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García-Meseguer AJ, Villastrigo A, Mirón-Gatón JM, Millán A, Velasco J, Muñoz I. Novel Microsatellite Loci, Cross-Species Validation of Multiplex Assays, and By-Catch Mitochondrial Genomes on Ochthebius Beetles from Supratidal Rockpools. INSECTS 2023; 14:881. [PMID: 37999080 PMCID: PMC10672297 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we focus on designing, for the first time, microsatellite markers for evolutionary and ecological research on aquatic beetles from the genus Ochthebius (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Some of these non-model species, with high cryptic diversity, exclusively inhabit supratidal rockpools, extreme and highly dynamic habitats with important anthropogenic threats. We analysed 15 individuals of four species (O. lejolisii, O. subinteger, O. celatus, and O. quadricollis) across 10 localities from the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and Malta. Using next-generation sequencing technology, two libraries were constructed to interpret the species of the two subgenera present consistently (Ochthebius s. str., O. quadricollis; and Cobalius, the rest of the species). Finally, 20 markers (10 for each subgenus) were obtained and successfully tested by cross-validation in the four species under study. As a by-catch, we could retrieve the complete mitochondrial genomes of O. lejolisii, O. quadricollis, and O. subinteger. Interestingly, the mitochondrial genome of O. quadricollis exhibited high genetic variability compared to already published data. The novel SSR panels and mitochondrial genomes for Ochthebius will be valuable in future research on species identification, diversity, genetic structure, and population connectivity in highly dynamic and threatened habitats such as supratidal coastal rockpools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrián Villastrigo
- Division of Entomology, SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 81247 Munich, Germany;
| | - Juana María Mirón-Gatón
- Ecology and Hydrology Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.G.-M.); (J.M.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrés Millán
- Ecology and Hydrology Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.G.-M.); (J.M.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Josefa Velasco
- Ecology and Hydrology Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.J.G.-M.); (J.M.M.-G.); (A.M.)
| | - Irene Muñoz
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Yarita S, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA. Genotypic detection of barriers to rat dispersal: Rattus rattus behind a peninsula predator-proof fence. Biol Invasions 2023; 25:1723-1738. [PMID: 36777104 PMCID: PMC9900205 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Clear delimitation of management units is essential for effective management of invasive species. Analysis of population genetic structure of target species can improve identification and interpretation of natural and artificial barriers to dispersal. In Aotearoa New Zealand where the introduced ship rat (Rattus rattus) is a major threat to native biodiversity, effective suppression of pest numbers requires removal and limitation of reinvasion from outside the managed population. We contrasted population genetic structure in rat populations over a wide scale without known barriers, with structure over a fine scale with potential barriers to dispersal. MtDNA D-loop sequences and microsatellite genotypes resolved little genetic structure in southern North Island population samples of ship rat 100 km apart. In contrast, samples from major islands differed significantly for both mtDNA and nuclear markers. We also compared ship rats collected within a small peninsula reserve bounded by sea, suburbs and, more recently, a predator fence with rats in the surrounding forest. Here, mtDNA did not differ but genotypes from 14 nuclear loci were sufficient to distinguish the fenced population. This suggests that natural (sea) and artificial barriers (town, fence) are effectively limiting gene flow among ship rat populations over the short distance (~ 500 m) between the peninsula reserve and surrounding forest. The effectiveness of the fence alone is not clear given it is a recent feature and no historical samples exist; resampling population genetic diversity over time will improve understanding. Nonetheless, the current genetic isolation of the fenced rat population suggests that rat eradication is a sensible management option given that reinvasion appears to be limited and could probably be managed with a biosecurity programme. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03004-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Yarita
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806Wildlife and Ecology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806Wildlife and Ecology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806Wildlife and Ecology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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3
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Liu K, Xie N. Pipeline for developing polymorphic microsatellites in species without reference genomes. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:248. [PMID: 36039078 PMCID: PMC9418399 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites, also known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are the preferred type of marker for many genetic applications. In conjunction with the ongoing development of next-generation sequencing, several bioinformatic tools have been developed for identifying SSRs from genomic or transcriptomic sequences. Although these tools are handy for generating polymorphic SSRs, their application almost always depends on an existing reference genome or self-assembly of the reference genome. With this in mind, we propose a pipeline for developing polymorphic SSRs that may be applied to species without reference genomes. Using a species without a reference genome (black Amur bream; Megalobrama terminalis Richardson, 1846) as a model, our pipeline was able to effectively discover polymorphic SSRs. Under different R parameters of a reference-free single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) caller (ebwt2InDel), a total of 258, 208, 102, and 11 polymorphic SSRs were mined. To quantify the accuracy of the polymorphic SSRs detected using our pipeline, we analyzed 25 SSRs with PCR experiments. All primers were successfully amplified, and most SSRs (23 SSRs, 92%) were polymorphic. From the 36 individual black Amur bream, we acquired an average of 3.36 alleles per locus, ranging from one to 11. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our pipeline in identifying polymorphic SSRs and designing primers for SSR genotyping. Ultimately, our pipeline can effectively mine polymorphic SSRs for species without reference genomes, complementing SSR mining approaches based on reference genomes and helping to resolve biological issues that accompany these methods. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03313-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Institute of Fishery Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Nan Xie
