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Hassan H, Allen I, Sofianopoulou E, Walburga Y, Turnbull C, Eccles DM, Tischkowitz M, Pharoah P, Antoniou AC. Long-term outcomes of hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:44-57. [PMID: 37364803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide an up-to-date systematic review of "the long-term outcomes of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy" and perform a meta-analysis for the reported associations. DATA SOURCES Our study updated a previous systematic review by searching the literature using PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for publications between January 2015 and August 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Our study included studies of women who had a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy vs women who had a hysterectomy with ovarian conservation or no surgery. METHODS The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations. Adjusted hazard ratios were extracted and combined to obtain fixed effect estimates. RESULTS Compared with hysterectomy or no surgery, hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in young women was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.84) but with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.47). In addition, it was associated with an increased risk of total cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, and stroke with hazard ratios of 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.25), 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.25), and 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.31), respectively. Compared with no surgery, hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy before the age of 50 years was associated with an increased risk of hyperlipidemia (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-1.65), diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.24), hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.20), dementia (hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.69), and depression (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.60). The evidence on the association with all-cause mortality in young women showed substantial heterogeneity between the studies (I2=85%; P<.01). CONCLUSION Hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was associated with multiple long-term outcomes. The benefits of the addition of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy to hysterectomy should be balanced against the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Hassan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Isaac Allen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Sofianopoulou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Walburga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Translational Genetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Farland LV, Rice MS, Degnan WJ, Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Rich-Edwards J, Stewart EA, Cohen Rassier SL, Robinson WR, Missmer SA. Hysterectomy With and Without Oophorectomy, Tubal Ligation, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Nurses' Health Study II. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:747-756. [PMID: 37155739 PMCID: PMC10354306 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and tubal ligation are common surgical procedures. The literature regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk after these surgeries has focused on oophorectomy with limited research on hysterectomy or tubal ligation. Materials and Methods: Participants in the Nurses' Health Study II (n = 116,429) were followed from 1989 to 2017. Self-reported gynecologic surgery was categorized as follows: no surgery, hysterectomy alone, hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy, and hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. We separately investigated tubal ligation alone. The primary outcome was CVD based on medical-record confirmed fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, or fatal and nonfatal stroke. Our secondary outcome expanded CVD to include coronary revascularization (coronary artery bypass graft surgery, angioplasty, stent placement). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and were adjusted a priori for confounding factors. We investigated differences by age at surgery (≤50, >50) and menopausal hormone therapy usage. Results: At baseline, participants were on average, 34 years old. During 2,899,787 person-years, we observed 1,864 cases of CVD. Hysterectomy in combination with any oophorectomy was associated with a greater risk of CVD in multivariable-adjusted models (HR hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy:1.40 [95% CI: 1.08-1.82]; HR hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy:1.27 [1.07-1.51]). Hysterectomy alone, hysterectomy with oophorectomy, and tubal ligation were also associated with an increased risk of combined CVD and coronary revascularization (HR hysterectomy alone: 1.19 [95% CI: 1.02-1.39]; HR hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy: 1.29 [1.01-1.64]; HR hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy: 1.22 [1.04-1.43]; HR tubal ligation: 1.16 [1.06-1.28]). The association between hysterectomy/oophorectomy and CVD and coronary revascularization risk varied by age at gynecologic surgery, with the strongest association among women who had surgery before age 50 years. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that hysterectomy, alone or in combination with oophorectomy, as well as tubal ligation, may be associated with an increased risk of CVD and coronary revascularization. These findings extend previous research finding that oophorectomy is associated with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie V. Farland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Megan S. Rice
