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Tsukui K, Kakiuchi T, Suzuki M, Sakurai H, Tokudome Y. The ion balance of Shotokuseki extract promotes filaggrin fragmentation and increases amino acid production and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid content in three-dimensional cultured human epidermis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:37. [PMID: 36245006 PMCID: PMC9573832 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in the stratum corneum contributes to the retention of moisture there. The purpose of this study was to determine the penetration of ions in Shotokuseki extract (SE) into the three-dimensional cultured epidermis and the effect of NMF on the biosynthesis of amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid formation. Various ions, amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fully automatic amino acid analyzer or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in three-dimensional cultured epidermis after application of SE. Gene expression levels of profilaggrin, calpain1, caspase14, and bleomycin hydrolase, which are involved in NMF production, were determined by reverse-transcription qPCR and bleomycin hydrolase activity was determined by aminopeptidase assay. The application of SE increased Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, and Fe levels in three-dimensional cultured epidermis. The mRNA levels of the starting material of amino acid synthesis profilaggrin, and calpain1 and bleomycin hydrolase, which are involved in its fragmentation, increased. The activity of bleomycin hydrolase also increased. Furthermore, the levels of amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid increased in the three-dimensional cultured epidermis. This suggests that the ionic composition of SE may be involved in its moisturizing effect on the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Tsukui
- Laboratory of Cosmetic Sciences, Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakiuchi
- Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 10-11 Nihonbashi, Kobuna-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8351, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Suzuki
- Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 10-11 Nihonbashi, Kobuna-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8351, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Sakurai
- Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 10-11 Nihonbashi, Kobuna-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8351, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Cosmetic Sciences, Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
- Laboratory of Cosmetic Sciences, Regional Innovation Center, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
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Souza SL, Graça G, Oliva A. Characterization of sweat induced with pilocarpine, physical exercise, and collected passively by metabolomic analysis. Skin Res Technol 2017; 24:187-195. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - G. Graça
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - A. Oliva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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Abstract
Monosodium glutamate is widely regarded as the provocative agent in the "Chinese restaurant syndrome," of which flushing is regarded as part of the reaction. Six subjects were monitored by laser Doppler velocimetry for changes in facial cutaneous blood flow during challenge with monosodium glutamate and its cyclization product, pyroglutamate. Additionally, records of patients challenged with monosodium glutamate in the laboratory were reviewed. No flushing was provoked among the twenty-four people tested, eighteen of whom gave a positive history of Chinese restaurant syndrome flushing. These results indicate that monosodium glutamate-provoked flushing, if it exists at all, must be rare. Monosodium glutamate and its cyclization product, pyroglutamate, may provoke edema and associated symptoms.
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Abstract
To establish the in vivo mechanism of synthesis and accumulation of epidermal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), enzymes potentially capable of PCA synthesis have been quantified and located within the guinea pig epidermis. Intermediates in the synthesis of [3H]PCA from a pulse of [3H]glutamine have been identified and quantified to determine which of the several possible metabolic routes occurs in vivo. PCA appears to be synthesized from substrate derived from the breakdown within the stratum corneum of protein synthesized several days earlier. The predominant route is probably via the nonenzymic cyclization of free glutamine liberated from this protein. In view of the high activity of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase in the stratum corneum, a minor contribution to PCA formation by the action of the enzyme on gamma-glutamyl peptides cannot be excluded.
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