- Institute of Fishery Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Chen W, Yang H, Zhong S, Zhu J, Zhang Q, Li Z, Ren T, Tan F, Shen J, Li Q, Luo P. Expression Profiles of Microsatellites in Fruit Tissues of Akebia trifoliata and Development of Efficient EST-SSR Markers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081451. [PMID: 36011362 PMCID: PMC9408125 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata, a member of the family Lardizabalaceae, has high exploitation potential for multiple economic purposes, so genetic improvements to meet requirements for commercial demand are needed. However, this progress is largely impeded by a lack of effective selection markers. In this study, we obtained 271.49 Gb of clean transcriptomic data from 12 samples (three tissues at four developmental stages) of A. trifoliata fruit. We identified 175,604, 194,370, and 207,906 SSRs from the de novo assembled 416,363, 463,756, and 491,680 unigene sequences obtained from the flesh, seed, and rind tissues, respectively. The profile and proportion of SSR motifs expressed in each fruit tissue and developmental stage were remarkably similar, but many trinucleotide repeats had differential expression levels among different tissues or at different developmental stages. In addition, we successfully designed 16,869 functional EST-SSR primers according to the annotated unigenes. Finally, 94 and 72 primer pairs out of 100 randomly selected primer pairs produced clear bands and polymorphic bands, respectively. These results were also used to elucidate the expression profiles of different tissues at various stages. Additionally, we provided a set of effective, polymorphic, and reliable EST-SSR markers sufficient for accelerating the discovery of metabolic and pathway-specific functional genes for genetic improvement and increased commercial productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiuyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianheng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinliang Shen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Chongqing Industry and Trade Polytechnic, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Zhong S, Chen W, Yang H, Shen J, Ren T, Li Z, Tan F, Luo P. Characterization of Microsatellites in the Akebia trifoliata Genome and Their Transferability and Development of a Whole Set of Effective, Polymorphic, and Physically Mapped Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860101. [PMID: 35371184 PMCID: PMC8971770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata is a perennial climbing woody liana plant with a high potential for commercial exploitation and theoretical research. Similarly, microsatellites (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) also have dual roles: as critical markers and as essential elements of the eukaryotic genome. To characterize the profile of SSRs and develop molecular markers, the high-quality assembled genome of A. trifoliata was used. Additionally, to determine the potential transferability of SSR loci, the genomes of Amborella trichopoda, Oryza sativa, Vitis vinifera, Arabidopsis thaliana, Papaver somniferum, and Aquilegia coerulea were also used. We identified 434,293 SSRs with abundant short repeats, such as 290,868 (66.98%) single-nucleotide repeats (SNRs) and 113,299 (26.09%) dinucleotide repeats (DNRs) in the A. trifoliata genome. 398,728 (91.81%) SSRs on 344,283 loci were physically mapped on the chromosomes, and a positive correlation (r = 0.98) was found between the number of SSRs and chromosomal length. Additionally, 342,916 (99.60%) potential SSR markers could be designed from the 344,283 physically mapped loci, while only 36,160 could be viewed as high-polymorphism-potential (HPP) markers, findings that were validated by PCR. Finally, SSR loci exhibited broad potential transferability, particularly DNRs such as the "AT/AT" and "AG/CT" loci, among all angiosperms, a finding that was not related to the genetic divergence distance. Practically, we developed a whole set of effective, polymorphic, and physically anchored molecular markers and found that, evolutionarily, DNRs could be responsible for microsatellite origin and protecting gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfu Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huai Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinliang Shen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianheng Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Wang H, Gao S, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang Z, Chen D. A pipeline for effectively developing highly polymorphic simple sequence repeats markers based on multi‐sample genomic data. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8705. [PMID: 35342577 PMCID: PMC8928897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are widely used genetic markers in ecology, evolution, and conservation even in the genomics era, while a general limitation to their application is the difficulty of developing polymorphic SSR markers. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) offers the opportunity for the rapid development of SSRs; however, previous studies developing SSRs using genomic data from only one individual need redundant experiments to test the polymorphisms of SSRs. In this study, we designed a pipeline for the rapid development of polymorphic SSR markers from multi‐sample genomic data. We used bioinformatic software to genotype multiple individuals using resequencing data, detected highly polymorphic SSRs prior to experimental validation, significantly improved the efficiency and reduced the experimental effort. The pipeline was successfully applied to a globally threatened species, the brown eared‐pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum), which showed very low genomic diversity. The 20 newly developed SSR markers were highly polymorphic, the average number of alleles was much higher than the genomic average. We also evaluated the effect of the number of individuals and sequencing depth on the SSR mining results, and we found that 10 individuals and ~10X sequencing data were enough to obtain a sufficient number of polymorphic SSRs, even for species with low genetic diversity. Furthermore, the genome assembly of NGS data from the optimal number of individuals and sequencing depth can be used as an alternative reference genome if a high‐quality genome is not available. Our pipeline provided a paradigm for the application of NGS technology to mining and developing molecular markers for ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - De Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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Automating microsatellite screening and primer design from