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William J. Degnan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Divisions of Women's Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stewart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah L. Cohen Rassier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Whitney R. Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Desai S, Singh RJ, Govil D, Nambiar D, Shukla A, Sinha HH, Ved R, Bhatla N, Mishra GD. Hysterectomy and women's health in India: evidence from a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of older women. Womens Midlife Health 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36609516 PMCID: PMC9825041 DOI: 10.1186/s40695-022-00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hysterectomy, particularly when conducted in women younger than 45 years, has been associated with increased risk of non-communicable diseases. In India, research indicates that hysterectomy is a common procedure for women, but there have been no studies on its long-term effects. We examined patterns of hysterectomy amongst women in India and associations with their health and well-being in later life. METHODS This analysis utilised the first wave of the Longitudinal Study on Aging in India, a nationally representative study of adults that included a module on health and well-being. We analysed data on 35,083 women ≥45 years in India. We estimated prevalence of hysterectomy and performed multivariable logistic regression to identify associated risk factors and to examine the association between hysterectomy status and eight self-reported chronic conditions, hospitalisation and mobility. RESULTS The prevalence of hysterectomy among women >=45 years was 11.4 (95% CI: 10.3, 12.6), with higher odds among urban women (aOR: 1.39; 1.17,1.64) and higher economic status (highest compared to lowest quintile: aOR: 1.95; 1.44, 2.63). Hysterectomy history was associated with four chronic conditions: hypertension (aOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.79), high cholesterol (aOR: 1.43; 1.04, 1.97), diabetes (aOR: 1.69; 1.28, 2.24), and bone/joint disease (aOR: 1.54; 1.20, 1.97) and higher odds of any hospitalisation in the past year (aOR: 1.69; 1.36, 2.09). CONCLUSIONS In India, evidence suggests that hysterectomy is associated with major chronic conditions. The assessment for hysterectomy as a treatment option for gynaecological morbidity should consider potential health consequences in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Desai
- grid.510878.3Population Council Institute, Zone 5A India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Roopal Jyoti Singh
- grid.510878.3Population Council Institute, Zone 5A India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Dipti Govil
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Devaki Nambiar
- grid.464831.c0000 0004 8496 8261George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Hemali Heidi Sinha
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Rajani Ved
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gita D. Mishra
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537University of Queensland School of Public Health, Herston, Queensland Australia
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Chhabra P, Behera S, Sharma R, Malhotra RK, Mehta K, Upadhyay K, Goel S. Gender-specific factors associated with hypertension among women of childbearing age: Findings from a nationwide survey in India. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:999567. [PMID: 36588549 PMCID: PMC9795811 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.999567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of conventional (modifiable and non-modifiable) risk factors for hypertension has already been established in the literature. However, there are other putative risk factors specific to women (early menarche, age at first childbirth, women empowerment, number of children born, hysterectomy, etc.) in the development of hypertension. This study is the first study to highlight the potential association of gender-specific factors along with other conventional risk factors and hypertension, using a nationwide sample. Methods The study is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), a nationally representative sample of 699,686 women of reproductive age in India. The interview schedule included data on general background characteristics, marriage, reproductive history, hysterectomy, knowledge, and utilization of family planning services, maternal and child care, women empowerment, non-communicable diseases, and domestic violence. The blood pressure was measured by direct observation by the study investigators using a digital blood pressure monitor. To account for disproportionate sampling and non-response, a weighted statistical analysis was performed. Logistic regression analysis was done to study the strength of the association between the risk factors and hypertension (computation of unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio). Results The prevalence of hypertension was 11.8% among women. Among the conventional factors, older age, higher body mass index (BMI), tobacco use, and alcohol use had higher odds for hypertension, while higher education, higher socio-economic position, and living in urban areas had lower odds. Among the gender-specific factors, younger age at first childbirth, early menarche, oral contraceptive pill use [adjusted OR: 1.23; (1.18-1.28)], and hysterectomy [adjusted OR: 1.10; (1.05-1.69)] were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Domestic violence was significantly associated with hypertension [unadjusted OR: 1.11; (1.02-1.20)]. Empowered women had lower odds of hypertension [adjusted OR: 0.93; (0.95-1.03)]. Conclusion Significant association of these gender-specific factors among women necessitates the need for taking into account these factors while screening for hypertension among women and thus, designing a tailored model better suited to them for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragti Chhabra
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyambhavee Behera
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Malhotra
- Delhi Cancer Registry, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kedar Mehta
- Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Vadodara, India
| | - Kritika Upadhyay
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India,*Correspondence: Sonu Goel,
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Choi HG, Koh YS, Lee SW. Increased risk of coronary heart disease with hysterectomy in young women: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening cohort. Maturitas 2022; 157:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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What We Know about the Long-Term Risks of Hysterectomy for Benign Indication-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225335. [PMID: 34830617 PMCID: PMC8622061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hysterectomy is the most common treatment option in women with uterine fibroids, providing definitive relief from the associated burdensome symptoms. As with all surgical interventions, hysterectomy is associated with risk of complications, short-term morbidities, and mortality, all of which have been described previously. However, information on the potential long-term risks of hysterectomy is only recently becoming available. A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies published between 2005 and December 2020 evaluating the long-term impact of hysterectomy on patient outcomes. A total of 29 relevant studies were identified. A review of the articles showed that hysterectomy may increase the risk of cardiovascular events, certain cancers, the need for further surgery, early ovarian failure and menopause, depression, and other outcomes. It is important to acknowledge that the available studies examine possible associations and hypotheses rather than causality, and there is a need to establish higher quality studies to truly evaluate the long-term consequences of hysterectomy. However, it is of value to consider these findings when discussing the benefits and risks of all treatment options with patients with uterine fibroids to allow for preference-based choices to be made in a shared decision-making process. This is key to ensuring that patients receive the treatment that best meets their individual needs.
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Impact of hysterectomy on cardiovascular disease and different subtypes: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:1255-1263. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Obesity-associated cardiovascular risk in women: hypertension and heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1523-1544. [PMID: 34160010 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases begins long prior to the presentation of a cardiovascular event. In both men and women, cardiovascular events, and their associated hospitalizations and mortality, are often clinically predisposed by the presentation of a chronic cardiovascular risk factor. Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in both sexes, however, the clinical prevalence of obesity, as well as its contribution to crucial cardiovascular risk factors is dependent on sex. The mechanisms via which obesity leads to cardiovascular risk is also discrepant in women between their premenopausal, pregnancy and postmenopausal phases of life. Emerging data indicate that at all reproductive statuses and ages, the presentation of a cardiovascular event in obese women is strongly associated with hypertension and its subsequent chronic risk factor, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In addition, emerging evidence indicates that obesity increases the risk of both hypertension and heart failure in pregnancy. This review will summarize clinical and experimental data on the female-specific prevalence and mechanisms of hypertension and heart failure in women across reproductive stages and highlight the particular risks in pregnancy as well as emerging data in a high-risk ethnicity in women of African ancestry (AA).
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Hysterectomy, non-malignant gynecological diseases, and the risk of incident hypertension: The E3N prospective cohort. Maturitas 2021; 150:22-29. [PMID: 34274072 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While it has been reported that women with uterine fibroids or endometriosis are commonly overweight and hypertensive, the association between non-malignant gynecological diseases and the risk of hypertension has been little studied prospectively. The aim of this study was to investigate in a large French cohort of women whether a history of hysterectomy, uterine fibroids, or endometriosis was prospectively related to an increased risk of incident hypertension. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 50,286 women from the E3N cohort who were free of hypertension at baseline, with a median follow-up of 16.4 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gynecological diseases were based on self-report. Cox proportional hazards models with age as the timescale were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Covariates included smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and hormonal factors. RESULTS A total of 12,073 women (24%) developed hypertension during follow-up. Women with a history of hysterectomy had an increased risk of incident hypertension, which persisted after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted HR=1.18, 95% CI 1.12-1.24). Risk was similar in women with hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy. Risk of hypertension was higher in women with a history of endometriosis (HRendometriosis 1.19, 95%CI 1.11-1.22) or uterine fibroids (HRfibroids 1.18, 95%CI 1.13-1.22), irrespective of hysterectomy. Associations were similar after further adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS Hysterectomy and non-malignant gynecological diseases were associated with an increased risk of hypertension in this large prospective study. Women with these conditions may benefit from blood pressure monitoring. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03285230.
