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Li X, Xu S, Li Y, Tang Y, Wang K, Lei Y, Ma J, Li J. Spontaneous rupture‑induced life‑threatening mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor: A case report and therapeutic considerations. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:183. [PMID: 38476210 PMCID: PMC10929001 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous rupture and hemorrhage of mediastinal germ cell tumors is a rare occurrence. In the current report, the case of a 20-year-old male patient who was admitted with chest tightness and dyspnea is presented. An urgent chest CT scan revealed a large tumor in the right anterior mediastinum, measuring ~12 cm in diameter, with associated intratumoral hemorrhage. An emergency thoracotomy was performed to excise the lesion, which revealed that the bleeding was caused by a ruptured tumor. Postoperative pathological findings revealed a mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor consisting of four pathological types: Embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, yolk sac tumor and immature teratoma. Postoperatively, the patient showed marked improvement in the symptoms of dyspnea. However, the follow-up outcome was poor, and the patient succumbed 2 months after surgery. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of rupture and hemorrhage involving >4 mixed germ cell tumors. In the present report, the experience of the treatment of the patient is summarized, and literature was reviewed to improve clinicians' awareness of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Liupanshui, Liupanshui, Guizhou 553001, P.R. China
| | - Yunbin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Ayundra MH, Laksmono N, Murni TW. A rare case of life-threatening mixed germ cell tumor infiltrating the heart: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 108:108385. [PMID: 37406535 PMCID: PMC10382750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Extragonadal germ cell tumors at the mediastinum are rare and comprise of 3-4 % of all germ cell tumors. Mixed GCTs can remain asymptomatic for long periods and often present with complications. We present a case of a young male patient with a mediastinal tumor infiltrating the heart and obstructing the right ventricular outflow tract, causing cardiogenic shock. CASE PRESENTATION A 16-year-old male came with chief complain of shortness of breath and underwent an echocardiogram which revealed a mass in the right atrium and right ventricle. On CT scan, a solid mass in the mediastinum, expanding and infiltrating the right atrium was found. Our patient underwent surgical treatment. Histopathology results were consistent with mixed germ cell tumor comprised of seminoma, yolk sac, and mature teratoma at the right atrial and mediastinum. CLINICAL DISCUSSION The pathogenesis of extragonadal GCTs has been linked to abnormal and/or incomplete migration of the primordial germ cells from the endoderm yolk sac to gonads. Mediastinum GCT can become clinically problematic through its growth patterns, especially its expansive profile, which can cause compression on surrounding mediastinal structures, including major vessels, which in turn diminish blood flow. Overall survival improvement is strongly linked with surgical resection of the tumor, which achieve removal of tumor tissue resistant to chemotherapy and provides sample for histological examination, which helps assessment of pathological response to chemotherapy and planning of further management. CONCLUSION The mediastinum is a site of different neoplasia, including germ cell tumors. Despite its low incidence, the diagnosis of a mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor should be considered in young patients with a mediastinal mass. This tumor is aggressive and often infiltrates surrounding structures and metastasis. Physicians must be aware of the difficulties and complications associated with the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hilmy Ayundra
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Navy Laksmono
- Division of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyuni Murni
- Division of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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El-Zaatari ZM, Ro JY. Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update on Pathologic, Clinical, and Molecular Features. Adv Anat Pathol 2021; 28:335-350. [PMID: 34029275 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) are the most common extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) and most often arise in the anterior mediastinum with a male predilection. MGCTs also have a predilection for patients with Klinefelter syndrome and possibly other genetic conditions. MGCTs, as GCTs at other extragonadal sites, are thought to arise from germ cells improperly retained during migration along the midline during embryogenesis. Similar to their counterparts in the testes, MGCTs are classified into seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs. Seminomatous MGCT represents pure seminoma, whereas nonseminomatous MGCTs encompass pure yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mature or immature teratoma, and mixed GCTs with any combination of GCT types, including seminoma. Somatic-type or hematologic malignancies can also occur in association with a primary MGCT. MGCTs share molecular findings with GCTs at other sites, most commonly the presence of chromosome 12p gains and isochromosome i(12p). Treatment includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of residual tumor, with the exception of benign teratomas, which require only surgical resection without chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight and provide an update on pathologic, clinical, and molecular features of MGCTs. Immunohistochemical profiles of each tumor type, as well as differential diagnostic considerations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad M El-Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University (WCMC), New York, NY
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Hu X, Li D, Xia J, Wang P, Cai J. Mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor: A case report and literature review. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:892-898. [PMID: 34179505 PMCID: PMC8216226 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT) mainly occurs in young women’s ovaries and men’s testicles and rarely occurs outside the gonad. Fewer than 10 cases of mediastinal MGCT are available in PubMed, Embase, and other databases in English, while mediastinal MGCT with three pathological components, such as yolk sac tumor, immature teratoma, and embryonal carcinoma, has not been reported previously. A 12-year-old male sought medical attention for chest discomfort and underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan. A large soft tissue mass occupying most of the left thoracic cavity and mediastinum was detected. A CT-guided biopsy was performed, and an MGCT was diagnosed with pathological components, including yolk sac tumor, immature teratoma, and a small amount of embryonal carcinoma. Due to the large size of the tumor, the patient was treated with an EP regimen (etoposide + cisplatin) and paclitaxel + ifosfamide + cisplatin interstitial chemotherapy. The patient was followed up for 6 months and was alive with the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 10th patient with MGCT in the mediastinum. The incidence of mediastinal MGCT is low, but it should still be considered one of the differential diagnoses of isolated pleural fibroma and neurogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Weng'an Qingzhu Hospital, Weng'an 550400, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Xia
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
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Keenan C, Ramirez N, Elijovich L, Klimo P, Bag AK, Acharya S, Upadhyaya SA. A rare manifestation of choriocarcinoma syndrome in a child with primary intracranial germ cell tumor and extracranial metastases: A case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29000. [PMID: 33818876 PMCID: PMC8068671 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma syndrome is an uncommon, potentially fatal complication of germ cell tumors (GCTs) in adults, but it is not well documented in children. Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) GCTs comprise a rare group of malignancies not usually associated with extra-CNS metastatic disease. Here, we report the case of a pediatric patient with a suprasellar mixed GCT and pulmonary metastases who presented with intratumoral hemorrhage and stroke. Choriocarcinoma syndrome developed soon after initiating chemotherapy. The primary tumor and pulmonary metastases were successfully treated using a multidisciplinary approach, including neurovascular intervention, chemotherapy, and craniospinal irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Keenan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lucas Elijovich
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul Klimo
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Asim K. Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sahaja Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Santhosh A. Upadhyaya
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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