1
|
Hager M, Spencer A, Wegener A, Lee H, Fillion M, Yon J. Breast Trauma: A United States-Based Epidemiological Study From 2016 to 2019. Cureus 2023; 15:e50334. [PMID: 38205496 PMCID: PMC10781582 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Breast trauma is an often under-recognized injury, especially in female polytrauma patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of breast injuries and their association with injury severity score (ISS) in trauma patients nationally. Method A retrospective review was performed using data from the National Trauma Data Bank® (NTDB®) from 2016 to 2019, using all applicable International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for three outlined subgroups (abrasions, contusions, and open wounds/punctures/lacerations) with minors excluded. All continuous variables were tested as non-normally distributed, and all test results for continuous variables used the Kruskal-Wallis test. All categorical variables were tested using a chi-squared test. Results Patients with traumatic breast abrasions and contusions had a higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (23.8%; n=395 and 25.3%; n=48, respectively) compared to patients with open wounds/punctures/lacerations (13.6%; n=205). Patients with abrasions and contusions to the breast had a significantly higher ISS compared to those with visible open wounds/punctures/lacerations (9 and 9, vs 5, p <0.001). Mortality rates were highest among patients with breast abrasions and contusions, 15% (n=213) and 14% (n=23), respectively, compared to patients with open wounds/punctures/lacerations at 11% (n=132), p<0.017. Conclusion Traumatic breast abrasions and contusions were associated with higher rates of ICU admission, elevated ISS, and overall mortality compared to open breast wounds, punctures, or lacerations. This indicates the importance of traumatic breast injuries as a prognostic indicator in the standard workup of a trauma patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hager
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| | - Aparajita Spencer
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| | - Adam Wegener
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| | - Hanah Lee
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| | - Michelle Fillion
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| | - James Yon
- General Surgery, Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bentley H, Yuen J, Roberts J, Martin T, Yong-Hing C, Nicolaou S, Murray N. Underreported and underrecognized: a comprehensive imaging review of breast injury. Emerg Radiol 2023; 30:777-789. [PMID: 37943412 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-023-02167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast injury is commonly encountered yet it remains significantly underreported. Injury to the breast may arise from either primary mechanisms or secondary or iatrogenic mechanisms. Primary mechanisms of breast injury include blunt force, seat-belt, penetrating, and thermal injury. Secondary or iatrogenic mechanisms of breast injury include breast biopsy or intervention as well as operative intervention and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The severity of breast injury arising from these mechanisms is broad, ranging from breast contusion to avulsion. Sequelae of breast injury include fat necrosis and Mondor's disease. Radiologists play an integral role in the evaluation and management of breast injury both in the acute and non-acute settings. In the acute setting, radiologists must be able to recognize breast injury arising from primary mechanisms or iatrogenic or secondary mechanisms and to identify rare but potentially life-threatening complications promptly to ensure timely, appropriate management. In the non-acute setting, radiologists must be able to discern the sequalae of breast injury from other processes to prevent potentially unnecessary further evaluation and intervention. Nonetheless, though breast injury is commonly encountered there remain few guidelines and a lack of established recommendations for the evaluation and management of breast injury. We provide a comprehensive multi-modality imaging review of breast injury arising in the acute setting as well as the sequela of breast injury arising in the non-acute setting. Moreover, we provide an overview of the management of breast injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bentley
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Joanna Yuen
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - James Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tetyana Martin
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charlotte Yong-Hing
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Savvas Nicolaou
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Division of Emergency Radiology, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicolas Murray
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 11th Floor, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Division of Emergency Radiology, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McGhee DE, Steele JR. Changes to breast structure and function across a woman's lifespan: Implications for managing and modeling female breast injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106031. [PMID: 37379771 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female breasts change throughout a woman's life in response to fluctuating hormonal influences. Individuals managing active women and those modeling female breasts must understand these structural and functional changes across a female's lifespan because these changes affect breast injuries sustained by women. METHODS We initially review female breast structure and function and then describe how breast structure changes across a woman's lifespan. Key studies about direct contact and frictional breast injuries are then summarized. Limitations of current breast injury research, gaps in knowledge about breast injuries incurred by specific populations, and the lack of breast injury models are also highlighted. FINDINGS With minimal anatomical protection, it is unsurprising that breast injuries occur. Although research about breast injuries is scant, direct contact during blunt force trauma to the anterior chest wall and frictional breast injuries have been reported. There is a lack, however, of research documenting the incidence and severity of breast injuries incurred in occupational settings and in women's sports. Therefore, to design effective breast protective equipment, we recommend research to model and investigate the mechanisms and forces involved in breast injuries, particularly injuries sustained during sport. INTERPRETATION This unique review summarizes how female breasts change over a woman's life span, with implications for breast injuries sustained by females. Knowledge gaps about female breast injuries are highlighted. We conclude by recommending research required to develop evidence-based strategies to improve how we classify, prevent, and clinically manage breast injuries sustained by females. SUMMARY We review changes to the breast across a woman's lifespan, highlighting implications for managing and modeling female breast injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E McGhee
- Breast Research Australia, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Julie R Steele
- Breast Research Australia, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamamoto S, Kosaki Y, Uehara T, Naito H, Nakao A. A Seat Belt Injury Causing a Large Breast Hematoma: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e35440. [PMID: 36994269 PMCID: PMC10041664 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Seat belts with shoulder restraints have decreased the frequency of life-threatening severe chest trauma caused by car accidents. However, the introduction of seat belt legislation has led to an increase in a specific pattern of blunt trauma known as seat belt syndrome, which includes rib, clavicle, spine, and sternum fractures, as well as rupture of hollow pelvic and abdominal viscera, mesenteric tears, and major vessel injuries. The shoulder restraint part of the three-point seat belt commonly rests near or over the female and male breast. A 54-year-old female presented to our emergency department complaining of swelling and pain in her left breast immediately after a traffic accident. The patient had used a seat belt with a shoulder restraint. Bruising was noted along her chest where there had been seat belt contact. Her breast hematoma was most likely caused by breast tissue compression between her rib and the seat belt. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated a sizable breast hematoma with active arterial contrast material extravasation, as well as multiple left rib fractures. The patient was conservatively treated with analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Complete resolution was achieved, and her breast returned to its normal appearance. Although endovascular treatment and surgical hemostasis have been proposed for the treatment of breast injuries with active bleeding, conservative treatment such as compression hemostasis may be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunki Yamamoto
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JPN
| | - Yoshinori Kosaki
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JPN
| | - Takenori Uehara
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JPN
| | - Hiromichi Naito
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JPN
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teh J, Kessell M, Dissanayake D, Wylie EJ. Vascular injuries detected on contrast-enhanced mammography following vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. Breast J 2020; 26:2302-2304. [PMID: 32860291 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joelin Teh
- Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meredith Kessell
- Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth J Wylie
- Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|