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Chiang CH, Chen W, Tsai IJ, Hsu CY, Wang JH, Lin SZ, Ding DC. Diabetes mellitus risk after hysterectomy: A population-based retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24468. [PMID: 33530258 PMCID: PMC7850756 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored whether hysterectomy with or without bilateral oophorectomy was associated with the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in an East Asian population. This was a retrospective population-based cohort study that analyzed DM risk in Taiwanese women, using a health insurance research database of 1998 to 2013 containing nearly 1 million people. We identified 7088 women aged 30 to 49 years who had undergone hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy. The comparison group included 27,845 women without a hysterectomy who were randomly selected from the population and matched to women in the hysterectomy group by age (exact year) and year of the surgery. DM comorbidities were identified. The incidence and hazard ratios for DM were calculated with Cox proportional hazard regression models. The median ages of patients in the hysterectomy and comparison groups were both approximately 44 years. After a median 7.1 years of follow-up, the incidence of DM was 40% higher in the hysterectomized women as compared with the comparisons (9.12 vs 6.78/1000 person-years, P < .001), with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23 -1.52). However, the DM risk was not increased in the women with hysterectomy plus oophorectomy (aHR=1.28, 95% CI = 0.93-1.76). Furthermore, among women aged 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, the risk in hysterectomized women was higher than the comparisons (aHR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.27-2.41; aHR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.19-1.49, respectively). Our study provides essential and novel evidence for the association between hysterectomy and DM risk in women aged 30 to 49 years, which is relevant to these women and their physicians. Physicians should be aware of the increased DM risk associated with hysterectomy and take this into consideration when evaluating a patient for a hysterectomy. The current results might help gynecologists prevent DM and encourage diagnostic and preventive interventions in appropriate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsiang Chiang
- Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien
| | - Weishan Chen
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - I-Ju Tsai
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | | | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Luo J, Rohan TE, Neuhouser ML, Liu N, Saquib N, Li Y, Shadyab AH, Qi L, Wallace RB, Hendryx M. Hysterectomy, Oophorectomy, and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:499-506. [PMID: 33335021 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female hormones may play roles during renal cell carcinoma (RCC) carcinogenesis. The aims of this study were to investigate associations between hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and risk of RCC and to assess whether the associations were modified by exogenous estrogen, commonly used among women who have undergone hysterectomy. METHODS Postmenopausal women (n = 144,599) ages 50-79 years at enrollment (1993-1998) in the Women's Health Initiative were followed for a mean of 15.9 years. Hysterectomy and oophorectomy were self-reported. Incident RCC cases were confirmed by physician review of medical records and pathology reports. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 583 women developed RCC during follow-up. We observed that hysterectomy, regardless of oophorectomy status, was significantly associated with an increased risk of RCC (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.60). The association appeared to be more pronounced in women with age at hysterectomy younger than 40 years (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.80) or older than 55 years (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.01-2.29). Oophorectomy was not significantly associated with risk of RCC. There was no evidence that exogenous estrogen use modified the association between hysterectomy and risk of RCC. CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, we showed that women with a history of hysterectomy had 28% increased risk of RCC, and this finding was not modified by exogenous hormone use. IMPACT If our findings are confirmed, women should be made aware of increased risk of RCC when considering hysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nianjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Nazmus Saquib
- Research unit, College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yueyao Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Increased hypertension following hysterectomy among reproductive women in India. Am J Prev Cardiol 2020; 4:100131. [PMID: 34327482 PMCID: PMC8315321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, hysterectomy has received increased attention in health policy debates in India. On the other hand, based non-communicable disease specific data for India, in 2011, WHO portray a grim picture and recommended to the government a 20% reduction in hypertension by 2020; however, the trends show that it is increasing. Yet, to date, there has not been a single nationally representative study of hypertension prevalence among women who undergo a hysterectomy. Methods The study has used the Indian fourth round of National Family Health Survey data, which is a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of 699,686 women in the age group 15–49 years and conducted during 2015–16. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the effect of hysterectomy on increased odds of hypertension among women of reproductive age groups. Results The age adjusted prevalence of hypertension was higher among women those who undergone hysterectomy (11.9%) compared to non-hysterectomy women (10.6%). The pattern holds true among relevant background characteristics such as age, place of residence, education, caste, religion, wealth, family size, years since hysterectomy, body mass index (BMI), anaemia and consumption of tobacco. The adjusted odds of hypertension among women who underwent hysterectomy compared to those who did not was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.14–2.58). Conclusions The results indicated increased hypertension level among hysterectomy women. However, these results are based on a cross-sectional study, and hence, further through investigation based on a prospective study is necessary before undertaking any policy changes. Meanwhile, the government of India may like to suggest surveillance to the general practitioners as well as obstetricians and gynaecologists following a hysterectomy in order to better understand the effect of hysterectomy on hypertension. Hysterectomy cases are increasing among pre-menopausal women in India. The prevalence of hypertension is higher among women who undergone hysterectomy. Controlling for the confounders did not change the higher prevalence of hypertension. The adjusted odds of hypertension is higher among hysterectomy women.
