Here, we delineate the mechanism how McsB targets aberrant proteins during stress conditions. Structural data reveal a self-compartmentalized kinase, in which the active sites are sequestered in a molecular cage. The ‘closed’ octamer interconverts with other oligomers in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and, unlike these ‘open’ forms, preferentially labels unfolded proteins. In vivo data show that heat-shock triggers accumulation of higher order oligomers, of which the octameric McsB is essential for surviving stress situations. The interconversion of open and closed oligomers represents a distinct regulatory mechanism of a degradation labeler, allowing the McsB kinase to adapt its potentially dangerous enzyme function to the needs of the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Hajdusits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolas Hundt
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Kurzbauer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Leodolter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Bacillus anthracis chain length, a virulence determinant, is regulated by membrane localized serine/threonine protein kinase PrkC. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00582-20. [PMID: 33753466 PMCID: PMC8117516 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen that displays a chaining phenotype. It has been reported that the chaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in B. anthracis In this study, we identify a serine/threonine protein kinase of B. anthracis, PrkC, the only kinase localized at the bacteria-host interface, as a determinant of B. anthracis chain length. In vitro, prkC disruption strain (BAS ΔprkC) grew as shorter chains throughout the bacterial growth cycle. A comparative analysis between the parent strain and BAS ΔprkC indicated that the levels of proteins, BslO and Sap, associated with the regulation of the bacterial chain length, were upregulated in BAS ΔprkC BslO is a septal murein hydrolase that catalyzes daughter cell separation and Sap is an S-layer structural protein required for the septal localization of BslO. PrkC disruption also has a significant effect on bacterial growth, cell wall thickness, and septa formation. Upregulation of ftsZ in BAS ΔprkC was also observed. Altogether, our results indicate that PrkC is required for maintaining optimum growth, cell wall homeostasis and most importantly - for the maintenance of the chaining phenotype.IMPORTANCEChaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in Bacillus anthracis This is the first study that identifies a 'signal transduction protein' with an ability to regulate the chaining phenotype in Bacillus anthracis We show that the disruption of the lone surface-localized serine/threonine protein kinase, PrkC, leads to the shortening of the bacterial chains. We report upregulation of the de-chaining proteins in the PrkC disruption strain. Apart from this, we also report for the first time that PrkC disruption results in an attenuated cell growth, a decrease in the cell wall thickness and aberrant cell septa formation during the logarithmic phase of growth - a growth phase where PrkC is expressed maximally.
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8
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ClpC-Mediated Sporulation Regulation at Engulfment Stage in Bacillus anthracis. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:170-179. [PMID: 33927458 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sporulation is a conserved process utilized by members of Bacillus genus and Clostridium in response to stress such as nutrient or temperature. Sporulation initiation is triggered by stress signals perceived by bacterial cell that leads to shutdown of metabolic pathways of bacterial cells. The mechanism of sporulation involves a complex network that is regulated at various checkpoints to form the viable bacterial spore. Engulfment is one such check point that drives the required cellular rearrangement necessary for the spore assembly and is mediated by bacterial proteolytic machinery that involves association of various Clp ATPases and ClpP protease. The present study highlights the importance of degradation of an anti-sigma factor F, SpoIIAB by ClpCP proteolytic machinery playing a crucial role in culmination of engulfment process during the sporulation in Bacillus anthracis.
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9
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Suskiewicz MJ, Hajdusits B, Beveridge R, Heuck A, Vu LD, Kurzbauer R, Hauer K, Thoeny V, Rumpel K, Mechtler K, Meinhart A, Clausen T. Structure of McsB, a protein kinase for regulated arginine phosphorylation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:510-518. [PMID: 30962626 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates key processes in all organisms. In Gram-positive bacteria, protein arginine phosphorylation plays a central role in protein quality control by regulating transcription factors and marking aberrant proteins for degradation. Here, we report structural, biochemical, and in vivo data of the responsible kinase, McsB, the founding member of an arginine-specific class of protein kinases. McsB differs in structure and mechanism from protein kinases that act on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues and instead has a catalytic domain related to that of phosphagen kinases (PhKs), metabolic enzymes that phosphorylate small guanidino compounds. In McsB, the PhK-like phosphotransferase domain is structurally adapted to target protein substrates and is accompanied by a novel phosphoarginine (pArg)-binding domain that allosterically controls protein kinase activity. The identification of distinct pArg reader domains in this study points to a remarkably complex signaling system, thus challenging simplistic views of bacterial protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bence Hajdusits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Beveridge
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Heuck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,VIB/UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert Kurzbauer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Hauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. .,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Virmani R, Sajid A, Singhal A, Gaur M, Joshi J, Bothra A, Garg R, Misra R, Singh VP, Molle V, Goel AK, Singh A, Kalia VC, Lee JK, Hasija Y, Arora G, Singh Y. The Ser/Thr protein kinase PrkC imprints phenotypic memory in Bacillus anthracis spores by phosphorylating the glycolytic enzyme enolase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8930-8941. [PMID: 30952697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax in humans, bovine, and other animals. B. anthracis pathogenesis requires differentiation of dormant spores into vegetative cells. The spores inherit cellular components as phenotypic memory from the parent cell, and this memory plays a critical role in facilitating the spores' revival. Because metabolism initiates at the beginning of spore germination, here we metabolically reprogrammed B. anthracis cells to understand the role of glycolytic enzymes in this process. We show that increased expression of enolase (Eno) in the sporulating mother cell decreases germination efficiency. Eno is phosphorylated by the conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase PrkC which decreases the catalytic activity of Eno. We found that phosphorylation also regulates Eno expression and localization, thereby controlling the overall spore germination process. Using MS analysis, we identified the sites of phosphorylation in Eno, and substitution(s) of selected phosphorylation sites helped establish the functional correlation between phosphorylation and Eno activity. We propose that PrkC-mediated regulation of Eno may help sporulating B. anthracis cells in adapting to nutrient deprivation. In summary, to the best of our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that in sporulating B. anthracis, PrkC imprints phenotypic memory that facilitates the germination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Virmani
