Enzymatic acylation of rutin with benzoic acid ester and lipophilic, antiradical, and antiproliferative properties of the acylated derivatives

A comprehensive review of natural product-derived compounds acting on P2X7R: The promising therapeutic drugs in disorders

BACKGROUND

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is known to play a significant role in regulating various pathological processes associated with immune regulation, neuroprotection, and inflammatory responses. It has emerged as a potential target for the treatment of diseases. In addition to chemically synthesized small molecule compounds, natural products have gained attention as an important source for discovering compounds that act on the P2X7R.

PURPOSE

To explore the research progress made in the field of natural product-derived compounds that act on the P2X7R.

METHODS

The methods employed in this review involved conducting a thorough search of databases, include PubMed, Web of Science and WIKTROP, to identify studies on natural product-derived compounds that interact with P2X7R. The selected studies were then analyzed to categorize the compounds based on their action on the receptor and to evaluate their therapeutic applications, chemical properties, and pharmacological actions.

RESULTS

The natural product-derived compounds acting on P2X7R can be classified into three categories: P2X7R antagonists, compounds inhibiting P2X7R expression, and compounds regulating the signaling pathway associated with P2X7R. Moreover, highlight the therapeutic applications, chemical properties and pharmacological actions of these compounds, and indicate areas that require further in-depth study. Finally, discuss the challenges of the natural products-derived compounds exploration, although utilizing compounds from natural products for new drug research offers unique advantages, problems related to solubility, content, and extraction processes still exist.

CONCLUSION

The detailed information in this review will facilitate further development of P2X7R antagonists and potential therapeutic strategies for P2X7R-associated disorders.

Recent insight into the advances and prospects of microbial lipases and their potential applications in industry

Enzymes play a crucial role in various industrial sectors. These biocatalysts not only ensure sustainability and safety but also enhance process efficiency through their unique specificity. Lipases possess versatility as biocatalysts and find utilization in diverse bioconversion reactions. Presently, microbial lipases are gaining significant focus owing to the rapid progress in enzyme technology and their widespread implementation in multiple industrial procedures. This updated review presents new knowledge about various origins of microbial lipases, such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast. It highlights both the traditional and modern purification methods, including precipitation and chromatographic separation, the immunopurification technique, the reversed micellar system, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF), moreover, delves into the diverse applications of microbial lipases across several industries, such as food, vitamin esters, textile, detergent, biodiesel, and bioremediation. Furthermore, the present research unveils the obstacles encountered in employing lipase, the patterns observed in lipase engineering, and the application of CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology for altering the genes responsible for lipase production. Additionally, the immobilization of microorganisms' lipases onto various carriers also contributes to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiencies of lipases in terms of their catalytic activities. This is achieved by boosting their resilience to heat and ionic conditions (such as inorganic solvents, high-level pH, and temperature). The process also facilitates the ease of recycling them and enables a more concentrated deposition of the enzyme onto the supporting material. Consequently, these characteristics have demonstrated their suitability for application as biocatalysts in diverse industries.

Enzymatic Acylation of Flavonoids from Bamboo Leaves: Improved Lipophilicity and Antioxidant Activity for Oil-Based Foods

The goal of this study was to expand the applications of bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLFs) by improving their lipophilicity through enzymatic acylation with vinyl cinnamate. Characterization of the acylated BLFs using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that acylation occurred at the C6-OH position of glucoside moieties. The highest degree of acylation (18.61%) was obtained by reacting BLFs with vinyl cinnamate (1:5, w/w) at 60 °C for 48 h. Acylation significantly improved the lipophilicity of BLFs and their capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by the reduced production of lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde in rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions during storage at 37 °C for 15 days. The study findings provide important data that will enable the use of BLFs in lipid or lipophilic matrices, such as oil-based foods.

Heterologous expression of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus in Bacillus subtilis and its application in glycosyl rutin production

In this paper, the cgt gene encoding cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus stearothermophilus was cloned into pWB980 plasmid for extracellular expression in Bacillus subtilis SCK6. Through adding a six-histidine affinity tag fused to the C-terminus, the recombinant CGTase could be purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography, and its molecular weight was approximately 76 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Then, the enzymatic properties were determined, and results were as follows: the optimum temperature and pH were identified as 40 ℃ and pH 5.0, respectively. CGTase had good tolerance to metal ions of Mn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The enzyme activity was activated by Na+, Al3+, Fe3+, and Ni+, and it was remarkably inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+. To improve the aqueous solubility of rutin, CGTase was used to catalyze the transglycosylation reaction, and the conversion rate could reach as high as 80.13% under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the reaction mixture was treated with glucoamylase and microporous adsorbent resin. The yield of glycosyl-rutin was 56.1%, and its purity was 74.3%, which further improved the value of the product.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03510-5.

Recent Advances in Lipases and Their Applications in the Food and Nutraceutical Industry

Lipases are efficient enzymes with promising applications in the nutraceutical and food industry, as they can offer high yields, pure products under achievable reaction conditions, and are an environmentally friendly option. This review addresses the production of high-value-added compounds such as fatty acid esters, with the potential to be used as flavoring agents or antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, as well as structured lipids that offer specific functional properties that do not exist in nature, with important applications in different food products, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the most recent successful cases of reactions with lipases to produce modified compounds for food and nutraceuticals are reported.

Direct sulfhydryl ligand derived UiO-66 for the removal of aqueous mercury and its subsequent application as a catalyst for transfer vinylation

The treatment of mercury pollutants in water has been wide concern. Adsorption is a promising method for mercury removal that has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the secondary application of the immobilized Hg is seldom investigated. In this paper, the Hg adsorption behavior of UiO-66 bearing sulfhydryl groups is studied. The research shows that the porous structure and sulfhydryl groups of UiO-66-SH can effectively promote the removal of mercury from water. In addition, this work also pushes forward the sequential application of the recovered adsorbent, which contains the adsorbed mercury that may cause secondary pollution. The recovered waste adsorbent, UiO-66-S-Hg, was successfully used as an efficient catalyst for transfer vinylation, which produces value-added products, vinyl benzoates. Eight vinyl esters have been successfully synthesized with a yield of up to 89%. This methodology provides a promising way for not only the treatment of mercury contamination, but also secondary pollution protection and the resource utilization of immobilized Hg.

Enzymatic acylation of lutein with a series of saturated fatty acid vinyl esters and the thermal stability and anti-lipid oxidation properties of the acylated derivatives

Lutein was enzymatically acylated with saturated fatty acid vinyl esters of different lengths of carbon chain (C₆ -C₁₄ ) under the action of Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozyme 435). The acylation reaction was optimized by considering substrate molar ratio, reaction solvent, type of enzyme, and reaction time. The highest yield (88%) was obtained using the Novozyme 435 to catalyze the acylation reaction of lutein and vinyl decanoate (lutein/vinyl decanoate molar ratio of 1/10) for 16 h in methyl tert-butyl ether. Ten lutein esters were synthesized, isolated, and purified, which were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that the acylation of lutein improved its antioxidant capacity in lipid system and thermal stability. Our study extended the potential application of lutein in lipophilic food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Practical Application: Enzyme acylation of lutein improved its antioxidant capacity in lipid system and thermal stability, extended its potential application in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, our study also provided a new perspective and cognition for the further development and utilization of lutein.