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Li PC, Ding DC. Outcomes of laparoscopic hysteropexy and supracervical hysterectomy plus cervicopexy: A retrospective study. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:262-266. [PMID: 32955524 PMCID: PMC7485679 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_131_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic hysteropexy (LHP) and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy plus cervicopexy (LSHCP) for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively included patients who had undergone laparoscopic sacral hysteropexy or hysterectomy plus cervicopexy between January 2015 and May 2019 at Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Taiwan. Age at surgery, body mass index (BMI) at admission, the initial stage of genital prolapse, operative and postoperative data, and anatomical results were recorded. Cure for uterine prolapse was evaluated objectively through vaginal examinations using the POP quantification scale. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were recorded at 24 h postoperatively. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare continuous variables. Results: A total of 23 women were included in the study; 12 had received LHP (n = 12) and 11 had received LSHCP (n = 11). No differences existed in age, parity, BMI, blood loss, or hospital stay between groups. The difference in mean surgical times between the LHP and LSHCP groups was nonsignificant (154 and 176 min, respectively; P = 0.2). VAS scores were significantly lower in the LSHCP group than in the LHP group (0.1 vs. 1.75; P = 0.004). Furthermore, mean hospital stay was significantly longer in the LSHCP group than in the LHP group (4.0 vs. 3.1 days; P = 0.016). The procedure was successful in 100% of patients (23 of 23), with no objective evidence of uterine prolapse on examination at follow-up at 6 months. Conclusion: LHP had a significantly shorter hospital stay and a higher VAS score than LSHCP. LHP and LSHCP are both feasible and effective procedures for correcting uterine prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Guo SW, Martin DC. The perioperative period: a critical yet neglected time window for reducing the recurrence risk of endometriosis? Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1858-1865. [PMID: 31585460 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While surgery is commonly the management of symptomatic endometriosis when patients do not respond to medical or supportive therapy, recurrence after surgery poses a serious challenge, and repeat surgery increases the risk of premature ovarian failure, adhesion and organ injury. Conceivably, the recurrent endometriotic lesions could arise from minimal residual lesions (MRLs) or from de novo lesions. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the former is more likely. So far, most, if not all, efforts to combat recurrence have been focused on postoperative medication of hormonal drugs to reduce recurrence risk through lesional dormancy and possibly atrophy. However, the perioperative period may exert a disproportionally high impact on the risk of recurrence; it is likely to be amendable for possible intervention but has been generally neglected. Indeed, many perioperative factors are known to or conceivably could facilitate the recurrence of endometriosis through the suppression of cell-mediated immunity due to the activation of adrenergic signaling and the release of prostaglandins. Perioperative use of β-blockers and/or nuclear factor κB/jCycloxygenase 2 (NF-κB/COX-2) inhibitors may boost the cell-mediated immunity suppressed by surgery, resulting in the partial or even complete removal of MRLs and reduced recurrence risk. This is both biologically plausible and supported by a recent experimental study. We call for more research on possible perioperative interventions to reduce the recurrence risk of endometriosis. The potential payoff might be a substantial reduction in the risk of recurrence and cost when compared with the traditional approach of postoperative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan C Martin
- School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Institutional Review Board, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Harnod T, Chen W, Wang JH, Lin SZ, Ding DC. Association between depression risk and polycystic ovarian syndrome in young women: a retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study (1998-2013). Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1830-1837. [PMID: 31407777 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women associated with the increasing incidence of depression in an East Asian population? SUMMARY ANSWER Younger PCOS patients (aged 15-29 years), but not middle-aged patients, have an increased risk of depression in Taiwan. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY During reproductive age, 6-10% of women have PCOS. Among them, ~40% experience depression, mostly at young ages. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a retrospective population-based cohort study analysing depression risk in Taiwanese women using data from a nationwide database containing 1998-2013 data of nearly 1 million people. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We included 15- to 50-year-old women newly diagnosed with PCOS during 1998-2013 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database as the PCOS cohort (n = 7684) and then randomly matched them 4 : 1 by sex, age and index year with women without PCOS as the comparison cohort (n = 30 736). We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to determine the association between PCOS and depression risk [hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI)]. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The incidence of depression was higher in the PCOS group than in the comparison group (6.67 vs. 4.82 per 1000 person-years; adjusted HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12-1.46). PCOS patients aged 15-29 years had a significantly higher depression risk (adjusted HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.18-1.65); no such significant association was noted among patients aged 30-39 years and 40-50 years. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A history of malignancy, which may increase depression, could not be obtained for our study patients. Moreover, we could not obtain a family history of depression, a relevant risk factor for depression. Finally, the database has no records of body mass index, which may influence depression outcome. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In Taiwan, younger PCOS patients (15-29 years), but not the middle-aged patients, have an increased risk of depression. Our findings provide vital information to patients, clinicians, the Taiwan Government and other developing Asian countries to improve the PCOS treatment strategies in the future. Routine screening for depression in PCOS patients may be implemented into the health practice. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported in part by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center (MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133 004), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10701010021), MOST Clinical Trial Consortium for Stroke (MOST 107-2321-B-039 -004-), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan. No competing interest existed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomor Harnod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Weishan Chen
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Chung HF, Ferreira I, Mishra GD. The association between menstrual symptoms and hypertension among young women: A prospective longitudinal study. Maturitas 2020; 143:17-24. [PMID: 33308624 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether menstrual symptoms are associated with increased risk of hypertension among young women, and whether the relationship is bi-directional. STUDY DESIGN We included 7729 women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, aged 22-27 years in 2000 and who were followed up every 3 years until 2015. Premenstrual syndrome, painful (dysmenorrhoea), heavy (menorrhagia), and irregular menstrual periods over the previous 12 months were self-reported and recorded as 'never', 'rarely', 'sometimes', or 'often'. Questions regarding physician-diagnosed hypertension were asked, specifically for other than during pregnancy (defined as chronic hypertension) and during pregnancy (hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, HDP). Longitudinal data were analysed with generalised estimating equation time-lagged models to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for time-varying covariates. MIAN OUTCOME MEASURES Chronic hypertension, HDP, and menstrual disorders. RESULTS Over 15 years of follow-up, 757 women (9.8 %) reported having been diagnosed with chronic hypertension. Among 4473 parous women, 483 (10.8 %) reported a diagnosis of HDP. Women who often experienced heavy periods had an increased risk of incident chronic hypertension (RR 1.53, 1.13-2.09), compared with those who had not experienced heavy periods. We also found that women with chronic hypertension had an increased risk of incident heavy (RR 1.23, 1.02-1.50) and irregular periods (RR 1.42, 1.17-1.72). However, there was no apparent association between any menstrual symptoms and subsequent risk of HDP. CONCLUSIONS The association between heavy periods (menorrhagia) and chronic hypertension may be bi-directional in young women. Chronic hypertension may also be associated with subsequent risk of irregular periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Fang Chung
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute & School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gita D Mishra