multi-individual libraries using Micro-Primers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:295. [PMID: 34997147 PMCID: PMC8741888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of intra- and inter-population diversity has become important for defining the genetic status and distribution patterns of a species and a powerful tool for conservation programs, as high levels of inbreeding could lead into whole population extinction in few generations. Microsatellites (SSR) are commonly used in population studies but discovering highly variable regions across species' genomes requires demanding computation and laboratorial optimization. In this work, we combine next generation sequencing (NGS) with automatic computing to develop a genomic-oriented tool for characterizing SSRs at the population level. Herein, we describe a new Python pipeline, named Micro-Primers, designed to identify, and design PCR primers for amplification of SSR loci from a multi-individual microsatellite library. By combining commonly used programs for data cleaning and microsatellite mining, this pipeline easily generates, from a fastq file produced by high-throughput sequencing, standard information about the selected microsatellite loci, including the number of alleles in the population subset, and the melting temperature and respective PCR product of each primer set. Additionally, potential polymorphic loci can be identified based on the allele ranges observed in the population, to easily guide the selection of optimal markers for the species. Experimental results show that Micro-Primers significantly reduces processing time in comparison to manual analysis while keeping the same quality of the results. The elapsed times at each step can be longer depending on the number of sequences to analyze and, if not assisted, the selection of polymorphic loci from multiple individuals can represent a major bottleneck in population studies.
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Zeng T, Shi M, Zhong Z, Zhang D. Development of microsatellite markers for the mycoheterotrophic species Burmannia nepalensis (Miers) Hook.f. based on RAD sequencing. Gene 2022; 96:293-298. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.21-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Development of the first microsatellite markers using high-throughput sequencing for a hexaploid coastal species, Tournefortia argentea L. f. (Boraginaceae). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7049-7055. [PMID: 34462831 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Tournefortia argentea L. f. is a hexaploid shrub or tree species with ecological and evolutionary significances, which forms the fringe of vegetation closest to the sea on tropical coral islands. Previous studies have never addressed on genetic information, and thus genomic resources remain scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS We used nine individuals from different islands to identify polymorphic microsatellites of T. argentea by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Thirty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. Characteristics of each locus were tested using 48 individuals collected from three populations of T. argentea. A total of 320 alleles were found across the 35 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 15, with an average of 9.1. Observed and expected heterozygosities in each locus per population varied from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.893, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report the development of 35 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on Illumina high-throughput sequencing. These markers will facilitate the investigations of genetic diversity, population structures and evolutionary history of T. argentea.
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Fox G, Preziosi RF, Antwis RE, Benavides‐Serrato M, Combe FJ, Harris WE, Hartley IR, Kitchener AC, de Kort SR, Nekaris A, Rowntree JK. Multi-individual microsatellite identification: A multiple genome approach to microsatellite design (MiMi). Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1672-1680. [PMID: 31339632 PMCID: PMC6900094 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bespoke microsatellite marker panels are increasingly affordable and tractable to researchers and conservationists. The rate of microsatellite discovery is very high within a shotgun genomic data set, but extensive laboratory testing of markers is required for confirmation of amplification and polymorphism. By incorporating shotgun next-generation sequencing data sets from multiple individuals of the same species, we have developed a new method for the optimal design of microsatellite markers. This new tool allows us to increase the rate at which suitable candidate markers are selected by 58% in direct comparisons and facilitate an estimated 16% reduction in costs associated with producing a novel microsatellite panel. Our method enables the visualisation of each microsatellite locus in a multiple sequence alignment allowing several important quality checks to be made. Polymorphic loci can be identified and prioritised. Loci containing fragment-length-altering mutations in the flanking regions, which may invalidate assumptions regarding the model of evolution underlying variation at the microsatellite, can be avoided. Priming regions containing point mutations can be detected and avoided, helping to reduce sample-site-marker specificity arising from genetic isolation, and the likelihood of null alleles occurring. We demonstrate the utility of this new approach in two species: an echinoderm and a bird. Our method makes a valuable contribution towards minimising genotyping errors and reducing costs associated with developing a novel marker panel. The Python script to perform our method of multi-individual microsatellite identification (MiMi) is freely available from GitHub (https://github.com/graemefox/mimi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Fox
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Richard F. Preziosi
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Rachael E. Antwis
- School of Environment and Life SciencesUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | - Milena Benavides‐Serrato
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
- Universidad Nacional de ColombiaPlaya SalgueroColombia
| | - Fraser J. Combe
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
- Division of BiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - W. Edwin Harris
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
- Crop and Environment SciencesHarper Adams UniversityNewportUK
| | - Ian R. Hartley
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Selvino R. de Kort
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Anne‐Isola Nekaris
- Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Jennifer K. Rowntree
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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