- From the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.,Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India.,Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anshika Singhal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohita Gaur
- From the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Jayadev Joshi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankur Bothra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Richa Garg
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Richa Misra
- From the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.,Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Virginie Molle
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques (DIMNP), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Ajay K Goel
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Yasha Hasija
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Gunjan Arora
- From the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India, .,Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20851
| | - Yogendra Singh
- From the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India, .,Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
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11
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production and Degradation Patterns in Bacillus Species. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:387-392. [PMID: 29151638 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria under stress conditions of excess of carbon (C) and limitations of nutrients divert its metabolism towards C storage as energy reservoir-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Different Bacillus species-B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, were monitored to produce PHA from different C sources-glucose, crude glycerol and their combination at 37 °C for period up to 192 h. PHA production and its composition was found to vary with feed and bacterial strains. PHA production on crude glycerol continued to increase up to 120 h, reaching a maximum of 2725 mg/L with an effective yield of 71% of the dry cell mass. Depolymerization of PHA was observe to initiate after 96 h of incubation up to 192 h. PHA degradation products have been envisaged to be applied in medical field: tissue engineering, drug carriers, memory enhancers, antiosteoporosis, biodegradable implants. The PHA production and degradation cycle for 192 h has not been reported previously in literature.
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12
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Ser/Thr protein kinase PrkC-mediated regulation of GroEL is critical for biofilm formation in Bacillus anthracis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017. [PMID: 28649408 PMCID: PMC5460178 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PrkC is a conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase encoded in Bacillus anthracis genome. PrkC is shown to be important for B. anthracis pathogenesis, but little is known about its other functions and phosphorylated substrates. Systemic analyses indicate the compelling role of PrkC in phosphorylating multiple substrates, including the essential chaperone GroEL. Through mass spectrometry, we identified that PrkC phosphorylates GroEL on six threonine residues that are distributed in three canonical regions. Phosphorylation facilitates the oligomerization of GroEL to the physiologically active tetradecameric state and increases its affinity toward the co-chaperone GroES. Deletion of prkC in B. anthracis abrogates its ability to form biofilm. Overexpression of native GroEL recovers the biofilm-forming ability of prkC deletion strain. Similar overexpression of GroEL phosphorylation site mutants (Thr to Ala) does not augment biofilm formation. Further analyses indicate the phosphorylation of GroEL in diverse bacterial species. Thus, our results suggest that PrkC regulates biofilm formation by modulating the GroEL activity in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The study deciphers the molecular signaling events that are important for biofilm formation in B. anthracis. An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins, PrkC, mediates molecular signaling events that allow anthrax bacteria to form biofilms. Bacillus anthracis is widely used as a model to explore the formation of biofilms that allows many bacterial infections to resist immune defenses. An international research team led by Yogendra Singh and Andaleeb Sajid at the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology in Delhi, India, studied the bacterial protein kinase PrkC. The researchers found that PrkC phosphorylates a “chaperone” protein that assist the assembly and disassembly of other protein-based structures. This signaling protein and the chaperone help in biofilm formation. Establishing this link in the signaling chain leading to biofilms will guide future research to combat the role of biofilms in disease.
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Sharma AK, Arora D, Singh LK, Gangwal A, Sajid A, Molle V, Singh Y, Nandicoori VK. Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase PstP of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Necessary for Accurate Cell Division and Survival of Pathogen. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24215-24230. [PMID: 27758870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases play vital roles in phosphorylation-mediated cellular signaling. Although there are 11 serine/threonine protein kinases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only one serine/threonine phosphatase, PstP, has been identified. Although PstP has been biochemically characterized and multiple in vitro substrates have been identified, its physiological role has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we have investigated the impact of PstP on cell growth and survival of the pathogen in the host. Overexpression of PstP led to elongated cells and partially compromised survival. We find that depletion of PstP is detrimental to cell survival, eventually leading to cell death. PstP depletion results in elongated multiseptate cells, suggesting a role for PstP in regulating cell division events. Complementation experiments performed with PstP deletion mutants revealed marginally compromised survival, suggesting that all of the domains, including the extracellular domain, are necessary for complete rescue. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of PstP is absolutely essential for the in vitro growth. Mice infection experiments establish a definitive role for PstP in pathogen survival within the host. Depletion of PstP from established infections causes pathogen clearance, indicating that the continued presence of PstP is necessary for pathogen survival. Taken together, our data suggest an important role for PstP in establishing and maintaining infection, possibly via the modulation of cell division events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB, Delhi-110025, India
| | - Divya Arora
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Lalit K Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Aakriti Gangwal
- the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Delhi-110007, India
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Virginie Molle
- the Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR 5235, Montpellier, France, and
| | - Yogendra Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India, .,the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Delhi-110007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India,
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