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Harnod T, Tsai IJ, Wang JH, Lin SZ, Ding DDC. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome associated with increased anxiety risk: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:532-537. [PMID: 32560950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with developing mental disorders in Western populations, but this association is poorly studied in Asians. Hence, using insurance claims data, this study evaluated the anxiety risk in women with PCOS. METHODS Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 7026 women aged 15-49 years with newly diagnosed PCOS without anxiety in 1998-2013 as the PCOS cohort. We also randomly selected 28,104 women without PCOS and anxiety as the comparison cohort, which was frequency-matched to cases by age and index year. Determined by incidence and Cox method, the hazard ratio (HR) of anxiety and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association with PCOS were estimated after a 16-year follow-up. RESULTS The incidence of anxiety was 19.5% higher in the PCOS cohort than in the comparison cohort (15.3 vs. 12.8 per 1000 person-years), with an adjusted HR of 1.18 (95% CI=1.07-1.30). For women with both PCOS and comorbid depression, it was 32.1 per 1000 person-years, with an adjusted HR of 2.24 (95% CI=1.24-4.06), compared with those without PCOS or depression. Moreover, it was 48.0 per 1000 person-years for women with depression alone (adjusted HR=3.46; 95% CI=2.58-4.64). LIMITATIONS We used a diagnostic code to identify PCOS cases without reference to pathology records. Miscoding might have occurred in the database. CONCLUSIONS PCOS is associated with an increased risk of developing anxiety independently. Comorbid depression could increase the risk further. Our findings provide vital information for Asian women to cope with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomor Harnod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Tsai
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zon Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dr Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Risk of Psoriasis in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A National Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061947. [PMID: 32580408 PMCID: PMC7357083 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and psoriasis are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, the incidence of psoriasis in patients with PCOS is unclear. We used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Research Database (LHID) in Taiwan from 2000 to 2012 to perform a retrospective population-based cohort study to elucidate the occurrence of psoriasis in PCOS patients. Patients with PCOS without psoriasis in the index year (the year of PCOS diagnosis) were recruited as the PCOS group. Those without PCOS nor psoriasis (control group) were selected using propensity score matching at a ratio of 4:1. Hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. In total, 4707 and 18,828 patients were included in the PCOS and control groups, respectively. The incidence rates of psoriasis in the control and PCOS groups were 0.34 and 0.70 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The risk of psoriasis was higher in the PCOS group by an HR of 2.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25–3.43) compared with the control group. In conclusion, the incidence of psoriasis in the PCOS group was higher than that in the control group. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the mechanism underlying the association, and to benefit the long-term management of patients with PCOS.
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Abstract
Importance While it has long been known that polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs), there is emerging evidence that other benign gynecologic conditions, such as uterine leiomyomas, endometriosis, and even hysterectomy without oophorectomy, can be associated with CMRFs. Understanding the evidence and mechanisms of these associations can lead to novel preventive and therapeutic interventions. Objective This article discusses the evidence and the potential mechanisms mediating the association between CMRFs and benign gynecologic disorders. Evidence Acquisition We reviewed PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to obtain plausible clinical and biological evidence, including hormonal, immunologic, inflammatory, growth factor-related, genetic, epigenetic, atherogenic, vitamin D-related, and dietary factors. Results Cardiometabolic risk factors appear to contribute to uterine leiomyoma pathogenesis. For example, obesity can modulate leiomyomatous cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition through hyperestrogenic states, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and adipokines. On the other hand, endometriosis has been shown to induce systemic inflammation, thereby increasing cardiometabolic risks, for example, through inducing atherosclerotic changes. Conclusion and Relevance Clinical implications of these associations are 2-fold. First, screening and early modification of CMRFs can be part of a preventive strategy for uterine leiomyomas and hysterectomy. Second, patients diagnosed with uterine leiomyomas or endometriosis can be screened and closely followed for CMRFs and cardiovascular disease.
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Uterine Fibroids, Race, Ethnicity, and Cardiovascular Outcomes. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-019-0622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Levin G, Rottenstreich A. Re: Risk of hypertension after hysterectomy: a population-based study. BJOG 2018; 125:1779-1780. [PMID: 30175883 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ding DC, Sung FC. Authors' reply re: Risk of hypertension after hysterectomy: a population-based study. BJOG 2018; 125:1780. [PMID: 30175884 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyanecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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